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Thatayatikom A, Jun I, Bhattacharyya I, Berg K, Lee YJ, Kim Y, Adewumi A, Zhang W, Thatayatikom S, Shah A, Beal C, Modica R, Elder ME, Cha S. The Diagnostic Performance of Early Sjögren's Syndrome Autoantibodies in Juvenile Sjögren's Syndrome: The University of Florida Pediatric Cohort Study. Front Immunol 2021; 12:704193. [PMID: 34249010 PMCID: PMC8267463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.704193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical validity of early Sjögren's syndrome (SS) autoantibodies (eSjA), which were originally marketed for early diagnosis of SS, for juvenile SS (JSS) in a recently identified pediatric cohort. Methods A total of 105 symptomatic subjects with eSjA results available were evaluated at the Center for Orphaned Autoimmune Disorders at the University of Florida and enrolled for this study. JSS diagnosis was based on the 2016 ACR/EULAR SS criteria. Demographic/clinical/laboratory parameters were compared between JSS (n = 27) and non-JSS (n = 78) for % positivity, sensitivity, and specificity of eSjA (SP1, anti-salivary protein; CA6, anti-carbonic anhydrase VI; PSP, anti-parotid secretory protein) and classic SS-autoantibodies (cSjA; ANA, SSA/SSB, RF, and others) either alone or in combination. Associations between eSjA and diagnostic/glandular parameters were also determined by Fisher's exact test. Results Compared to non-JSS, JSS patients exhibited sicca symptoms demonstrating reduced unstimulated salivary flow rate (USFR) and abnormal glandular features revealed by salivary gland ultrasound (SGUS). Among cSjA, ANA demonstrated the highest sensitivity of 69.2%, while SSA, SSB, and RF showed around 95% specificities for JSS diagnosis. The % positive-SSA was notably higher in JSS than non-JSS (56% vs. 5%). Of eSjA, anti-CA6 IgG was the most prevalent without differentiating JSS (37%) from non-JSS (32%). Sensitivity and specificity of eSjA were 55.6 and 26.9%, respectively. Autoantibodies with potentially applicable specificity/sensitivity for JSS were seen only in cSjA without a single eSjA included. There were no associations detected between eSjA and focus score (FS), USFR, SSA, SGUS, and parotitis/glandular swelling analyzed in the entire cohort, JSS, and non-JSS. However, a negative association between anti-PSP and parotitis/glandular swelling was found in a small group of positive-SSA (n = 19, p = 0.02) whereas no such association was found between anti-PSP-positive compared to anti-PSP-negative. JSS and non-JSS groups differed in FS, USFR, and EULAR SS Patient Reported Index Dryness/Mean in CA6/PSP/ANA, SP1, and SSA-positive groups, respectively. Additionally, a higher FS was found in RF-positive than RF-negative individuals. Conclusions eSjA underperformed cSjS in differentiating JSS from non-JSS. The discovery of clinical impact of eSjA on early diagnosis of JSS necessitates a longitudinal study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akaluck Thatayatikom
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Orphaned Autoimmune Disorders (COAD), College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Inyoung Jun
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions & College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Indraneel Bhattacharyya
- Center for Orphaned Autoimmune Disorders (COAD), College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kathleen Berg
- Center for Orphaned Autoimmune Disorders (COAD), College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Division of Oral Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yun Jong Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Yoosik Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Abi Adewumi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Weizhou Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sthorn Thatayatikom
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ankit Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Casey Beal
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Renee Modica
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Orphaned Autoimmune Disorders (COAD), College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Melissa E Elder
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Orphaned Autoimmune Disorders (COAD), College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Seunghee Cha
- Center for Orphaned Autoimmune Disorders (COAD), College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Division of Oral Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Redman RS, Bandyopadhyay BC. Immunohistochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase IV in the human parotid gland. Biotech Histochem 2021; 96:565-569. [PMID: 33596759 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2021.1887936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) catalyze the hydration and dehydration of carbon dioxide. They are important for regulating ions, fluid and acid-base balance in many tissues. The location of CAs by cell type is important for understanding their roles in these functions. CAs II and VI have been demonstrated using immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the serous acinar cells of human salivary glands and ducts of rat salivary glands. CA IV has been localized by IHC to the ducts of rat salivary glands. CA IV also is present in human parotid glands as shown by real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), but this method does not show the distribution of the CA isozymes by cell type. We investigated the cell-specific distribution of CA IV in the human parotid gland. Sections from five formalin fixed, paraffin embedded specimens of human parotid gland were subjected to IHC for CA IV using a commercial antibody. Moderate to strong reactions were found in the cell membranes and cytoplasm of the intercalated, striated and excretory ducts and capillaries, and reactions in the acini were limited to faint areas in some cells. These results indicate that CA IV participates in the regulation of bicarbonate/carbon dioxide fluxes in the ductal system of the human parotid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Redman
- Oral Pathology Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Bidhan C Bandyopadhyay
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Culp DJ, Robinson B, Parkkila S, Pan PW, Cash MN, Truong HN, Hussey TW, Gullett SL. Oral colonization by Streptococcus mutans and caries development is reduced upon deletion of carbonic anhydrase VI expression in saliva. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:1567-76. [PMID: 21945428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VI), encoded by type A transcripts of the gene Car6, is a secretory product of salivary glands and is found in the enamel pellicle. Because higher caries prevalence is associated with lower salivary concentrations of CA VI in humans, we tested whether CA VI protects enamel surfaces from caries induced by Streptococcus mutans, using Car6(-/-) mice, in which salivary CA VI expression is absent. We detected aberrant Car6 type A transcripts in Car6(-/-) mice, likely targets for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Expression of the intracellular stress-induced isoform of CA VI encoded by type B transcripts was restricted to parotid and submandibular glands of wild type mice. The salivary function of Car6(-/-) mice was normal as assessed by the histology and protein/glycoprotein profiles of glands, salivary flow rates and protein/glycoprotein compositions of saliva. Surprisingly, total smooth surface caries and sulcal caries in Car6(-/-) mice were more than 6-fold and 2-fold lower than in wild type mice after infection with S. mutans strain UA159. Recoveries of S. mutans and total microbiota from molars were also lower in Car6(-/-) mice. To explore possible mechanisms for increased caries susceptibility, we found no differences in S. mutans adherence to salivary pellicles, in vitro. Interestingly, higher levels of Lactobacillus murinus and an unidentified Streptococcus species were cultivated from the oral microbiota of Car6(-/-) mice. Collective results suggest salivary CA VI may promote caries by modulating the oral microbiota to favor S. mutans colonization and/or by the enzymatic production of acid within plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Culp
