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Huang Y, Li S, Chen H, Feng L, Yuan W, Han T. Butorphanol reduces the neuronal inflammatory response and apoptosis via inhibition of p38/JNK/ATF2/p53 signaling. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:229. [PMID: 35222706 PMCID: PMC8815053 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yingsi Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hainan Hospital of The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, Hainan 572013, P.R. China
| | - Suhua Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hainan Hospital of The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, Hainan 572013, P.R. China
| | - Huaxin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hainan Hospital of The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, Hainan 572013, P.R. China
| | - Long Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hainan Hospital of The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, Hainan 572013, P.R. China
| | - Weixiu Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hainan Hospital of The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, Hainan 572013, P.R. China
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hainan Hospital of The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, Hainan 572013, P.R. China
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Paoletti L, Domizi P, Marcucci H, Montaner A, Krapf D, Salvador G, Banchio C. Lysophosphatidylcholine Drives Neuroblast Cell Fate. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6316-6331. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Rubin de Celis MF, Garcia-Martin R, Wittig D, Valencia GD, Enikolopov G, Funk RH, Chavakis T, Bornstein SR, Androutsellis-Theotokis A, Ehrhart-Bornstein M. Multipotent Glia-Like Stem Cells Mediate Stress Adaptation. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2037-51. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria F. Rubin de Celis
- Division of Molecular Endocrinology; Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Ruben Garcia-Martin
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine; Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Dierk Wittig
- Institute of Anatomy; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Gabriela D. Valencia
- Division of Molecular Endocrinology; Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | | | - Richard H. Funk
- Institute of Anatomy; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine; Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Andreas Androutsellis-Theotokis
- Division of Stem Cell Biology; Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Monika Ehrhart-Bornstein
- Division of Molecular Endocrinology; Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
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4
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Sirivisoot S, Pareta R, Harrison BS. Protocol and cell responses in three-dimensional conductive collagen gel scaffolds with conductive polymer nanofibres for tissue regeneration. Interface Focus 2014; 4:20130050. [PMID: 24501678 PMCID: PMC3886315 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2013.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been established that nerves and skeletal muscles respond and communicate via electrical signals. In regenerative medicine, there is current emphasis on using conductive nanomaterials to enhance electrical conduction through tissue-engineered scaffolds to increase cell differentiation and tissue regeneration. We investigated the role of chemically synthesized polyaniline (PANI) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) conductive polymer nanofibres for conductive gels. To mimic a naturally derived extracellular matrix for cell growth, type I collagen gels were reconstituted with conductive polymer nanofibres and cells. Cell viability and proliferation of PC-12 cells and human skeletal muscle cells on these three-dimensional conductive collagen gels were evaluated in vitro. PANI and PEDOT nanofibres were found to be cytocompatible with both cell types and the best results (i.e. cell growth and gel electrical conductivity) were obtained with a low concentration (0.5 wt%) of PANI. After 7 days of culture in the conductive gels, the densities of both cell types were similar and comparable to collagen positive controls. Moreover, PC-12 cells were found to differentiate in the conductive hydrogels without the addition of nerve growth factor or electrical stimulation better than collagen control. Importantly, electrical conductivity of the three-dimensional gel scaffolds increased by more than 400% compared with control. The increased conductivity and injectability of the cell-laden collagen gels to injury sites in order to create an electrically conductive extracellular matrix makes these biomaterials very conducive for the regeneration of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirinrath Sirivisoot
