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Yu P, Han Y, Meng L, Tian Y, Jin Z, Luo J, Han C, Xu W, Kong L, Zhang C. Exosomes derived from pulmonary metastatic sites enhance osteosarcoma lung metastasis by transferring the miR-194/215 cluster targeting MARCKS. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2039-2056. [PMID: 38799644 PMCID: PMC11119511 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma, a prevalent primary malignant bone tumor, often presents with lung metastases, severely impacting patient survival rates. Extracellular vesicles, particularly exosomes, play a pivotal role in the formation and progression of osteosarcoma-related pulmonary lesions. However, the communication between primary osteosarcoma and exosome-mediated pulmonary lesions remains obscure, with the potential impact of pulmonary metastatic foci on osteosarcoma progression largely unknown. This study unveils an innovative mechanism by which exosomes originating from osteosarcoma pulmonary metastatic sites transport the miR-194/215 cluster to the primary tumor site. This transportation enhances lung metastatic capability by downregulating myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) expression. Addressing this phenomenon, in this study we employ cationic bovine serum albumin (CBSA) to form nanoparticles (CBSA-anta-194/215) via electrostatic interaction with antagomir-miR-194/215. These nanoparticles are loaded into nucleic acid-depleted exosomal membrane vesicles (anta-194/215@Exo) targeting osteosarcoma lung metastatic sites. Intervention with bioengineered exosome mimetics (anta-194/215@Exo) not only impedes osteosarcoma progression but also significantly prolongs the lifespan of tumor-bearing mice. These findings suggest that pulmonary metastatic foci-derived exosomes initiate primary osteosarcoma lung metastasis by transferring the miR-194/215 cluster targeting MARCKS, making the miR-194/215 cluster a promising therapeutic target for inhibiting the progression of patients with osteosarcoma lung metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yubao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lulu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yanyuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhiwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Wenjun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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Chen Z, Zhang W, Selmi C, Ridgway WM, Leung PS, Zhang F, Gershwin ME. The myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrates (MARCKS): A membrane-anchored mediator of the cell function. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102942. [PMID: 34509657 PMCID: PMC9746065 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) and the MARCKS-related protein (MARCKSL1) are ubiquitous, highly conserved membrane-associated proteins involved in the structural modulation of the actin cytoskeleton, chemotaxis, motility, cell adhesion, phagocytosis, and exocytosis. MARCKS includes an N-terminal myristoylated domain for membrane binding, a highly conserved MARCKS Homology 2 (MH2) domain, and an effector domain (which is the phosphorylation site). MARCKS can sequester phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-diphosphate (PIP2) at lipid rafts in the plasma membrane of quiescent cells, an action reversed by protein kinase C (PKC), ultimately modulating the immune function. Being expressed mostly in innate immune cells, MARCKS promotes the inflammation-driven migration and adhesion of cells and the secretion of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF). From a clinical point of view, MARCKS is overexpressed in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders, while the brain level of MARCKS phosphorylation is associated with Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, MARCKS is associated with the development and progression of numerous types of cancers. Data in autoimmune diseases are limited to rheumatoid arthritis models in which a connection between MARCKS and the JAK-STAT pathway is mediated by miRNAs. We provide a comprehensive overview of the structure of MARCKS, its molecular characteristics and functions from a biological and pathogenetic standpoint, and will discuss the clinical implications of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States,Corresponding authors. (W. Zhang), (F. Zhang)
| | - Carlo Selmi
- Humanitas Research Hospital - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - William M. Ridgway
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Patrick S.C. Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China,Corresponding authors. (W. Zhang), (F. Zhang)
