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Hartwig A, Arand M, Epe B, Guth S, Jahnke G, Lampen A, Martus HJ, Monien B, Rietjens IMCM, Schmitz-Spanke S, Schriever-Schwemmer G, Steinberg P, Eisenbrand G. Mode of action-based risk assessment of genotoxic carcinogens. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1787-1877. [PMID: 32542409 PMCID: PMC7303094 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The risk assessment of chemical carcinogens is one major task in toxicology. Even though exposure has been mitigated effectively during the last decades, low levels of carcinogenic substances in food and at the workplace are still present and often not completely avoidable. The distinction between genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens has traditionally been regarded as particularly relevant for risk assessment, with the assumption of the existence of no-effect concentrations (threshold levels) in case of the latter group. In contrast, genotoxic carcinogens, their metabolic precursors and DNA reactive metabolites are considered to represent risk factors at all concentrations since even one or a few DNA lesions may in principle result in mutations and, thus, increase tumour risk. Within the current document, an updated risk evaluation for genotoxic carcinogens is proposed, based on mechanistic knowledge regarding the substance (group) under investigation, and taking into account recent improvements in analytical techniques used to quantify DNA lesions and mutations as well as "omics" approaches. Furthermore, wherever possible and appropriate, special attention is given to the integration of background levels of the same or comparable DNA lesions. Within part A, fundamental considerations highlight the terms hazard and risk with respect to DNA reactivity of genotoxic agents, as compared to non-genotoxic agents. Also, current methodologies used in genetic toxicology as well as in dosimetry of exposure are described. Special focus is given on the elucidation of modes of action (MOA) and on the relation between DNA damage and cancer risk. Part B addresses specific examples of genotoxic carcinogens, including those humans are exposed to exogenously and endogenously, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and the corresponding alcohols as well as some alkylating agents, ethylene oxide, and acrylamide, but also examples resulting from exogenous sources like aflatoxin B1, allylalkoxybenzenes, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline (MeIQx), benzo[a]pyrene and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Additionally, special attention is given to some carcinogenic metal compounds, which are considered indirect genotoxins, by accelerating mutagenicity via interactions with the cellular response to DNA damage even at low exposure conditions. Part C finally encompasses conclusions and perspectives, suggesting a refined strategy for the assessment of the carcinogenic risk associated with an exposure to genotoxic compounds and addressing research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hartwig
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Michael Arand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Guth
- Department of Toxicology, IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gunnar Jahnke
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Martus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Monien
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Schmitz-Spanke
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerlinde Schriever-Schwemmer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Retired Senior Professor for Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Stone MP, Huang H, Brown KL, Shanmugam G. Chemistry and structural biology of DNA damage and biological consequences. Chem Biodivers 2011; 8:1571-615. [PMID: 21922653 PMCID: PMC3714022 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The formation of adducts by the reaction of chemicals with DNA is a critical step for the initiation of carcinogenesis. The structural analysis of various DNA adducts reveals that conformational and chemical rearrangements and interconversions are a common theme. Conformational changes are modulated both by the nature of adduct and the base sequences neighboring the lesion sites. Equilibria between conformational states may modulate both DNA repair and error-prone replication past these adducts. Likewise, chemical rearrangements of initially formed DNA adducts are also modulated both by the nature of adducts and the base sequences neighboring the lesion sites. In this review, we focus on DNA damage caused by a number of environmental and endogenous agents, and biological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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El-Din HG, Ghafar NA, Saad NE, Aziz M, Rasheed D, Hassan EM. Relationship between codon 249 mutation in exon 7 of p53 gene and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Arch Med Sci 2010; 6:348-55. [PMID: 22371770 PMCID: PMC3282511 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2010.14254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Multiple genetic and epigenetic changes are involved in the molecular pathogenesis of HCC. Heat shock proteins have essential roles in protecting cells from the potentially lethal effects of stress. Among them, HSP70 are often overexpressed in cells of various cancers and have been suggested to contribute to tumourigenesis. p53 mutations in codon 249 have also been identified in HCC. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty patients with liver disease were enrolled in this study compared to 10 healthy volunteers. The studied patients were divided into 2 groups: group I includes those suffering from HCC, group II includes those suffering from post-hepatitis B and C liver cirrhosis. The presence of p53 gene mutation was detected by DNA extraction from whole blood of patients and controls followed by polymerase chain reaction then restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of codon 249 of exon 7. We also studied the genotypes of the HSP70 gene by PCR followed by RFLP analysis. RESULTS Our results revealed no statistical difference between group I, group II, and the control group as regards exon 7 mutation of the p53 gene. Also the frequency of polymorphic genotypes of HSP70 showed no significant difference between the 3 studied groups. CONCLUSIONS The present study supports the view that the incidence of point mutation of p53 codon 249 mutations in exon 7 of the p53 gene may not play a role in carcinogenesis of HCC in Egyptian patients. Also, genetic polymorphism in HSP70 was not associated with high risk of future development of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Gamal El-Din
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa Abdel Ghafar
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nevine E. Saad
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona Aziz
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina Rasheed
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Eman Mahmoud Hassan
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Özdemir FT, Tiftikci A, Sancak S, Eren F, Tahan V, Akın H, Gündüz F, Kedrah AE, Üstündağ Y, Avşar E, Tözün N, Özdoğan O. The Prevalence of the Mutation in Codon 249 of the P53 Gene in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) in Turkey. J Gastrointest Cancer 2010; 41:185-9. [PMID: 20306157 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-010-9140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Brown KL, Voehler MW, Magee SM, Harris CM, Harris TM, Stone MP. Structural perturbations induced by the alpha-anomer of the aflatoxin B(1) formamidopyrimidine adduct in duplex and single-strand DNA. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:16096-107. [PMID: 19831353 PMCID: PMC2773149 DOI: 10.1021/ja902052v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
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The guanine N7 adduct of aflatoxin B1exo-8,9-epoxide hydrolyzes to form the formamidopyrimidine (AFB-FAPY) adduct, which interconverts between α and β anomers. The β anomer is highly mutagenic in Escherichia coli, producing G → T transversions; it thermally stabilizes the DNA duplex. The AFB-α-FAPY adduct blocks replication; it destabilizes the DNA duplex. Herein, the structure of the AFB-α-FAPY adduct has been elucidated in 5′-d(C1T2A3T4X5A6T7T8C9A10)-3′·5′-d(T11G12A13A14T15C16A17T18A19G20)-3′ (X = AFB-α-FAPY) using molecular dynamics calculations restrained by NMR-derived distances and torsion angles. The AFB moiety intercalates on the 5′ face of the pyrimidine moiety at the damaged nucleotide between base pairs T4·A17 and X5·C16, placing the FAPY C5−N5 bond in the Ra axial conformation. Large perturbations of the ε and ζ backbone torsion angles are observed, and the base stacking register of the duplex is perturbed. The deoxyribose orientation shifts to become parallel to the FAPY base and displaced toward the minor groove. Intrastrand stacking between the AFB moiety and the 5′ neighbor thymine remains, but strong interstrand stacking is not observed. A hydrogen bond between the formyl group and the exocyclic amine of the 3′-neighbor adenine stabilizes the E conformation of the formamide moiety. NMR studies reveal a similar 5′-intercalation of the AFB moiety for the AFB-α-FAPY adduct in the tetramer 5′-d(C1T2X3A4)-3′, involving the Ra axial conformation of the FAPY C5−N5 bond and the E conformation of the formamide moiety. Since in duplex DNA the AFB moiety of the AFB-β-FAPY adduct also intercalates on the 5′ side of the pyrimidine moiety at the damaged nucleotide, we conclude that favorable 5′-stacking leads to the Ra conformational preference about the C5−N5 bond; the same conformational preference about this bond is also observed at the nucleoside and base levels. The structural distortions and the less favorable stacking interactions induced by the AFB-α-FAPY adduct explain its lower stability as compared to the AFB-β-FAPY adduct in duplex DNA. In this DNA sequence, hydrogen bonding between the formyl oxygen and the exocyclic amine of the 3′-neighboring adenine stabilizing the E configuration of the formamide moiety is also observed for the AFB-β-FAPY adduct, and suggests that the identity of the 3′-neighbor nucleotide modulates the stability and biological processing of AFB adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, and the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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Mauriz JL, Gonzalez P, Duran MC, Molpeceres V, Culebras JM, Gonzalez-Gallego J. Cell-cycle inhibition by TNP-470 in an in vivo model of hepatocarcinoma is mediated by a p53 and p21WAF1/CIP1 mechanism. Transl Res 2007; 149:46-53. [PMID: 17196522 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine in a rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) the effects of the antiangiogenic agent TNP-470 on cell proliferation and effectors of the apoptotic pathway, including p53, p21WAF1/CIP1, cyclin D, and cyclin E. Tumor was induced in male Wistar rats by diethylnitrosamine and promoted by two-thirds hepatectomy plus acetaminofluorene administration. Experiments were carried out at 28 weeks after initiating the treatment. TNP-470 was administered at 30 mg/kg, 3 times per week from 20 to 28 weeks. Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor beta (HGFbeta) liver expression were increased by hepatocarcinogenesis (+38% and +183%, respectively), and treatment with TNP-470 was able to prevent the increase in these angiogenic factors induced by HCC. HCC coursed with reduced expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 and p53 (-63% and -60%, respectively). Hepatic expression of cyclin D and cyclin E were significantly increased in rats with HCC (+108% and +115%, respectively). In animals with experimental carcinogenesis, a significant increase in the expression of Cdk4 and CdK2 was also observed (+119% and +187%, respectively). These effects were prevented by TNP-470 administration. In conclusion, cell-cycle inhibition by TNP-470 is mediated at least in part by an activation of p21WAF1/CIP1 because of a p53-dependent mechanism, with reduction of the cyclin D-Cdk4 and cyclin E-Cdk 2 expression. These cytostatic effects should be considered when assessing the efficacy of TNP-470 for anti-angiogenic therapy. These findings may prove useful for the development of therapies for the treatment of human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Mauriz
- Department of Physiology, University of León, and the Hospital of León, Spain
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Etzel RA. What the primary care pediatrician should know about syndromes associated with exposures to mycotoxins. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2006; 36:282-305. [PMID: 16935759 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Disease associated with exposure to mycotoxins is known as the "Great Masquerader" of the 21st century because of its complex natural history involving different tissues and resembling different diseases at each stage in its evolution. It can present with a variety of nonspecific clinical signs and symptoms such as rash, conjunctivitis, epistaxis, apnea, cough, wheezing, nausea, and vomiting. Some cases of vomiting illness, bone marrow failure, acute pulmonary hemorrhage, and recurrent apnea and/or "pneumonia" are associated with exposure to mycotoxins. Familiarity with the symptoms of exposure to the major classes of mycotoxins enables the clinician to ask pertinent questions about possible fungal exposures and to remove the infant or child from the source of exposure, which could be contaminated food(s), clothing and furniture, or the indoor air of the home. Failure to prevent recurrent exposure often results in recurrent illness. A variety of other conditions, including hepatocellular and esophageal cancer and neural tube defects, are associated with consumption of foods contaminated with mycotoxins. Awareness of the short- and long-term consequences of exposures to these natural toxins helps pediatricians to serve as better advocates for children and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Etzel
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University, School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, DC, USA
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Jackson MA, Lea I, Rashid A, Peddada SD, Dunnick JK. Genetic alterations in cancer knowledge system: analysis of gene mutations in mouse and human liver and lung tumors. Toxicol Sci 2006; 90:400-18. [PMID: 16410370 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutational incidence and spectra for genes examined in both human and mouse lung and liver tumors were analyzed using the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Genetic Alterations in Cancer (GAC) knowledge system. GAC is a publicly available, web-based system for evaluating data obtained from peer-reviewed studies of genetic changes in tumors associated with exposure to chemical, physical, or biological agents, as well as spontaneous tumors. In mice, mutations in Kras2 and Hras-1 were the most common events reported for lung and liver tumors, respectively, whether chemically induced or spontaneous. There was a significant difference in Kras2 mutation incidence for spontaneous versus induced mouse lung tumors and in Hras-1 mutation incidence and spectrum for spontaneous versus induced mouse liver tumors. The major gene changes reported for human lung and liver tumors were in KRAS2 (lung only) and TP53. The KRAS2 mutation incidence was similar for spontaneous and asbestos-induced human lung tumors, while the TP53 mutation incidence differed significantly. Aflatoxin B1, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and vinyl chloride all caused TP53 mutations in human liver tumors, but the mutation spectrum for each agent differed. The incidence of KRAS2 mutations in human compared to mouse lung tumors differed significantly, as did the incidence of Hras and p53 gene mutations in human compared to mouse liver tumors. Differences observed in the mutation spectra for agent-induced compared to spontaneous tumors and similarities in spectra for structurally similar agents support the concept that mutation spectra can serve as a "fingerprint" of exposure based on chemical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Jackson