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | | | - Benjamin S. Harrison
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Marcucci H, Paoletti L, Jackowski S, Banchio C. Phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis during neuronal differentiation and its role in cell fate determination. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:25382-93. [PMID: 20525991 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.139477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal differentiation is characterized by neuritogenesis and neurite outgrowth, processes that are dependent on membrane biosynthesis. Thus, the production of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), the major membrane phospholipid, should be stimulated during neuronal differentiation. We demonstrate that during retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation of Neuro-2a cells, PtdCho synthesis was promoted by an ordered and sequential activation of choline kinase alpha (CK(alpha)) and choline cytidylyltransferase alpha (CCT(alpha)). Early after RA stimulation, the increase in PtdCho synthesis is mainly governed by the biochemical activation of CCT(alpha). Later, the transcription of CK(alpha)- and CCT(alpha)-encoding genes was induced. Both PtdCho biosynthesis and neuronal differentiation are dependent on ERK activation. A novel mechanism is proposed by which PtdCho biosynthesis is coordinated during neuronal differentiation. Enforced expression of either CK(alpha) or CCTalpha increased the rate of synthesis and the amount of PtdCho, and these cells initiated differentiation without RA stimulation, as evidenced by cell morphology and the expression of genes associated with neuritogenesis. The differentiation resulting from enforced expression of CCT(alpha) or CK(alpha) was dependent on persistent ERK activation. These results indicate that elevated PtdCho synthesis could mimic the RA signals and thus determine neuronal cell fate. Moreover, they could explain the key role that PtdCho plays during neuronal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebe Marcucci
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Argentina
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6
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Watanabe D, Uchiyama K, Hanaoka K. Transition of mouse de novo methyltransferases expression from Dnmt3b to Dnmt3a during neural progenitor cell development. Neuroscience 2006; 142:727-37. [PMID: 16973295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 07/15/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b, which are known as functional de novo methyltransferases, are responsible for creating genomic methylation patterns during mammalian development. Recently, we have shown that specific expression of Dnmt3b in epiblast, embryonic ectoderm, hematopoietic progenitor cells and spermatogonia cells is followed by Dnmt3a expression (Watanabe D, Suetake I, Tada T, Tajima S (2002) Stage- and cell-specific expression of Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b during embryogenesis. Mech Dev 118:187-190; Watanabe D, Suetake I, Tajima S, Hanaoka K (2004) Expression of Dnmt3b in mouse hematopoietic progenitor cells and spermatogonia at specific stages. Gene Expr Patterns 5:43-49). In this study, we analyzed the expression of mouse de novo methyltransferases during development of the nervous systems. In the embryonic olfactory epithelium (OE), Dnmt3b was specifically expressed in Mash1 positive globose basal cells (i.e. transiently amplifying neural progenitor cells), while Dnmt3a was expressed in immature olfactory receptor neurons. Dnmt3b-positive cells were rarely observed in the adult OE, but were increased in regenerating OE with intranasal ZnSO(4) administration. Dnmt3b was also detected in the E8.5 neural plate, E10.5 spinal cord and retina cells, while Dnmt3a was expressed in postmitotic young neurons. Furthermore, Dnmt3b was specifically expressed in ES cells, while Dnmt3a was transiently expressed during neural cell differentiation of ES cells. Dnmt3b is specifically expressed in progenitor cells during hematopoiesis, spermatogenesis and neurogenesis, suggesting an important role in the initial steps of progenitor cell differentiation. Dnmt3a is expressed in postmitotic young neurons following the Dnmt3b expression. Dnmt3a may be required for the establishment of tissue-specific methylation patterns of the genome. The coordinated expression of de novo methyltransferases from Dnmt3b to Dnmt3a suggests conserved mechanisms of de novo methylation of the genome and different functions for Dnmt3b and Dnmt3a during progenitor cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Watanabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Embryology, Department of Bioscience, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan.