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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Sheats MK, Yin Q, Fang S, Park J, Crews AL, Parikh I, Dickson B, Adler KB. MARCKS and Lung Disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:16-27. [PMID: 30339463 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0285tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MARCKS (myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate) is a prominent PKC substrate expressed in all eukaryotic cells. It is known to bind to and cross-link actin filaments, to serve as a bridge between Ca2+/calmodulin and PKC signaling, and to sequester the signaling molecule phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the plasma membrane. Since the mid-1980s, this evolutionarily conserved and ubiquitously expressed protein has been associated with regulating cellular events that require dynamic actin reorganization, including cellular adhesion, migration, and exocytosis. More recently, translational studies have implicated MARCKS in the pathophysiology of a number of airway diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, lung cancer, and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. This article summarizes the structure and cellular function of MARCKS (also including MARCKS family proteins and MARCKSL1 [MARCKS-like protein 1]). Evidence for MARCKS's role in several lung diseases is discussed, as are the technological innovations that took MARCKS-targeting strategies from theoretical to therapeutic. Descriptions and updates derived from ongoing clinical trials that are investigating inhalation of a MARCKS-targeting peptide as therapy for patients with chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, and ARDS are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qi Yin
- 2 Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina; and
| | - Shijing Fang
- 2 Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina; and
| | - Joungjoa Park
- 2 Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina; and
| | - Anne L Crews
- 2 Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina; and
| | - Indu Parikh
- 3 BioMarck Pharmaceuticals, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Kenneth B Adler
- 2 Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina; and
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Wu M, Ma S. Robust semiparametric gene-environment interaction analysis using sparse boosting. Stat Med 2019; 38:4625-4641. [PMID: 31359454 PMCID: PMC6736719 DOI: 10.1002/sim.8322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For the pathogenesis of complex diseases, gene-environment (G-E) interactions have been shown to have important implications. G-E interaction analysis can be challenging with the need to jointly analyze a large number of main effects and interactions and to respect the "main effects, interactions" hierarchical constraint. Extensive methodological developments on G-E interaction analysis have been conducted in recent literature. Despite considerable successes, most of the existing studies are still limited as they cannot accommodate long-tailed distributions/data contamination, make the restricted assumption of linear effects, and cannot effectively accommodate missingness in E variables. To directly tackle these problems, a semiparametric model is assumed to accommodate nonlinear effects, and the Huber loss function and Qn estimator are adopted to accommodate long-tailed distributions/data contamination. A regression-based multiple imputation approach is developed to accommodate missingness in E variables. For model estimation and selection of relevant variables, we adopt an effective sparse boosting approach. The proposed approach is practically well motivated, has intuitive formulations, and can be effectively realized. In extensive simulations, it significantly outperforms multiple direct competitors. The analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas data on stomach adenocarcinoma and cutaneous melanoma shows that the proposed approach makes sensible discoveries with satisfactory prediction and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Wu
- School of Statistics and Management, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shuangge Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Fong LWR, Yang DC, Chen CH. Myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS): a multirole signaling protein in cancers. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2018; 36:737-747. [PMID: 29039083 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-017-9709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence implicates myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS), a major substrate of protein kinase C (PKC), in a critical role for cancer development and progression. MARCKS is tethered to the plasma membrane but can shuttle between the cytosol and plasma membrane via the myristoyl-electrostatic switch. Phosphorylation of MARCKS by PKC leads to its translocation from the plasma membrane to the cytosol where it functions in actin cytoskeletal remodeling, Ca2+ signaling through binding to calmodulin, and regulation of exocytic vesicle release in secretory cells such as neurons and airway goblet cells. Although the contribution of MARCKS to various cellular processes has been extensively studied, its roles in neoplastic disease have been conflicting. This review highlights the molecular and functional differences of MARCKS that exist between normal and tumor cells. We also discuss the recent advances in the potential roles of MARCKS in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and resistance to anti-cancer therapies, with a focus on addressing the inconsistent results regarding the function of MARCKS as a promoter or inhibitor of oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lon Wolf R Fong
