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Davies SP, Reynolds GM, Wilkinson AL, Li X, Rose R, Leekha M, Liu YS, Gandhi R, Buckroyd E, Grove J, Barnes NM, May RC, Hubscher SG, Adams DH, Huang Y, Qureshi O, Stamataki Z. Hepatocytes Delete Regulatory T Cells by Enclysis, a CD4 + T Cell Engulfment Process. Cell Rep 2019; 29:1610-1620.e4. [PMID: 31693899 PMCID: PMC7057271 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play critical roles in directing immunity, both as T helper and as regulatory T (Treg) cells. Here, we demonstrate that hepatocytes can modulate T cell populations through engulfment of live CD4+ lymphocytes. We term this phenomenon enclysis to reflect the specific enclosure of CD4+ T cells in hepatocytes. Enclysis is selective for CD4+ but not CD8+ cells, independent of antigen-specific activation, and occurs in human hepatocytes in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) facilitates T cell early adhesion and internalization, whereas hepatocytes form membrane lamellipodia or blebs to mediate engulfment. T cell internalization is unaffected by wortmannin and Rho kinase inhibition. Hepatocytes engulf Treg cells more efficiently than non-Treg cells, but Treg cell-containing vesicles preferentially acidify overnight. Thus, enclysis is a biological process with potential effects on immunomodulation and opens a new field for research to fully understand CD4+ T cell dynamics in liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Davies
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gary M Reynolds
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alex L Wilkinson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rebecca Rose
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Maanav Leekha
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yuxin S Liu
- Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ratnam Gandhi
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Emma Buckroyd
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joe Grove
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas M Barnes
- Neuropharmacology Research Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Robin C May
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stefan G Hubscher
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - David H Adams
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yuehua Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Omar Qureshi
- Celentyx Ltd., Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham B15 2SQ, UK; Celentyx Ltd., BioEscalator Innovation Building, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Zania Stamataki
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
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Biological relevance of cell-in-cell in cancers. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:725-732. [PMID: 30850425 PMCID: PMC6490704 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell-in-cell (CIC) is a term used to describe the presence of one, usually living, cell inside another cell that is typically considered non-phagocytic. Examples of this include tumour cells inside tumour cells (homotypic), mesenchymal stem cells inside tumour cells (heterotypic) or immune cells inside tumour cells (heterotypic). CIC formation can occur in cell lines and in tissues and it has been most frequently observed during inflammation and in cancers. Over the past 10 years, many researchers have studied CIC structures and a few different models have been proposed through which they can be formed, including entosis, cannibalism and emperipolesis among others. Recently, our laboratory discovered a role for mutant p53 in facilitating the formation of CIC and promoting genomic instability. These data and research by many others have uncovered a variety of molecules involved in CIC formation and have started to give us an idea of why they are formed and how they could contribute to oncogenic processes. In this perspective, we summarise current literature and speculate on the role of CIC in cancer biology.
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Gupta N, Jadhav K, Shah V. Emperipolesis, entosis and cell cannibalism: Demystifying the cloud. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2017; 21:92-98. [PMID: 28479694 PMCID: PMC5406827 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.203763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There are intense published data in literature related to cell engulfment phenomena such as emperipolesis, entosis and cell cannibalism. All these are closely related phenomena with a very fine line of differences. Its correct identification has a significant diagnostic and prognostic value. After extensive literature search, a gap of knowledge was found in concept designing and clarity about understanding of aforementioned terminologies. The authors have attempted to review data of these closely knit terminologies and further organize its characteristic appearances, pathogenetic aspects and prognostic implications. The data published in English Language, from 1925 to 2015, were collected using keywords such as emperipolesis, entosis and cell cannibalism through scientific database systems such as MEDLINE, Science Direct, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar. Articles were selected which have focused to explain the phenomenon, presentation and pathogenesis of one or more of this phenomenon. A total of 48 articles were retrieved, thirty of which were selected. The various cell engulfment phenomena are very similar looking but operate through entirely different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, KM Shah Dental College, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Kiran Jadhav
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, KM Shah Dental College, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Vandana Shah
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, KM Shah Dental College, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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Wang X. Cell-in-cell phenomenon: A New Paradigm in Life Sciences. Curr Mol Med 2016; 15:810-8. [PMID: 26511712 PMCID: PMC5403960 DOI: 10.2174/1566524015666151026095730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell-in-cell, a phenomenon characterized by one or more viable cells entering actively into another cell, was observed more than a century and has only attracted more attention in recent years and is becoming a new hot topic in the biological field, owing its biological significance in evolutionary as well as physiological and pathological relevance in development, homeostasis and diseases. In this paper we focus on the diversity, evolutionary conservatism and clinical implication of cell-in-cell as well as latest opinions on the research strategies. Based on the findings from our laboratory and other research groups three working models of cell-in-cell are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Normal Aging & Geriatric, the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China.
