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Kataoka C, Kashiwada S. Ecological Risks Due to Immunotoxicological Effects on Aquatic Organisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8305. [PMID: 34361068 PMCID: PMC8347160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunotoxic effects of some anthropogenic pollutants on aquatic organisms are among the causes of concern over the presence of these pollutants in the marine environment. The immune system is part of an organism's biological defense necessarily for homeostasis. Thus, the immunotoxicological impacts on aquatic organisms are important to understand the effects of pollutant chemicals in the aquatic ecosystem. When aquatic organisms are exposed to pollutant chemicals with immunotoxicity, it results in poor health. In addition, aquatic organisms are exposed to pathogenic bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Exposure to pollutant chemicals has reportedly caused aquatic organisms to show various immunotoxic symptoms such as histological changes of lymphoid tissue, changes of immune functionality and the distribution of immune cells, and changes in the resistance of organisms to infection by pathogens. Alterations of immune systems by contaminants can therefore lead to the deaths of individual organisms, increase the general risk of infections by pathogens, and probably decrease the populations of some species. This review introduced the immunotoxicological impact of pollutant chemicals in aquatic organisms, including invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and marine mammals; described typical biomarkers used in aquatic immunotoxicological studies; and then, discussed the current issues on ecological risk assessment and how to address ecological risk assessment through immunotoxicology. Moreover, the usefulness of the population growth rate to estimate the immunotoxicological impact of pollution chemicals was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Kataoka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Shosaku Kashiwada
- Department of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura, Gunma 374-0193, Japan;
- Research Centre for Life and Environmental Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
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Zidan M, Pabst R. Histology and ultrastructure of the lymph nodes of the buffalo (Bos bubalus). Anat Histol Embryol 2014; 44:161-7. [PMID: 24810142 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pre-scapular, femoral and mesenteric lymph nodes from five buffalo calves and five buffalo bulls were studied using light and transmission electron microscopy. The nodes were surrounded with a thin capsule of dense connective tissue and smooth muscles. Subcapsular and trabecular lymphatic sinuses were lined with endothelial cells resting on a basement membrane. The cortex was formed by lymphoid follicles and inter-follicular lymphocytes. Primary and secondary follicles were observed. The medulla was made up of medullary cords of lymphocytes separated by lymphatic sinuses. These sinuses were lined with a discontinuous epithelium and interestingly crossed by reticular fibres. High endothelial venules were found in the paracortical area. Several lymphocytes were observed infiltrating the wall of these venules. The lymph nodes of the Egyptian water buffalo showed a typical structure compared with the majority of mammals, with no age-related structural variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zidan
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Elbehera, 22758, Egypt
| | - R Pabst
- Institute of Immunomorphology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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Histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study of the lymph nodes of the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 145:191-8. [PMID: 22169326 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prescapular, femoral, mesenteric, mediastinal and splenic lymph nodes from nine camels of one to 12 years of age were studied. There were no obvious structural differences between these different lymph nodes or between the ages. The lymph nodes were surrounded by a capsule formed of two layers, an outer thicker layer of connective tissue and an inner thinner layer mainly of smooth muscles. Trabeculae extended from the inner layer of the capsule dividing the parenchyma characteristically into incomplete lobules. Subcapsular and trabecular lymphatic sinuses were supported by a reticular fiber network. The parenchyma was uniquely different from that of other species, as it was arranged in the form of lymphoid follicles and interfollicular lymphoid tissue. The lymphoid follicles of CD22 positive lymphocytes were supported by a reticular fiber network. This fine network of α-smooth muscle actin positive cells enclosed the lymphoid follicles. The interfollicular tissue was mainly made up of diffusely distributed CD3 positive lymphocytes. MHC class II: DR was expressed by most lymphocytes of the follicles and interfollicular tissue. Lymphatic sinuses and high endothelial venules were found in the interfollicular zone. The lymphatic sinuses were lined by discontinuous endothelial cells. The wall of the high endothelial venules was infiltrated by several lymphocytes and enclosed in a layer of α-smooth muscle actin positive cells. Acid phosphatase positive cells were evenly distributed in the interfollicular zone. A few cells were localized in the lymph follicles. Alkaline phosphatase was observed in the endothelium of the lymphatic sinuses and in the lymphoid follicles.