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David C Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ching-Hsien Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Zheng J, Kong C, Yang X, Cui X, Lin X, Zhang Z. Protein kinase C-α (PKCα) modulates cell apoptosis by stimulating nuclear translocation of NF-kappa-B p65 in urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder. BMC Cancer 2017. [PMID: 28629334 PMCID: PMC5477139 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The protein kinase C (PKC) family comprises central regulators of multiple signal transduction processes and is involved in the progression of many cancers. Nuclear factor Kappa-B (NF-κB) is constitutively expressed in cancer tissues and stimulates the transcription of various tumor-related genes. The present study aims to investigate the clinical significance of PKCα and NF-κB p65 in bladder cancer tissues and the mechanism underlying PKCα induction of bladder cancer cell apoptotic resistance through stimulation of p65 nuclear translocation. Methods Expression of PKCα and NF-κB subunit p65 was detected in seven bladder cancer cell lines by western blot and in 30 bladder cancer tissue specimens by immunostaining. Immunofluorescence was performed to evaluate p65 nuclear translocation induced by Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). PKCα/β selective inhibitor Gö6976, PKC pan-inhibitor sotrastaurin, and the PKC siRNA were employed to conduct PKC inhibition/knockdown in bladder cancer cells. Luciferase reporter assays were performed to measure the activity of NF-κB. Flow cytometry and TUNEL analysis were used to assess cell apoptosis. Results Expression of PKCα and NF-κB was found to positively correlate with tumor progression in 30 tumor tissue specimens. Furthermore, a Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis revealed a positive correlation between PKCα and NF-κB expression. Among the PKC inhibitors, the PKCα/β selective inhibitor Gö6976 yielded the most significant block of PKCα and NF-κB activation by PMA. Knockdown of NF-κB p65 remarkably induced cell apoptosis, but PMA restored p65 expression and significantly suppressed cell apoptosis that was otherwise induced by the p65 knockdown alone. Conclusion Our study showed that PKCα modulated cell resistance to apoptosis by stimulating NF-κB activation and thus promoted the tumorigenesis of bladder cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3401-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zheng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
| | - Chuize Kong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Xiaoxi Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Xiaolu Cui
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Xuyong Lin
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
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7
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Chen CH, Statt S, Chiu CL, Thai P, Arif M, Adler KB, Wu R. Targeting myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate phosphorylation site domain in lung cancer. Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 190:1127-38. [PMID: 25318062 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201408-1505oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Phosphorylation of myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (phospho-MARCKS) at the phosphorylation site domain (PSD) is crucial for mucus granule secretion and cell motility, but little is known concerning its function in lung cancer. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine if MARCKS PSD activity can serve as a therapeutic target and to elucidate the molecular basis of this potential. METHODS The clinical relevance of phospho-MARCKS was first confirmed. Next, we used genetic approaches to verify the functionality and molecular mechanism of phospho-MARCKS. Finally, cancer cells were pharmacologically inhibited for MARCKS activity and subjected to functional bioassays. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We demonstrated that higher phospho-MARCKS levels were correlated with shorter overall survival of lung cancer patients. Using shRNA silencing and ectopic expression of wild-type and PSD-mutated (S159/163A) MARCKS, we showed that elevated phospho-MARCKS promoted cancer growth and erlotinib resistance. Further studies demonstrated an interaction of phosphoinositide 3-kinase with MARCKS, but not with phospho-MARCKS. Interestingly, phospho-MARCKS acted in parallel with increased phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate pools and AKT activation in cells. Through treatment with a 25-mer peptide targeting the MARCKS PSD motif (MPS peptide), we were able to suppress tumor growth and metastasis in vivo, and reduced levels of phospho-MARCKS, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate, and AKT activity. This peptide also enhanced the sensitivity of lung cancer cells to erlotinib treatment, especially those with sustained activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT signaling. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a key role for MARCKS PSD in cancer disease and provide a unique strategy for inhibiting the activity of MARCKS PSD as a treatment for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsien Chen
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California; and