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Rhodes MM, Koury ST, Kopsombut P, Alford CE, Price JO, Koury MJ. Stress reticulocytes lose transferrin receptors by an extrinsic process involving spleen and macrophages. Am J Hematol 2016; 91:875-82. [PMID: 27194638 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As they mature into erythrocytes during normal erythropoiesis, reticulocytes lose surface transferrin receptors before or concurrently with reticulin. Exosome release accounts for most of the loss of transferrin receptors from reticulocytes. During erythropoietic stress, reticulocytes are released early from hematopoietic tissues and have increased reticulin staining and transferrin receptors. Flow cytometry of dually stained erythrocytes of mice recovering from phlebotomy demonstrated delayed loss of reticulin and transferrin receptors during in vitro maturation compared to in vivo maturation, indicating that an in vivo process extrinsic to the reticulocytes facilitates their maturation. Splenectomy or macrophage depletion by liposomal clodronate inhibited in vivo maturation of reticulocytes and increased the numbers of reticulin-negative, transferrin receptor-positive cells during and after recovery from phlebotomy. This reticulin-negative, transferrin receptor-positive population was rarely found in normal mice. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that the reticulin-negative, transferrin receptor-positive cells were elongated and discoid erythrocytes, but they had intracellular and surface structures that appeared to be partially degraded organelles. The results indicate that maturation of circulating stress reticulocytes is enhanced by an extrinsic process that occurs in the spleen and involves macrophage activity. Complete loss of reticulin with incomplete loss of surface transferrin receptors in this process produces a reticulin-negative, transferrin receptor-positive erythrocyte population that has potential utility for detecting prior erythropoietic stresses including bleeding, hemolysis and erythropoietin administration, even after recovery has been completed. Am. J. Hematol. 91:875-882, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Rhodes
- Departments of Pediatrics; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville Tennessee
| | - Stephen T. Koury
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences; University of Buffalo; Buffalo New York
| | - Prapaporn Kopsombut
- Departments of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville Tennessee
| | - Catherine E. Alford
- Laboratory Service; VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System; Nashville Tennessee
| | - James O. Price
- Laboratory Service; VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System; Nashville Tennessee
| | - Mark J. Koury
- Departments of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville Tennessee
- Medical Service, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System; Nashville Tennessee
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Gilloteaux J, Ruffo C, Jamison JM, Summers JL. Modes of internalizations of human prostate carcinoma (DU145) cells in vitro and in murine xenotransplants. Ultrastruct Pathol 2016; 40:231-9. [DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2016.1174908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hepatic metastatic niche: from normal to pre-metastatic and metastatic niche. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:1493-503. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Belostotskaya G, Nevorotin A, Galagudza M. Identification of cardiac stem cells within mature cardiac myocytes. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:3155-62. [PMID: 26280107 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1078037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac stem cells are described in a number of mammalian species including humans. Cardiac stem cell clusters consisting of both lineage-negative and partially committed cells are generally identified between contracting cardiac myocytes. In the present study, c-kit(+), Sca(+), and Isl1(+) stem cells were revealed to be located inside the sarcoplasm of cardiac myocytes in myocardial cell cultures derived from newborn, 20-, and 40-day-old rats. Intracellularly localized cardiac stem cells had a coating or capsule with a few pores that opened into the host cell sarcoplasm. The similar structures were also identified in the suspension of freshly isolated myocardial cells (ex vivo) of 20- and 40-day-old rats. The results from this study provide direct evidence for the replicative division of encapsulated stem cells, followed by their partial cardiomyogenic differentiation. The latter is substantiated by the release of multiple transient amplifying cells following the capsule rupture. In conclusion, functional cardiac stem cells can reside not only exterior to but also within cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Belostotskaya
- a Centre of Cytoanalysis; Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences ; St. Petersburg , Russia.,b Institute of Experimental Medicine; North-West Federal Medical Research Centre ; St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Alexey Nevorotin
- c First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg ; St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Michael Galagudza
- b Institute of Experimental Medicine; North-West Federal Medical Research Centre ; St. Petersburg , Russia.,d ITMO University ; St. Petersburg , Russia
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Koury MJ. Abnormal erythropoiesis and the pathophysiology of chronic anemia. Blood Rev 2014; 28:49-66. [PMID: 24560123 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoiesis, the bone marrow production of erythrocytes by the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells, replaces the daily loss of 1% of circulating erythrocytes that are senescent. This daily output increases dramatically with hemolysis or hemorrhage. When erythrocyte production rate of erythrocytes is less than the rate of loss, chronic anemia develops. Normal erythropoiesis and specific abnormalities of erythropoiesis that cause chronic anemia are considered during three periods of differentiation: a) multilineage and pre-erythropoietin-dependent hematopoietic progenitors, b) erythropoietin-dependent progenitor cells, and c) terminally differentiating erythroblasts. These erythropoietic abnormalities are discussed in terms of their pathophysiological effects on the bone marrow cells and the resultant changes that can be detected in the peripheral blood using a clinical laboratory test, the complete blood count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Koury
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University and Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, 777 Preston Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Abstract
Although cell-in-cell structure was noted 100 years ago, the molecular mechanisms of ‘entering' and the destination of cell-in-cell remain largely unclear. It takes place among the same type of cells (homotypic cell-in-cell) or different types of cells (heterotypic cell-in-cell). Cell-in-cell formation affects both effector cells and their host cells in multiple aspects, while cell-in-cell death is under more intensive investigation. Given that cell-in-cell has an important role in maintaining homeostasis, aberrant cell-in-cell process contributes to the etiopathology in humans. Indeed, cell-in-cell is observed in many pathological processes of human diseases. In this review, we intend to discuss the biological models of cell-in-cell structures under physiological and pathological status.