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7
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Oh JE, Karlmark Raja K, Shin JH, Pollak A, Hengstschläger M, Lubec G. Cytoskeleton changes following differentiation of N1E-115 neuroblastoma cell line. Amino Acids 2006; 31:289-98. [PMID: 16547650 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-005-0256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
No systematic approach to detect expression of differentiation-related elements was published so far. The undifferentiated N1E-115 neuroblastoma cell line was switched into a neuronal phenotype by DMSO treatment and used for proteomic experiments. We used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by unambiguous mass spectrometrical identification of proteins to generate a map of cytoskeleton proteins (CPs), i.e., to search for differentiation-related structures. Alpha-actin, actin-like protein 6A, gamma-tubulin complex component 2, tubulin alpha 3/alpha 7, CLIP associating protein 2, B4 integrin interactor homolog were detectable in the undifferentiated cell line exclusively and neuron-specific CPs drebrin and presynaptic density protein 95, actin-related protein 2/3, alpha and beta-centractin, PDZ-domain actin binding protein, actinin alpha 1, profilin II, ezrin, coactosin-like protein, transgelin 2, myosin light polypeptide 6, tubulin alpha 2, 6 and 7, beta tubulin (94% similar with tubulin beta-2), tubulin beta 3, tubulin tyrosine ligase-like protein 1, lamin B1 and keratin 20 were observed in the differentiated cell line only. We herein identified differentiation-related expressional patterns thus providing new evidence for the role of CPs in the process of neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-E Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Katsetos CD, Legido A, Perentes E, Mörk SJ. Class III beta-tubulin isotype: a key cytoskeletal protein at the crossroads of developmental neurobiology and tumor neuropathology. J Child Neurol 2003; 18:851-66; discussion 867. [PMID: 14736079 DOI: 10.1177/088307380301801205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the cytoskeletal protein class III beta-tubulin isotype is reviewed in the context of human central nervous system development and neoplasia. Compared to systemic organs and tissues, class III beta-tubulin is abundant in the brain, where it is prominently expressed during fetal and postnatal development. As exemplified in cerebellar neurogenesis, the distribution of class III beta-tubulin is neuron associated, exhibiting different temporospatial gradients in the neuronal progeny of the external granule layer versus the neuroepithelial germinal matrix of the velum medullare. However, transient expression of this protein is also present in the telencephalic subventricular zones comprising putative neuronal and/or glial precursor cells. This temporospatially restricted, potentially non-neuronal expression of class III beta-tubulin may have implications in the accurate identification of presumptive neurons derived from transplanted embryonic stem cells. In the adult central nervous system, the distribution of class III beta-tubulin is almost exclusively neuron specific. Altered patterns of expression are noted in brain tumors. In "embryonal"-type neuronal/neuroblastic tumors of the central nervous system, such as the medulloblastomas, class III beta-tubulin expression is associated with neuronal differentiation and decreased cell proliferation. In contrast, the expression of class III beta-tubulin in gliomas is associated with an ascending grade of histologic malignancy and with correspondingly high proliferative indices. Thus, class III beta-tubulin expression in neuronal or neuroblastic tumors is differentiation dependent, whereas in glial tumors, it is aberrant and/or represents "dedifferentiation" associated with the acquisition of glial progenitor-like phenotype(s). From a diagnostic perspective, the detection of class III beta-tubulin immunostaining in neoplastic cells should not be construed as categorical evidence of divergent neuronal differentiation in tumors, which are otherwise phenotypically glial. Because class III beta-tubulin is present in neoplastic but not in normal differentiated glial cells, the elucidation of molecular mechanisms responsible for the altered expression of this isotype may provide critical insights into the dynamics of the microtubule cytoskeleton in the growth and progression of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos D Katsetos
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Katsetos CD, Herman MM, Mörk SJ. Class III beta-tubulin in human development and cancer. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 2003; 55:77-96. [PMID: 12740870 DOI: 10.1002/cm.10116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The differential cellular expression of class III beta-tubulin isotype (betaIII) is reviewed in the context of human embryological development and neoplasia. As compared to somatic organs and tissues, betaIII is abundant in the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS and PNS) where it is prominently expressed during fetal and postnatal development. As exemplified in cerebellar and sympathoadrenal neurogenesis, the distribution of betaIII is neuron-associated, exhibiting distinct temporospatial gradients according to the regional neuroepithelia of origin. However, transient expression of this protein is also present in the subventricular zones of the CNS comprising putative neuronal- and/or glial precursor cells, as well as in Kulchitsky neuroendocrine cells of the fetal respiratory epithelium. This temporally restricted, potentially non-neuronal expression may have implications in the identification of presumptive neurons derived from embryonic stem cells. In adult tissues, the distribution of betaIII is almost exclusively neuron-specific. Altered patterns of expression are noted in cancer. In "embryonal"- and "adult-type" neuronal tumors of the CNS and PNS, betaIII is associated with neuronal differentiation and decreased cell proliferation. In contrast, the presence of betaIII in gliomas and lung cancer is associated with an ascending histological grade of malignancy. Thus, betaIII expression in neuronal tumors is differentiation-dependent, while in non-neuronal tumors it is aberrant and/or represents "dedifferentiation" associated with the acquisition of progenitor-like phenotypic properties. Increased expression in various epithelial cancer cell lines is associated with chemoresistance to taxanes. Because betaIII is present in subpopulations of neoplastic, but not in normal differentiated glial or somatic epithelial cells, the elucidation of mechanisms responsible for the altered expression of this isotype may provide insights into the role of the microtubule cytoskeleton in tumorigenesis and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos D Katsetos