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Chen CH, Thai P, Yoneda K, Adler KB, Yang PC, Wu R. A peptide that inhibits function of Myristoylated Alanine-Rich C Kinase Substrate (MARCKS) reduces lung cancer metastasis. Oncogene 2013; 33:3696-706. [PMID: 23955080 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Myristoylated Alanine-Rich C Kinase Substrate (MARCKS), a substrate of protein kinase C, is a key regulatory molecule controlling mucus granule secretion by airway epithelial cells as well as directed migration of leukocytes, stem cells and fibroblasts. Phosphorylation of MARKCS may be involved in these responses. However, the functionality of MARCKS and its related phosphorylation in lung cancer malignancy have not been characterized. This study demonstrated elevated levels of MARCKS and phospho-MARCKS in highly invasive lung cancer cell lines and lung cancer specimens from non-small-cell lung cancer patients. siRNA knockdown of MARCKS expression in these highly invasive lung cancer cell lines reduced cell migration and suppressed PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase)/Akt phosphorylation and Slug level. Interestingly, treatment with a peptide identical to the MARCKS N-terminus sequence (the MANS peptide) impaired cell migration in vitro and also the metastatic potential of invasive lung cancer cells in vivo. Mechanistically, MANS peptide treatment resulted in a coordination of increase of E-cadherin expression, suppression of MARCKS phosphorylation and AKT/Slug signalling pathway but not the expression of total MARCKS. These results indicate a crucial role for MARCKS, specifically its phosphorylated form, in potentiating lung cancer cell migration/metastasis and suggest a potential use of MARCKS-related peptides in the treatment of lung cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - P Thai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K Yoneda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K B Adler
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - P-C Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - R Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Arnsten AFT. Prefrontal cortical network connections: key site of vulnerability in stress and schizophrenia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:215-23. [PMID: 21345366 PMCID: PMC3115784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The symptoms of schizophrenia involve profound dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). PFC networks create our "mental sketch pad", and PFC dysfunction contributes to symptoms such as cognitive deficits, thought disorder, delusions and hallucinations. Neuropathological studies of schizophrenia have shown marked loss of dendritic spines in deep layer III, the sublayer where PFC microcircuits reside. The microcircuits consist of recurrent excitatory pyramidal cell networks that interconnect on spines, and excite each other via NMDA receptor signaling. The pyramidal cell persistent firing is sculpted by lateral inhibition from GABAergic basket and chandelier cells, thus creating tuned, persistent firing needed for accurate representational knowledge (i.e., working memory). The strength of pyramidal cell network connections is markedly and flexibly altered by intracellular signaling pathways in dendritic spines, a process called dynamic network connectivity (DNC). DNC proteins such as HCN channels are concentrated on dendritic spines in deep layer III. Under optimal conditions, network inputs to pyramidal cells are strengthened by noradrenergic alpha-2A inhibition of cAMP-HCN channel signaling, and sculpted by dopamine D1-cAMP-HCN channel weakening of inappropriate inputs. However, with stress exposure, high levels of cAMP-HCN channel signaling produces a collapse in network firing. With chronic stress exposure, spines reduce in size and are lost, and this process involves increased PKC signaling. Importantly, molecules that normally strengthen PFC networks connections and/or reverse the stress response, are often genetically altered in schizophrenia. As exposure to stress is a key factor in the precipitation of schizophrenic symptoms, these dysregulated signaling pathways in deep layer III may interact with already vulnerable circuitry to cause spine loss and the descent into illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy F T Arnsten
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale Medical School, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Micallef J, Taccone M, Mukherjee J, Croul S, Busby J, Moran MF, Guha A. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Variant III–Induced Glioma Invasion Is Mediated through Myristoylated Alanine-Rich Protein Kinase C Substrate Overexpression. Cancer Res 2009; 69:7548-56. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Protein kinase C α and δ are members of a large kinase family of high potential for novel anticancer targeted therapy. Target Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11523-005-0003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Bamberger AM, Briese J, Götze J, Erdmann I, Schulte HM, Wagener C, Nollau P. Stimulation of CEACAM1 expression by 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and calcium ionophore A23187 in endometrial carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis 2005; 27:483-90. [PMID: 16332726 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Downregulation of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM1), a cell adhesion molecule with tumor suppressing properties has been observed in a high percentage of carcinomas of the endometrium and other malignancies. The mechanisms for the dysregulation and the role of hormones and cytokines on the expression of CEACAM1 in endometrial carcinomas is unknown. We therefore studied the effect of estradiol, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), RU486, gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and calcium ionophore A23187 on the expression in the non-expressing endometrial tumor cell lines Hec1B and Skut1B, respectively. No induction of CEACAM1 expression was observed in Hec1B endometrial adenocarcinoma cells in response to hormones and cytokines whereas treatment with TPA and calcium ionophore A23187 resulted in the strong expression of endogenous CEACAM1 on the mRNA and protein levels. In contrast, no induction of CEACAM1 expression was observed in endometrial mixed mesenchymal Skut1B cells. Studies of other members of the CEACAM family revealed that the re-expression in Hec1B carcinoma cells is restricted to CEACAM1 suggesting a cell type-specific and cell type-independent mechanism of CEACAM1 activation via the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. Induction of CEACAM1 expression was dependent on protein kinase C protein synthesis and luciferase reporter assays with CEACAM1 promoter constructs demonstrated that the re-expression of CEACAM1 is regulated at the transcriptional level. This is the first report demonstrating that activators of PKC are able to specifically induce the expression of CEACAM1 in human carcinoma cells and our findings may provide a basis for the therapeutic inhibition of tumor growth in malignancies in which CEACAM1 is downregulated.
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White AT, Spence FJ, Chipman JK. Glutathione depletion modulates gene expression in HepG2 cells via activation of protein kinase C alpha. Toxicology 2005; 216:168-80. [PMID: 16168553 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Buthionine sulphoximine (BSO; 1mM) resulted in the depletion of glutathione (GSH) in HepG2 cells to 17+/-1.5% within 24h. This was not associated with apoptotic or necrotic cell death over this time period. Use of a human (Phase 1) cDNA custom toxicology-array and a larger scale (>10,000 gene) Affymetrix U95Av2 array identified a total of 48 and 104 genes, respectively, with a statistically significant (and >1.5-fold) change in expression. A total of 64 differentially expressed genes (6 of which were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction) were suggestive of protein kinase C (PKC) activation. Activation of PKC-alpha (but not betaI or delta) was demonstrated at 24 h through activity measurements and through Western blot analysis of membrane-associated PKC-alpha protein. Activation did not occur in the presence of additional gamma-glutamylcysteine to prevent GSH depletion. Activation of PKC-alpha by GSH-depletion may, at least in part, be mediated by thiol oxidation and may contribute to a survival signal. If sustained, the activation may be important in non-genotoxic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela T White
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Holy J. Curcumin inhibits cell motility and alters microfilament organization and function in prostate cancer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 58:253-68. [PMID: 15236356 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is a dietary phytochemical associated with anti-tumorigenic effects, but the mechanisms by which it inhibits cancer cell growth and metastasis are not completely understood. For example, little information is available regarding the effects of curcumin on cytoskeletal organization and function. In this study, time-lapse video and immunofluorescence labeling methods were used to demonstrate that curcumin significantly alters microfilament organization and cell motility in PC-3 and LNCaP human prostate cancer cells in vitro. Curcumin rapidly arrests cell movements and subsequently alters cell shape in the highly motile PC-3 cell line, but has a less noticeable effect on the relatively immobile LNCaP cell line. Stress fibers are augmented, and the overall quantity of f-actin appears to increase in both types of cells following curcumin treatment. Cytochalasin B (CB) disrupts microfilament organization in both cell lines, and causes vigorous membrane blebbing in PC-3 cells, but not LNCaP cells. Pre-treatment of cells with curcumin suppresses changes in microfilament organization caused by CB, and blocks PC-3 membrane blebbing. At least some of the effects of curcumin appear to be mediated by protein kinase C (PKC), as treatment with the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide inhibits the ability of curcumin to block CB-induced membrane blebbing. These findings demonstrate that curcumin exerts significant effects on the actin cytoskeleton in prostate cancer cells, including altering microfilament organization and function. This is a novel observation that may represent an important mechanism by which curcumin functions as a chemopreventative agent, and as an inhibitor of angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Holy
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Duluth, MN, USA.