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Payushina OV. Hematopoietic Microenvironment in the Fetal Liver: Roles of Different Cell Populations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/979480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is the main function of the liver during a considerable period of mammalian prenatal development. Hematopoietic cells of the fetal liver exist in a specific microenvironment that controls their proliferation and differentiation. This microenvironment is created by different cell populations, including epitheliocytes, macrophages, various stromal elements (hepatic stellate cells, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, mesenchymal stromal cells), and also cells undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. This paper considers the involvement of these cell types in the regulation of fetal liver hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Payushina
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
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12
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Yang YQ, Li JC. Progress of research in cell-in-cell phenomena. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:372-7. [PMID: 22271432 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of a nonphagocytotic process of cell-in-cell phenomena can be traced to over a century ago. However, its biological significance remains poorly understood. Three types of cell-in-cell phenomena have been described so far, termed "cannibalism," "emperipolesis," and "entosis." These three kinds of cell-in-cell phenomena, apart from a common feature of one cell internal to another, are distinct both cytologically and biologically. In this review, we discussed them in their morphology, cell recognition, penetration mechanisms, and physiological roles, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Qin Yang
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Yener Y, Dikmenli M. The effects of acrylamide on the frequency of megakaryocytic emperipolesis and the mitotic activity of rat bone marrow cells. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:1810-1813. [PMID: 21452172 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the pathophysiological importance of emperipolesis is not known exactly, it has been reported to increase significantly in cases of various cancer types, different tumours and thrombosis disorders. In this study the effects of acrylamide on the frequency of megakaryocytic emperipolesis and the mitotic activity in rat bone marrow cells were determined. For this purpose, two separate experiments were performed with Sprague-Dawley rats gavaged with 0, 30, 45 and 60 mg acrylamide kg⁻¹ body weight (BW) for five consecutive days. In the second experiment, 3 mg colchicine kg⁻¹ BW was injected intraperitoneally 2 h before cervical dislocation. Bone marrow samples were taken 24 h after the last application in both experiments. RESULTS It was found that only the highest dose of acrylamide significantly decreased the incidence of megakaryocytic emperipolesis and that the types of bone marrow cells engulfed by megakaryocytes were mostly neutrophil granulocytes. Neither megakaryocytes nor engulfed cells showed any morphological degeneration. In the mitotic activity experiment, doses of 45 and 60 mg acrylamide kg⁻¹ BW decreased the mitotic activity of bone marrow cells in comparison with the control group. CONCLUSION It was concluded that the decrease in megakaryocytic emperipolesis frequency might be a consequence of the decrease in mitotic activity in bone marrow cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeşim Yener
- Department of Secondary Science and Mathematics Education, Biology Education, Ahmet Kelesoglu Faculty of Education, Selcuk University, 42090 Konya, Turkey.
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Abstract
For decades, authors have described unusual cell structures, referred to as cell-in-cell structures, in which whole cells are found in the cytoplasm of other cells. One well-characterized process that results in the transient appearance of such structures is the engulfment of apoptotic cells by phagocytosis. However, many other types of cell-in-cell structure have been described that involve viable non-apoptotic cells. Some of these structures seem to form by the invasion of one cell into another, rather than by engulfment. The mechanisms of cell-in-cell formation and the possible physiological roles of these processes will be discussed.
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