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Dietrich J, Noble M, Mayer-Proschel M. Characterization of A2B5+ glial precursor cells from cryopreserved human fetal brain progenitor cells. Glia 2002; 40:65-77. [PMID: 12237844 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The identification and characterization of human neural precursor cells are critical in extending our understanding of central nervous system development from model animal systems to our own species. Moreover, availability of well-characterized populations of human cells is of potential value in endeavors ranging from cell transplantation to drug screening. We have isolated a population of continuously dividing glial-restricted precursor cells from commercially available cryopreserved 18-20 weeks old fetal brain neural progenitor cells. These human glial-restricted precursor cells are A2B5(+) and do not express polysialylated E-NCAM (PSA-NCAM). They can be grown as purified populations in serum-free medium supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and can be induced to generate cells with the antigenic characteristics of oligodendrocytes and distinct astrocytic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Dietrich
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Arai K, Shibutani M, Matsuda H. Distribution of the class II beta-tubulin in developmental and adult rat tissues. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 2002; 52:174-82. [PMID: 12112145 DOI: 10.1002/cm.10042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
During a screen of monoclonal antibodies raised against a cytoskeletal preparation of neonatal rat cerebrum, we have identified a monoclonal antibody, MAb58A, that is specific for the class II beta-tubulin isotype. Immunoscreening of a rat brain cDNA library using MAb58A yielded the cDNA retaining a class II-specific nucleotide sequence. The specificity of MAb58A to the class II beta-tubulin isotype was confirmed by immunoreactivity to synthetic peptides corresponding to isotype-specific sequence of class I, II, III, IVa, or IVb. Further, the results of an immunoassay against a series of overlapping octapeptides derived from a class II-specific region revealed that the antibody epitope was a heptapeptide that consists of Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Gly-Glu-Asp (EEEEGED). Immunoblot analysis revealed that the class II isotype represented a significant portion of beta-tubulin present in the adrenal gland, brain, and testis of adult rats. In fetal tissues, this isotype was detected in skeletal muscle, as well as in the brain. Immunohistochemically, MAb58A reacted predominantly with components of the developing rat nervous system, such as migrating neuroblasts, peripheral nerves and ganglion cells, and sensory organs. MAb58A-immunoreactivity was also found in developing skeletal and smooth muscle cells, chondrocytes, and vascular endothelia. In adults, MAb58A-immunoreactivity was remarkably diminished, but persisted in peripheral nerves and ganglion cells, chondrocytes, and capillary components. Together, our results demonstrate that MAb58A is specific for the class II beta-tubulin isotype, which may retain an embryonic nature in both neuronal and non-neuronal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Arai
- Department of Tissue Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.
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Pace V, Perentes E, Germann PG. Pheochromocytomas and ganglioneuromas in the aging rats: morphological and immunohistochemical characterization. Toxicol Pathol 2002; 30:492-500. [PMID: 12187940 DOI: 10.1080/01926230290105668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated, morphologically and immunohistochemically, 74 medullary adrenal tumors, including 64 pheochromocytomas (14 malignant and 50 benign), 9 ganglioneuromas, and 1 malignant schwannoma. The tumors were detected in 2-year-old Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats from carcinogenicity studies. Morphologically, benign pheochromocytomas were characterized by monomorphic, small, basophilic cells with almost absence of mitoses. Malignant pheochromocytomas presented a low grade of pleomorphism, higher rate of mitoses, necrosis, infiltrative growth and in 1 case metastases in the lung. Ganglioneuromas were characterized by ganglion and neuron-like cells embedded in an eosinophilic matrix containing neurites, Schwann cells, and scant fibrovascular elements. All pheochromocytomas were strongly immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis. Subpopulations of chromaffin cells expressed chromogranin A (CGA) positivity. Matrix and Schwann cells were positive for S-100 and for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In focal areas of the tumors, ganglion cells and axons were positive for neurofilament proteins (NFP) and synaptophysin. Ganglion cells exhibited peripherin and beta-tubulin. Proliferative activity of the tumors was assessed by immunostaining the endogenous cell proliferation associated-antigen Ki-67 and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). As expected, cell proliferation indices were much higher in malignant pheochromocytomas than in benign, yet ganglioneuromas remained immunonegative. Considering that Ki-67 antigen is more specific for cell proliferation, it should be regarded as marker of choice for supporting the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgilio Pace
- Novartis Pharma AG, Toxicology/Pathology, Basle, Switzerland.