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15
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Dulong S, Goudenege S, Vuillier-Devillers K, Manenti S, Poussard S, Cottin P. Myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) is involved in myoblast fusion through its regulation by protein kinase Calpha and calpain proteolytic cleavage. Biochem J 2004; 382:1015-23. [PMID: 15239673 PMCID: PMC1133979 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Revised: 07/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
MARCKS (myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate) is a major cytoskeletal protein substrate of PKC (protein kinase C) whose cellular functions are still unclear. However numerous studies have implicated MARCKS in the stabilization of cytoskeletal structures during cell differentiation. The present study was performed to investigate the potential role of Ca(2+)-dependent proteinases (calpains) during myogenesis via proteolysis of MARCKS. It was first demonstrated that MARCKS is a calpain substrate in vitro. Then, the subcellular expression of MARCKS was examined during the myogenesis process. Under such conditions, there was a significant decrease in MARCKS expression associated with the appearance of a 55 kDa proteolytic fragment at the time of intense fusion. The addition of calpastatin peptide, a specific calpain inhibitor, induced a significant decrease in the appearance of this fragment. Interestingly, MARCKS proteolysis was dependent of its phosphorylation by the conventional PKCalpha. Finally, ectopic expression of MARCKS significantly decreased the myoblast fusion process, while reduced expression of the protein with antisense oligonucleotides increased the fusion. Altogether, these data demonstrate that MARCKS proteolysis is necessary for the fusion of myoblasts and that cleavage of the protein by calpains is involved in this regulation.
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Key Words
- actin cytoskeleton
- ca2+
- calpain
- myristoylated alanine-rich c kinase substrate (marcks)
- myogenesis
- protein kinase cα (pkcα)
- bcip, 5-bromo-4-chloroindol-3-yl phosphate
- cs peptide, calpastatin peptide
- dmem, dulbecco's modified eagle's medium
- dtt, dithiothreitol
- fbs, foetal bovine serum
- gapdh, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- hs, horse serum
- lb, luria–bertani
- marcks, myristoylated alanine-rich c kinase substrate
- nbt, nitro blue tetrazolium
- pkc, protein kinase c
- psd, phosphorylation site domain
- rt, reverse transcriptase
- tbs, tris-buffered saline
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Dulong
- *Laboratoire Biosciences de l'Aliment, Université Bordeaux I, ISTAB (L'Institut des Sciences et Techniques des Aliments de Bordeaux), USC-2009, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Sebastien Goudenege
- *Laboratoire Biosciences de l'Aliment, Université Bordeaux I, ISTAB (L'Institut des Sciences et Techniques des Aliments de Bordeaux), USC-2009, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Karine Vuillier-Devillers
- *Laboratoire Biosciences de l'Aliment, Université Bordeaux I, ISTAB (L'Institut des Sciences et Techniques des Aliments de Bordeaux), USC-2009, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Manenti
- †Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U-563, 31024 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Sylvie Poussard
- *Laboratoire Biosciences de l'Aliment, Université Bordeaux I, ISTAB (L'Institut des Sciences et Techniques des Aliments de Bordeaux), USC-2009, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Patrick Cottin
- *Laboratoire Biosciences de l'Aliment, Université Bordeaux I, ISTAB (L'Institut des Sciences et Techniques des Aliments de Bordeaux), USC-2009, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence cedex, France
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16
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Gauthier ML, Torretto C, Ly J, Francescutti V, O'Day DH. Protein kinase Calpha negatively regulates cell spreading and motility in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 307:839-46. [PMID: 12878187 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that phorbol esters modulate chemotaxis. Here, we demonstrate that PKC activation via phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells inhibits EGF-induced cell spreading, the initial event of motility and chemotaxis. Of five PKC isoforms (alpha,iota,lambda,delta,and epsilon) identified in this cell line, PMA treatment only induced PKCalpha translocation from the cytosol to the membrane, an event that correlated with the development of the rounded morphology. Cell recovery was linked to PKCalpha downregulation in part via the proteasome pathway since treatment with MG101 in the presence of PMA did not lead to PKCalpha degradation and cell recovery. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunolocalization demonstrated that EGF co-localized with PKCalpha and EGFR, however, PMA did not abrogate EGFR transactivation. This work suggests that PKCalpha is the primary target of PMA acting as a transient negative regulator of cell spreading and motility in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona L Gauthier