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Habib SL, Said B, Awad AT, Mostafa MH, Shank RC. Novel adenine adducts, N7-guanine-AFB1 adducts, and p53 mutations in patients with schistosomiasis and aflatoxin exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 30:491-8. [PMID: 17113242 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The most frequent mutation in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in populations exposed to a high dietary intake of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mutation in codon 249 of the p53 gene. Schistosomiasis is known to cause p53 mutation. We hypothesized that the combination of schistosomiasis and aflatoxin B1 increases the incidence of p53 gene mutation. METHODS Liver tissue from 21 patients with schistosomiasis and 5 patients without schistosomiasis were analyzed for occurrence of mutations of the p53 gene and levels of N7-guanine-AFB1 adducts. RESULTS The presence of mutations in codon 249 of p53 gene was higher in patients infected with Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) than in those infected with Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) or a combination of both strains (p < 0.01), compared to control subjects. No mutations were detected in p53 gene in liver DNA from schistosomiasis-free patients. Significant amounts of N7-guanine-AFB1 adducts and novel adenine-adducts (p < 0.01) were detected in patients with schistosomiasis, mostly in patients infected with S. haematobium or a combination of both strains, compared to control subjects. CONCLUSION These data suggest that schistosomiasis and exposure to aflatoxin B1 act synergistically to increase the incidence of p53 gene mutation. The increase in p53 mutations may enhance progression of HCC at an early age in patients with schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy L Habib
- Department of Community and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Sakaguchi S, Yokokawa Y, Hou J, Zhang XL, Li XP, Li SS, Li XX, Zhu DC, Kamijima M, Yamanoshita O, Nakajima T. Environmental exposure and p53 mutations in esophageal cancer patients in areas of low and high incidence of esophageal cancer in China. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2005; 207:313-24. [PMID: 16272802 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.207.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is the 6th most common cancer in the world, and genetic factors (p53 mutations) in addition to the environmental factors (food, nutrition, smoking, drinking, etc.) are involved in its development. In this study, the association between the both factors, environmental risk factors for esophageal cancer and p53 mutations, in tumor tissues was investigated in 77 patients living in a high-incidence area and 50 patients living in a low-incidence area in Hebei Province, China. Among these patients, p53 mutations were observed in about 50%, without regional differences in the respective frequencies. G:C>A:T (G to A or C to T) transition mutations were the major type of mutations observed in patients in the high-incidence area (19 patients, 50%), whereas G:C>A:T transitions and insertions were observed with equal frequency (8 patients, 33.3%) in the low-incidence area. As for the association with environmental factors, p53 mutations occurred with higher frequency in patients with a daily intake of spicy foods and in those who used unboiled well water in the low-incidence area. Logistic regression analysis showed no association between food intakes and p53 mutations in high- and low-incidence areas. Thus, higher frequency of spicy food intake and use of unboiled well water may be risk factors of esophageal cancer via p53 mutations in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeko Sakaguchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shinshu University, School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
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Huang XH, Sun LH, Lu DD, Sun Y, Ma LJ, Zhang XR, Huang J, Yu L. Codon 249 mutation in exon 7 of p53 gene in plasma DNA: maybe a new early diagnostic marker of hepatocellular carcinoma in Qidong risk area, China. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:692-5. [PMID: 12679912 PMCID: PMC4611430 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i4.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: One of the characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Qidong area is the selective mutation resulting in a serine substitution at codon 249 of the p53 gene (1, 20), and it has been identified as a “hotspot” mutation in heptocellular carcinomas occurring in populations exposed to aflatoxin and with high prevalence of hepatitis B virus carriers (2, 3, 9, 10, 16, 24). We evaluated in this paper whether this “hotspot” mutation could be detected in cell-free DNA circulating in plasma of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis in Qidong, China, and tried to illustrate the significance of the detection of this molecular biomarker.
METHODS: We collected blood samples from 25 hepatocellular carcinoma patients, 20 cirrhotic patients and 30 healthy controls in Qidong area. DNA was extracted and purified from 200 µl of plasma from each sample. The 249Ser p53 mutation was detected by restriction digestion analysis and direct sequencing of exon-7 PCR products.
RESULTS: We found in exon 7 of p53 gene G→T transversion at the third base of codon 249 resulting 249Arg→249Ser mutation in 10/25 (40%) hepatocellular carcinoma cases, 4/20 (20%) cirrhotics, and 2/30 (7%) healthy controls. The adjusted odds ratio for having the mutation was 22.1 (95%CI, 3.2~91.7) for HCC cases compared to controls.