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Deeble PD, Murphy DJ, Parsons SJ, Cox ME. Interleukin-6- and cyclic AMP-mediated signaling potentiates neuroendocrine differentiation of LNCaP prostate tumor cells. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:8471-82. [PMID: 11713282 PMCID: PMC100010 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.24.8471-8482.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation in prostatic adenocarcinomas has been reported to be an early marker for development of androgen independence. Secretion of mitogenic peptides from nondividing NE cells is thought to contribute to a more aggressive disease by promoting the proliferation of surrounding tumor cells. We undertook studies to determine whether the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP could be induced to acquire NE characteristics by treatment with agents that are found in the complex environment in which progression of prostate cancer towards androgen independence occurs. We found that cotreatment of LNCaP cells with agents that signal through cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), such as epinephrine and forskolin, and with the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) promoted the acquisition of an NE morphological phenotype above that seen with single agents. Convergent IL-6 and PKA signaling also resulted in potentiated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation without affecting the level of signal transducer and activator of transcription or PKA activation observed with these agents alone. Cotreatment with epinephrine and IL-6 synergistically increased c-fos transcription as well as transcription from the beta4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit promoter. Potentiated transcription from these elements was shown to be dependent on the MAPK pathway. Most importantly, cotreatment with PKA activators and IL-6 resulted in increased secretion of mitogenic neuropeptides. These results indicate that PKA and IL-6 signaling participates in gene transcriptional changes that reflect acquisition of an NE phenotype by LNCaP cells and suggest that similar signaling mechanisms, particularly at sites of metastasis, may be responsible for the increased NE content of many advanced prostate carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Deeble
- Department of Microbiology and Cancer Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Katsetos CD, Del Valle L, Geddes JF, Assimakopoulou M, Legido A, Boyd JC, Balin B, Parikh NA, Maraziotis T, de Chadarevian JP, Varakis JN, Matsas R, Spano A, Frankfurter A, Herman MM, Khalili K. Aberrant localization of the neuronal class III beta-tubulin in astrocytomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2001; 125:613-24. [PMID: 11300931 DOI: 10.5858/2001-125-0613-alotnc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The class III beta-tubulin isotype (betaIII) is widely regarded as a neuronal marker in development and neoplasia. In previous work, we have shown that the expression of betaIII in neuronal/neuroblastic tumors is differentiation dependent. In contrast, the aberrant localization of this isotype in certain nonneuronal neoplasms, such as epithelial neuroendocrine lung tumors, is associated with anaplastic potential. OBJECTIVE To test the generality of this observation, we investigated the immunoreactivity profile of betaIII in astrocytomas. DESIGN Sixty archival, surgically excised astrocytomas (8 pilocytic astrocytomas, WHO grade 1; 18 diffuse fibrillary astrocytomas, WHO grade 2; 4 anaplastic astrocytomas, WHO grade 3; and 30 glioblastomas, WHO grade 4), were studied by immunohistochemistry using anti-betaIII monoclonal (TuJ1) and polyclonal antibodies. A monoclonal antibody to Ki-67 nuclear antigen (NC-MM1) was used as a marker for cell proliferation. Antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and BM89 synaptic vesicle antigen/synaptophysin were used as glial and neuronal markers, respectively. RESULTS The betaIII immunoreactivity was significantly greater in high-grade astrocytomas (anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas; median labeling index [MLI], 35%; interquartile range [IQR], 20%-47%) as compared with diffuse fibrillary astrocytomas (MLI, 4%; IQR, 0.2%-21%) (P <.0001) and was rarely detectable in pilocytic astrocytomas (MLI, 0%; IQR, 0%-0.5%) (P <.0001 vs high-grade astrocytomas; P <.01 vs diffuse fibrillary astrocytomas). A highly significant, grade-dependent relationship was observed between betaIII and Ki-67 labeling and malignancy, but this association was stronger for Ki-67 than for betaIII (betaIII, P <.006; Ki-67, P <.0001). There was co-localization of betaIII and GFAP in neoplastic astrocytes, but no BM89 synaptic vesicle antigen/synaptophysin staining was detected. CONCLUSIONS In the context of astrocytic gliomas, betaIII immunoreactivity is associated with an ascending gradient of malignancy and thus may be a useful ancillary diagnostic marker. However, the significance of betaIII-positive phenotypes in diffuse fibrillary astrocytomas with respect to prognostic and predictive value requires further evaluation. Under certain neoplastic conditions, betaIII expression is not neuron specific, calling for a cautious interpretation of betaIII-positive phenotypes in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Katsetos
- Section of Neurology/Research Laboratories, St Christopher's Hospital for Children, Erie Avenue at Front Street, Philadelphia, PA 19134, USA.