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ont., Canada L5L 1C6
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17
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Zolessi FR, Arruti C. Apical accumulation of MARCKS in neural plate cells during neurulation in the chick embryo. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2001; 1:7. [PMID: 11329360 PMCID: PMC31341 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2001] [Accepted: 04/24/2001] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural tube is formed by morphogenetic movements largely dependent on cytoskeletal dynamics. Actin and many of its associated proteins have been proposed as important mediators of neurulation. For instance, mice deficient in MARCKS, an actin cross-linking membrane-associated protein that is regulated by PKC and other kinases, present severe developmental defects, including failure of cranial neural tube closure. RESULTS To determine the distribution of MARCKS, and its possible relationships with actin during neurulation, chick embryos were transversely sectioned and double labeled with an anti-MARCKS polyclonal antibody and phalloidin. In the neural plate, MARCKS was found ubiquitously distributed at the periphery of the cells, being conspicuously accumulated in the apical cell region, in close proximity to the apical actin meshwork. This asymmetric distribution was particularly noticeable during the bending process. After the closure of the neural tube, the apically accumulated MARCKS disappeared, and this cell region became analogous to the other peripheral cell zones in its MARCKS content. Actin did not display analogous variations, remaining highly concentrated at the cell subapical territory. The transient apical accumulation of MARCKS was found throughout the neural tube axis. The analysis of another epithelial bending movement, during the formation of the lens vesicle, revealed an identical phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS MARCKS is transiently accumulated at the apical region of neural plate and lens placode cells during processes of bending. This asymmetric subcellular distribution of MARCKS starts before the onset of neural plate bending. These results suggest possible upstream regulatory actions of MARCKS on some functions of the actin subapical meshwork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio R Zolessi
- Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos, Sección Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cristina Arruti
- Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos, Sección Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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18
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Keller HU, Hunziker IP, Sordat B, Niggli V, Sroka J. Protein kinase C isoforms involved in regulation of cell shape and locomotion of human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells. Int J Cancer 2000; 88:195-203. [PMID: 11004668 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20001015)88:2<195::aid-ijc8>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The role of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in the regulation of cell shape [switch between fibroblast-like and crescent shape (CS)] and of locomotion of human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells has been investigated. The PKC activator phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) induced the transition of elongated fibroblast-like cells into CS cells and stimulated locomotion. Both responses to PMA were inhibited by the PKC inhibitor Ro 31-8220. Analysis of the time course showed that stimulation of shape changes (formation of CS cells) and locomotor activity (increase in the proportion and speed of locomoting cells) was maximal in the early phase of the response (up to 2.5 hr) and significantly decreased later (15 to 21 hr). CS formation and stimulated locomotion correlated closely with a marked redistribution from the cytosol to the membrane of PKC isoforms alpha, beta1 and gamma in the early phase (0.5 to 2 hr) following activation with PMA. The subsequent reduction of the proportion of CS cells and of cell locomotion correlated with down-regulation of these isoforms in the second phase (16 to 21 hr). In contrast, the total amount and distribution of PKC beta2 remained almost unchanged with 10(-8) M PMA up to 21 hr. Furthermore, changes in shape and locomotion did not correlate with the responses of PKC delta to PMA. Inhibition of PMA-stimulated locomotion by the more specific inhibitor Gö 6976 is consistent with a role of PKC alpha and beta1 in this response. Ro 31-8220 alone induced a moderate down-regulation of PKC isoforms alpha and delta, but it also inhibited the more pronounced down-regulation of these isoforms by PMA. Our results indicate that activation of PKC isoforms alpha, gamma and beta1, but not beta2 or delta, stimulates locomotion and formation of CS cells in human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H U Keller