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Redman RS. On approaches to the functional restoration of salivary glands damaged by radiation therapy for head and neck cancer, with a review of related aspects of salivary gland morphology and development. Biotech Histochem 2009; 83:103-30. [PMID: 18828044 DOI: 10.1080/10520290802374683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy for cancer of the head and neck can devastate the salivary glands and partially devitalize the mandible and maxilla. As a result, saliva production is drastically reduced and its quality adversely altered. Without diligent home and professional care, the teeth are subject to rapid destruction by caries, necessitating extractions with attendant high risk of necrosis of the supporting bone. Innovative techniques in delivery of radiation therapy and administration of drugs that selectively protect normal tissues can reduce significantly the radiation effects on salivary glands. Nonetheless, many patients still suffer severe oral dryness. I review here the functional morphology and development of salivary glands as these relate to approaches to preventing and restoring radiation-induced loss of salivary function. The acinar cells are responsible for most of the fluid and organic material in saliva, while the larger ducts influence the inorganic content. A central theme of this review is the extent to which the several types of epithelial cells in salivary glands may be pluripotential and the circumstances that may influence their ability to replace cells that have been lost or functionally inactivated due to the effects of radiation. The evidence suggests that the highly differentiated cells of the acini and large ducts of mature glands can replace themselves except when the respective pools of available cells are greatly diminished via apoptosis or necrosis owing to severely stressful events. Under the latter circumstances, relatively undifferentiated cells in the intercalated ducts proliferate and redifferentiate as may be required to replenish the depleted pools. It is likely that some, if not many, acinar cells may de-differentiate into intercalated duct-like cells and thus add to the pool of progenitor cells in such situations. If the stress is heavy doses of radiation, however, the result is not only the death of acinar cells, but also a marked decline in functional differentiation and proliferative capacity of all of the surviving cells, including those with progenitor capability. Restoration of gland function, therefore, seems to require increasing the secretory capacity of the surviving cells, or replacing the acinar cells and their progenitors either in the existing gland remnants or with artificial glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Redman
- Oral Pathology Research Laboratory, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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Goto T, Shirakawa H, Furukawa Y, Komai M. Decreased expression of carbonic anhydrase isozyme II, rather than of isozyme VI, in submandibular glands in long-term zinc-deficient rats. Br J Nutr 2008; 99:248-53. [PMID: 17761013 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507801565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that in rats, long-term Zn deficiency significantly reduced taste sensitivity and total carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in the submandibular gland. We therefore investigated the effects of Zn deficiency on salivary secretion and the expressions of CA isozymes (II and VI) in the rat submandibular gland, since those isozymes are thought to be related to taste sensation and salivary secretion. Male Sprague–Dawley rats, age 4 weeks, were divided into three groups (Zn-def, low-Zn and pair-fed, that were fed a diet containing 2·2, 4·1 or 33·7 mg Zn/kg, respectively, for 42 d). Northern blot analysis indicated that Zn deficiency reduced CA II mRNA expression in the submandibular gland without reducing CA VI mRNA expression. In Western blot analysis, Zn deficiency significantly reduced CA II (erythrocyte CA) protein expression in the submandibular gland without reducing CA VI protein expression. Salivary secretion was lower in the Zn-def group than in the pair-fed group. These results suggest that decreased CA isozyme II expression underlies the decreased CA activity previously reported in the submandibular gland in Zn-def rats, and this may reduce regular salivary secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Goto
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science and Engineering, Ishinomaki Senshu University, 1 Shinmito, Minamisakai, Ishinomaki 986-8580, Japan
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Tandler B, Pinkstaff CA, Phillips CJ. Interlobular excretory ducts of mammalian salivary glands: structural and histochemical review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 288:498-526. [PMID: 16612829 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the major salivary glands of mammals, excretory ducts (EDs) succeed striated ducts. They are for the most part interlobular in position, although their proximal portions sometimes are on the periphery of a lobule, where they occasionally retain some of the structural features of striated ducts. Based on a survey of a broad range of mammalian species and glands, the predominant tissue type that composes EDs is pseudostratified epithelium. In some species, there is a progression of epithelial types: the proximal EDs are composed of simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium that, in the excurrent direction, usually gives way to the pseudostratified variety. Secretory granules are visible in the apical cytoplasm of the principal cells of the EDs of only a few species, but histochemistry has shown the presence of a variety of glycoproteins in these cells in a spectrum of species. Moreover, the latter methodology has revealed the presence of a variety of oxidative, acid hydrolytic, and transport enzymes in the EDs, showing that, rather than simply acting as a conduit for saliva, these ducts play a metabolically active role in gland function. It is difficult to describe a "typical" mammalian ED because it can vary along its length and interspecific variation does not follow a phylogenetic pattern. Moreover, in contrast to intercalated and striated ducts, ED cellular features do not exhibit a relationship to diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Tandler
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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