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15
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Dobashi Y, Katayama K, Kawai M, Akiyama T, Kameya T. APC protein is required for initiation of neuronal differentiation in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 279:685-91. [PMID: 11118346 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.4015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The adenomatous polyposis (APC) gene product is highly expressed in the central nervous system. To elucidate the contribution of the APC protein to neuronal differentiation, we used an inducible antisense mRNA vector to suppress APC protein expression and examined neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells induced by nerve growth factor (NGF). When antisense mRNA was induced, APC protein expression was suppressed to 20% of the noninduced level. In those cells, neurite extension induced by NGF and expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) was completely inhibited. However, once cells had differentiated, antisense APC mRNA expression and subsequent suppression of APC protein expression had no effect on either cell morphology or MAP2 protein expression. These results suggest that the wild type APC is critically involved only in the initiation of neuronal differentiation, but not in the maintenance of the differentiated phenotype, or that the neuronal phenotype could be maintained at lower level of APC protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Dobashi
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Kanagawa, 228-8555, Japan.
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Dobashi Y, Shoji M, Kitagawa M, Noguchi T, Kameya T. Simultaneous suppression of cdc2 and cdk2 activities induces neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:12572-80. [PMID: 10777547 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.17.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of cdc2 and cdk2 during neuronal differentiation in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells was examined. When PC12 cells were cultured with nerve growth factor (NGF), expression of cdc2 decreased significantly after day 5, while expression of cdk2 decreased gradually after day 7. Cells overexpressing cdc2 or cdk2 were resistant to NGF-induced differentiation and growth suppression, and maintained high cdc2 or cdk2 kinase activity, respectively, during NGF treatment. In contrast, the NGF-treated parental cells showed a marked decline in these kinase activities after day 3. When PC12 cells were treated with specific inhibitors of cdc2/cdk2 (butyrolactone-I, olomoucin), they showed marked neurite extension and up-regulation of microtubule-associated protein 2 expression. In addition, treatment with mixtures of antisense oligonucleotides for cdc2 and cdk2 resulted in down-regulation of both cdc2 and cdk2 kinase activities as well as significant neurite outgrowth and up-regulation of microtubule-associated protein 2 expression. However, neurite outgrowth was not observed in cells treated with either single antisense oligonucleotide, or antisense cdc2 + cdk4 or cdk2 + cdk4 oligonucleotide mixtures. These results suggest that simultaneous down-regulation of cdc2 and cdk2 activity is sufficient and necessary for neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Dobashi
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan.