CONCLUSION: These data show that the 249Ser p53 mutation in plasma is strongly associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in Qidong patients. We found this mutation was also detected, although it was at a much lower frequency, in plasma DNA of Qidong cirrhotics and healthy controls; We consider that these findings, together with the usual method of HCC diagnosis, will give more information in early diagnosis of HCC, and 249Ser p53 mutation should be developed to a new early diagnostic marker for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Hua Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that diet and dietary behaviors can contribute to human cancer risk. One way that this occurs is through the ingestion of food mutagens. Sporadic cancers result from a gene-environment interactions where the environment includes endogenous and exogenous exposures. In this article, we define environment as dietary exposures in the context of gene-environment interactions. Food mutagens cause different types of DNA damage: nucleotide alterations and gross chromosomal aberrations. Most mutagens begin their action at the DNA level by forming carcinogen-DNA adducts, which result from the covalent binding of a carcinogen or part of a carcinogen to a nucleotide. However the effect of food mutagens in carcinogenesis can be modified by heritable traits, namely, low-penetrant genes that affect mutagen exposure of DNA through metabolic activation and detoxification or cellular responses to DNA damage through DNA repair mechanisms or cell death. There are some clearly identified (e.g., aflatoxin) and suspected (e.g., N-nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or heterocyclic amines) food mutagens. The target organs for these agents are numerous, but there is target-organ specificity for each. Mutagenesis however is not the only pathway that links dietary exposures and cancers. There is growing evidence that epigenetic factors, including changes in the DNA methylation pattern, are causing cancer and can be modified by dietary components. Also DNA damage may be indirect by triggering oxidative DNA damage. When considering the human diet, it should be recognized that foods contain both mutagens and components that decrease cancer risk such as antioxidants. Thus nutritionally related cancers ultimately develop from an imbalance of carcinogenesis and anticarcinogenesis. The best way to assess nutritional risks is through biomarkers, but there is no single biomarker that has been sufficiently validated. Although panels of biomarkers would be the most appropriate, their use as a reflection of target-organ risk remains to be determined. Also even when new biomarkers are developed, their application in target organs is problematic because tissues are not readily available. For now most biomarkers are used in surrogate tissues (e.g., blood, urine, oral cavity cells) that presumably reflect biological effects in target organs. This article reviews the role of food mutagens in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis and how their effects are modified by heritable traits and discusses how to identify and evaluate the effects of food mutagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslav Goldman
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Yu SZ, Huang XE, Koide T, Cheng G, Chen GC, Harada KI, Ueno Y, Sueoka E, Oda H, Tashiro F, Mizokami M, Ohno T, Xiang J, Tokudome S. Hepatitis B and C viruses infection, lifestyle and genetic polymorphisms as risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in Haimen, China. Jpn J Cancer Res 2002; 93:1287-92. [PMID: 12495467 PMCID: PMC5926935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2002.tb01236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A case-control study was carried out to investigate the impact of factors including virus infection, aflatoxin B1, microcystins, smoking/drinking and dietary habits as well as genetic polymorphisms of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) and cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1), on susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Haimen, China. A total of 248 patients with HCC and 248 sex-, age- and residence-matched population-based controls were recruited into the study. Virus infection, and ALDH2 and CYP2E1 gene polymorphisms were assessed in 134 paired cases and controls. By univariate analysis, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (odds ratio [OR]=9.75; 95% confidence interval [CI]=4.71-20.2), history of intravenous injection (OR=1.50; 95%CI=1.02-2.22), average income (OR=0.63; 95%CI=0.43-0.92), frequent intake of foods rich in protein, e.g., egg (OR=0.6; 95%CI=0.42-0.87), chicken (OR=0.53; 95%CI=0.35-0.79), pork (OR=0.67; 95%CI=0.46-0.98) and fresh fish (OR=0.58; 95%CI=0.39-0.87) significantly differed between cases and controls. However, peanut intake (OR=0.66; 95%CI=0.43-1.01), source of drinking water, including tap (OR=1.33; 95%CI=0.81-2.20), deep well (OR=0.94; 95%CI=0.56-1.55), shallow well (OR=0.85; 95%CI=0.55=1.30), river (OR=0.95; 95%CI=0.65-1.38), ditch (OR=1.09; 95%CI=0.76-1.55) and pond water (OR=1.0; 95%CI=0.14-7.10) were not significantly associated with risk. Univariate analysis also indicated that the 1-1 genotype of ALDH2 (OR=1.38; 95%CI=0.86-2.23) as