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Moll R, Sievers E, Hämmerling B, Schmidt A, Barth M, Kuhn C, Grund C, Hofmann I, Franke WW. Endothelial and virgultar cell formations in the mammalian lymph node sinus: endothelial differentiation morphotypes characterized by a special kind of junction (complexus adhaerens). Cell Tissue Res 2008; 335:109-41. [PMID: 19015886 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The lymph node sinus are channel structures of unquestionable importance in immunology and pathology, specifically in the filtering of the lymph, the transport and processing of antigens, the adhesion and migration of immune cells, and the spread of metastatic cancer cells. Our knowledge of the cell and molecular biology of the sinus-forming cells is still limited, and the origin and biological nature of these cells have long been a matter of debate. Here, we review the relevant literature and present our own experimental results, in particular concerning molecular markers of intercellular junctions and cell differentiation. We show that both the monolayer cells lining the sinus walls and the intraluminal virgultar cell meshwork are indeed different morphotypes of the same basic endothelial cell character, as demonstrated by the presence of a distinct spectrum of general and lymphatic endothelial markers, and we therefore refer to these cells as sinus endothelial/virgultar cells (SEVCs). These cells are connected by unique adhering junctions, termed complexus adhaerentes, characterized by the transmembrane glycoprotein VE-cadherin, combined with the desmosomal plaque protein desmoplakin, several adherens junction plaque proteins including alpha- and beta-catenin and p120 catenin, and components of the tight junction ensemble, specifically claudin-5 and JAM-A, and the plaque protein ZO-1. We show that complexus adhaerentes are involved in the tight three-dimensional integration of the virgultar network of SEVC processes along extracellular guidance structures composed of paracrystalline collagen bundle "stays". Overall, the SEVC system might be considered as a local and specific modification of the general lymphatic vasculature system. Finally, physiological and pathological alterations of the SEVC system will be presented, and the possible value of the molecular markers described in histological diagnoses of autochthonous lymph node tumors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Moll
- Institute of Pathology, Philipps University of Marburg, 35033 Marburg, Germany.
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Gray R, Canfield P, Rogers T. Histology of selected tissues of the leopard seal and implications for functional adaptations to an aquatic lifestyle. J Anat 2007; 209:179-99. [PMID: 16879598 PMCID: PMC2100313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The microscopic anatomy of the cardio-respiratory system, digestive system, kidney, lymphatic system and integument was investigated in the leopard seal, Hydrurga leptonyx, by examining histological sections of tissues collected from leopard seals in Antarctica and New South Wales, Australia. The majority of the tissues had similar histological features to those described in terrestrial mammals and other pinniped species, particularly phocid seals. Differences noted included readily identifiable Purkinje cells within the endocardium, muscular rather than cartilaginous reinforcement of the smaller airways, a single capillary layer within the alveolar septa, limited and variable keratinization of the oesophageal epithelium, few lymphoid follicles within the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract, and an absence of a sporta perimedullaris musculosa described in the kidney of cetaceans and some pinniped species. Adaptations of the lung, spleen and integument, similar to those described in other pinnipeds, including reinforcement of the pulmonary terminal airways, prominent pulmonary interlobular septa, ample smooth muscle in the capsule and trabeculae of the spleen, increased thickness of the epidermis, well-developed dermal sebaceous glands, and a thick blubber layer, appear to confer upon the leopard seal advantages related to its aquatic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Gray
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Kirkegaard M, Sonne C, Leifsson PS, Dietz R, Born EW, Muir DCG, Letcher RJ. Histology of selected immunological organs in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) from East Greenland in relation to concentrations of organohalogen contaminants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2005; 341:119-132. [PMID: 15833246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Samples of lymph nodes (axillary, n = 54 and inguinal, n = 45), spleen (n = 60), thymus (n = 11) and thyroid tissue (n = 5) from a total of 82 polar bears (Ursus maritimus) collected in East Greenland 1999-2002 were examined histologically. The purpose was to relate histology to concentrations of organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) [i.e., sum (Sigma)PCBs, SigmaDDTs, SigmaHCHs, SigmaCHLs, HCB, Dieldrin and SigmaPBDEs] determined in adipose tissue, as studies on polar bears have indicated that some OHCs act as immunosuppressive agents. Secondary follicle counts were evaluated in spleen