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Katsetos CD, Kontogeorgos G, Geddes JF, Herman MM, Tsimara-Papastamatiou H, Yu Y, Sakkas LI, Tsokos M, Patchefsky AS, Ehya H, Cooper HS, Provencio J, Spano AJ, Frankfurter A. Differential distribution of the neuron-associated class III beta-tubulin in neuroendocrine lung tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000; 124:535-44. [PMID: 10747310 DOI: 10.5858/2000-124-0535-ddotna] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the immunoreactivity profile of the neuron-associated class III beta-tubulin isotype (beta III) in epithelial lung tumors. DESIGN One hundred four formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary and metastatic lung cancer specimens were immunostained with an anti-beta III mouse monoclonal antibody (TuJ1) and an anti-beta III affinity-purified rabbit antiserum. Paraffin sections from fetal, infantile, and adult nonneoplastic lung tissues were also examined. RESULTS In the fetal airway epithelium, beta III staining is detected transiently in rare Kulchitsky-like cells from lung tissues corresponding to the pseudoglandular and canalicular but not the saccular or alveolar stages of development. beta III is absent in healthy, hyperplastic, metaplastic, and dysplastic airway epithelium of the adult lung. In contrast, beta III is highly expressed in small cell lung cancer, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and in some non-small cell lung cancers, particularly adenocarcinomas. There is no correlation between expression of beta III and generic neuroendocrine markers, such as chromogranin A and/or synaptophysin, in pulmonary adenocarcinomas. Also, focal beta III staining is present in primary and metastatic adenocarcinomas (to the lung) originating in the colon, prostate, and ovary. beta III is expressed to a much lesser extent in atypical carcinoids and is rarely detectable in typical carcinoids and squamous cell carcinomas of the lung. The distribution of beta III in small cell lung cancer and adenocarcinoma metastases to regional lymph nodes and brain approaches 100% of tumor cells, which is substantially greater than in the primary tumors. CONCLUSIONS In the context of neuroendocrine lung tumors, beta III immunoreactivity is a molecular signature of high-grade malignant neoplasms (small cell lung cancer and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma) although its importance in atypical carcinoids must be evaluated further. In addition, beta III may be a useful diagnostic marker in distinguishing between small cell lung cancers and certain non-small cell lung cancers (poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas), especially in small biopsy specimens. To our knowledge, beta III is the only tumor biomarker that exhibits a substantially more widespread distribution in poorly differentiated than in better differentiated pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. However, the significance of beta III phenotypes in non-small cell lung cancer, particularly adenocarcinoma, with respect to neuroendocrine differentiation and prognostic value, requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Katsetos
- Section of Neutology/Research Laboratories, St Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA 19134, USA.
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Karkavelas G, Katsetos CD, Geddes JF, Herman MM, Vinores SA, Cooper HS, Provencio J, Frankfurter A. Class III beta-tubulin isotype (beta III) in the adrenal medulla: II. Localization in primary human pheochromocytomas. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1998; 250:344-50. [PMID: 9517851 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199803)250:3<344::aid-ar9>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Class III beta-tubulin isotype (beta III) is expressed specifically in central and peripheral nervous system neurons at various stages of neuronal differentiation. We have shown previously that beta III is expressed in a differentiation-dependent manner in human neuroblastomas arising in the adrenal medulla and sympathetic chains (Katsetos et al., Clin Neuropathol 13:241-255, 1994). The neuronal distribution of beta III in the developing and mature human adrenal medullae is detailed in the companion article (Katsetos et al., 1998A). METHODS We have compared the localization of the neuronal beta III to S-100 protein, a sustentacular cell marker, in 14 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary human pheochromocytomas of the adrenal medulla and 14 adrenocortical tumors (adenomas and carcinomas). RESULTS In pheochromocytomas, beta III staining was present in all tumors, but the number of stained cells varied in the two neural neoplastic phenotypes. Although the majority of chromaffin-like cells were beta III-positive, there was a lack of beta III in one-third of the tumor cells. Compared to chromaffin-like phenotypes, neuronal (ganglion-like cells) were invariably beta III-positive. Stromal sustentacular cells, stromal fibroblasts, and tumor blood vessels were beta III-negative. Sustentacular cells in pheochromocytomas were S-100 protein-positive, but beta III-negative. Primary adrenocortical tumors were beta III-negative with the exception of rare beta III-positive cells demonstrated in one case. CONCLUSIONS The distribution of beta III in human pheochromocytomas of the adrenal gland is differentiation-dependent, closely recapitulating chromaffin cell and neuronal phenotypes of the normal adrenal medulla. Our findings indicate that beta III may be used as one of the adjuvant neural markers in the differential diagnosis of adrenal tumors, i.e., pheochromocytoma versus adrenocortical carcinoma. The occurrence of rare beta III-positive cells in cortical carcinomas is exceptional and probably represents the acquisition of a divergent neuroendocrine phenotype. The significance of the latter is unclear, although it may constitute a marker for malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Karkavelas
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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