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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19
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Shimao Y, Nabeshima K, Inoue T, Koono M. TPA-enhanced motility and invasion in a highly metastatic variant (L-10) of human rectal adenocarcinoma cell line RCM-1: selective role of PKC-alpha and its inhibition by a combination of PDBu-induced PKC downregulation and antisense oligonucleotides treatment. Clin Exp Metastasis 1999; 17:351-60. [PMID: 10545022 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006696331420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-enhanced invasiveness was associated with augmentation of cell motility but not that of metalloproteinase activity in a highly metastatic variant (L-10) of the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line RCM-1 and that this enhancement was possibly mediated by protein kinase C (PKC). In this study, we first intended to determine the specific isoforms of PKC involved in this TPA-enhanced L-10 cell motility that leads to invasion, and then investigated the way to inhibit the enhanced motility and invasion by using antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) targeting the isoform. An activator of conventional PKC isoforms (cPKC), thymeleatoxin, enhanced L-10 cell motility and invasion like TPA, and an inhibitor of cPKC, Go-6976, efficiently inhibited TPA-enhanced motility and invasion. TPA treatment induced a shift of PKC-alpha, but not other isoforms, from the cytosol to the membrane fraction, indicating the activation of the isoform. During the assay period, only activation but not downregulation of PKC-alpha occurred with the low concentration of TPA used in our assays. Antisense ODNs specific for PKC-alpha efficiently reduced its expression at the protein levels and inhibited L-10 cell motility in the absence of TPA. With TPA treatment, however, the remaining PKC-alpha was sufficient for activation leading to enhanced invasion. Only a combination of depletion of PKC by prolonged stimulation with a high concentration of phorbol 12,13 dibutyrate (PDBu) and treatment with antisense ODNs effectively inhibited L-10 cell invasion even in the presence of TPA. These results suggested that downregulation of PKC isoforms by treatment with antisense ODNs alone is insufficient to suppress the isoform-mediated cellular events in the presence of PKC activators, and thus that some additional treatments are necessary for the successful downregulation of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shimao
- Department of Pathology, Miyazaki Medical College, Kiyotake, Japan
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20
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Abstract
Treatment with low (nanomolar) concentrations of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) for 5 to 30 min suppresses locomotion of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells, suggesting that activation of protein kinase C (PKC) is a stop signal for tumor cell locomotion. We have compared the effects of PMA on cell shape and motility with down-regulation of specific PKC isoforms. Using specific antibodies, we show that Walker carcinosarcoma cells express PKC isoforms alpha, betaI, betaII, gamma, lambda, mu, eta and zeta. Short-term incubation with PMA induced a marked shift of isoforms alpha, betaI, betaII, gamma and eta to the particulate fraction. Long-term incubation with PMA (0.1 microM, 6 hr) resulted in significant reduction of expression of conventional PKCs alpha, betaI, betaII and gamma and of the novel PKC eta to 10% to 26% of controls. Down-regulation of PKC alpha, betaI and betaII by long-term incubation with PMA was reversible after removal of PMA, whereas that of isoforms gamma and eta was not. The motile properties of cells after down-regulation of PKC isoforms were investigated. Concomitant with down-regulation of PKC isoforms, long-term incubation of cells with PMA resulted in recovery of the polar shape and the ability to migrate. Motility and polarized shape of the down-regulated cells were no longer susceptible to short-term treatment with PMA, showing that active PKC is indeed responsible for the inhibitory effects of PMA. Effects of long-term incubation with PMA on cell shape and motility were reversible. Our findings strongly suggest that PKCs alpha, betaI and betaII activated by PMA are involved in stopping Walker carcinosarcoma cell locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wicki
- Department of Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland
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