and lymph nodes, and semiquantitively divided into four groups (0: few/absent to 3: high). In the spleen, a high secondary follicle count was found in 21% of the cases (12/60), and this was significantly higher in subadults (p < 0.01) compared to adults of both sexes. Also in the lymph nodes a high secondary follicle count was found in 20% of the cases (20/99), and in the axillary lymph nodes changes were significantly higher in subadults (p < 0.05) compared to adults of both sexes. Significantly weak correlations between concentrations of OHCs and the amount of secondary follicles in lymph nodes was found, but probably occurred as a consequence of other multiple stress factor(s) (all: p < 0.05) and also one significant, but modest positive correlation was found between SigmaPBDE concentrations and secondary follicle counts (p < 0.01; r = 0.41). In spleen, a significant relation between low concentrations of OHCs in adipose tissue and few/absent secondary follicles was found with respect to SigmaCHLs, SigmaHCHs, HCB and Dieldrin. No histopathological observations (e.g., neoplasia) were found in spleen or lymph nodes, nor in thymus or thyroid. In conclusion, the present data suggest that the exposure concentrations of OHCs to polar bears are unlikely to have resulted in adverse effects on the tissues in question, although SigmaCHLs, SigmaHCHs, HCB and Dieldrin were related to increased secondary follicle counts in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kirkegaard
- Department of Arctic Environment, National Environmental Research Institute, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Denmark.
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Düllmann J, Van Damme EJM, Peumans WJ, Ziesenitz M, Schumacher U. Lectin histochemistry of the rat lymph node: visualisation of stroma, blood vessels, sinuses, and macrophages. A contribution to the concept of an immune accessory role of sinus-lining endothelia. Acta Histochem 2002; 104:77-83. [PMID: 11993854 DOI: 10.1078/0065-1281-00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The lectin Chelidonium majus agglutinin (CMA) was previously shown to visualise endothelia of all blood vessels and those lining sinuses of red pulp, stromal reticular meshwok (RM) and dendritic cells of lymphatic follicles in white pulp of the spleen in rats. The aim of the present study was the analysis of CMA and some other lectins in labelling RM, vascular structures and macrophages in lymph nodes of rats. It appeared that CMA stained the entire RM, dendritic cells, lining cells of sinuses and all types of blood vessels. Sinus-lining cells of lymph nodes were labelled with CMA and mannose-, GalNac-, and sialic acid-specific lectins. Moreover, lymph node macrophages were labelled above all by mannose specific lectins. The broad lectin-binding pattern of sinuses--not observed in rat spleen- and CMA-reactivity of both sinus-lining and dendritic cells corroborates the hypothesis that lymph node sinus-lining endothelia are precursors or a special type of immune accessory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Düllmann
- Institute for Anatomy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Düllmann J, Feldhaus S, Van Damme EJ, Peumans WJ, Schumacher U. Lectin histochemistry of the spleen: a new lectin visualizes the stromal architecture of white pulp and the sinuses of red pulp. J Histochem Cytochem 2000; 48:923-31. [PMID: 10858269 DOI: 10.1177/002215540004800705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The subcompartmentalization of the white pulp in the spleen is the result of interactions of specific resident stromal cells and migrating subtypes of lymphocytes. Because carbohydrate residues of cell membranes and extracellular matrices are involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, they were investigated in rat spleen by a broad panel of lectins. Splenic macrophages, which were also demonstrated by Perls' Prussian blue reaction, were labeled selectively by most mannose-specific lectins and gave the characteristic distribution patterns in all splenic (sub)compartments. One recently isolated lectin, Chelidonium majus agglutinin (CMA), visualized predominantly central arterioles, the reticular meshwork (RM) in the periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths (PALS), the circumferential reticulum cells limiting PALS and follicles, and some follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in white pulp. The endothelial cells of venous sinuses in red pulp were also labeled by CMA and, if frozen sections were used, CMA also labeled the macrophages of the red pulp. Compared to CMA, the monoclonal antibody CD11, which can be used only in frozen sections, stained almost solely the fibrous (extracellular) component of the RM. Because CMA stains the reticulum cells in particular, it is better suited to visualize the stromal architecture of splenic white pulp than the monoclonal antibody. Because CMA can be applied to paraffin-embedded material, it is a particularly useful tool to study the splenic stromal architecture in archival material.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Düllmann
- Institut für Anatomie, Universitäts-Krankenhaus Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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