well as the Pst1- and Rsa1-digested c1/c1 genotype of CYP2E1 (OR=1.36; 95%CI=0.81-2.28), was slightly more frequent in the case group. On multivariate analysis, HBV infection (OR=13.9; 95%CI=5.78-33.6) and history of intravenous injection (OR=2.72; 95%CI=1.24-6.00) were still associated with significantly increased risk of HCC, while frequent intake of fresh fish (OR=0.32; 95%CI=0.12-0.86) decreased this risk. These findings suggest that whereas peanut intake, water sources as well as genetic polymorphisms in ALDH2 and CYP2E1 do not significantly correlate with the risk of HCC, HBV infection is a main risk factor, and dietary items rich in protein, especially fresh fish, might protect against the risk of HCC in Haimen, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Zhang Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. of China
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14
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Ming L, Thorgeirsson SS, Gail MH, Lu P, Harris CC, Wang N, Shao Y, Wu Z, Liu G, Wang X, Sun Z. Dominant role of hepatitis B virus and cofactor role of aflatoxin in hepatocarcinogenesis in Qidong, China. Hepatology 2002; 36:1214-20. [PMID: 12395332 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2002.36366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the separate and combined effects of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and aflatoxin in causing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Qidong, China. A consecutive series of 181 pathologic-diagnosed HCC cases were studied for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HBc, HBV X gene sequence, anti-HCV, the 249ser-p53 mutation, and chronic hepatitis pathology. Each of the 181 incident HCC cases had markers for HBV infection and hepatitis pathology; only 6 of 119 cases were coinfected with HCV. The 249ser-p53 mutation was found in 54% (97/181) of HCC cases and in all 7 cases with tissue for analysis from the hepatitis cohort but in none of 42 matched cases from Beijing. The estimated cumulative dose of aflatoxin B1 in these 7 cases ranged from 0.13 to 0.49 mg/kg. Follow-up data through 13.25 years on a cohort of 145 men with chronic HBV hepatitis showed that the relative risk from aflatoxin exposure was 3.5 (1.5-8.1). A similar relative risk was found using 249ser-p53 mutation as a marker for aflatoxin exposure. In conclusion, HBV hepatitis is ubiquitous in Qidong HCC cases, whereas HCV contributes little to its risk. The 249ser-p53 mutation appears to result from coexposure to aflatoxin and HBV infection. Even modest levels of aflatoxin exposure tripled the risk of HCC in HBV-infected men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Ming
- National Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Zeng JZ, Wang HY, Chen ZJ, Ullrich A, Wu MC. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel gene which is highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 2002; 21:4932-43. [PMID: 12118372 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2002] [Revised: 05/09/2002] [Accepted: 05/09/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To gain new insight into the molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of human primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we searched for HCC-specific molecules through screening genes that are differentially expressed between cancerous and noncancerous counterparts of liver and identified a novel HCC-associated gene, HCCA1 encoding a approximately 80 kDa cytoplasmic protein that contains several proline-rich motifs likely for SH3-binding. HCCA1 transcript, albeit present in some adult tissues, is up-regulated selectively in HCC but not in other tumor cells. High expression of HCCA1 occurs as a late event frequently (89.2%) in HCCs and correlated significantly with the degree of tumor progression. When treated with antisense oligonucleotides to HCCA1, HCCA1 expression in HCC cells (HuH-7) was effectively suppressed and cell growth was down-regulated in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, HuH-7 cells harboring the HCCA1 antisense expression clone displayed a remarkably reduced efficiency in colony formation. Together, these data strongly suggest that HCCA1 is a positive effector in cell proliferation and contributes to HCC carcinogenesis and progression. We believe that this protein will serve as a novel useful marker for HCC and is a potential target for pharmaceutical intervention of this malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Zhang Zeng
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Institute, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
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16
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Fraser-Andrews EA, McGregor JM, Crook T, Brookes L, Calonje E, Whittaker SJ. Sézary syndrome with a complex, frameshift p53 gene mutation in a Chernobyl survivor. Clin Exp Dermatol 2001; 26:683-5. [PMID: 11722457 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2230.2001.00919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of Sézary syndrome in a patient who was in the immediate vicinity of the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident 18 months prior to presentation. A complex, frameshift p53 gene mutation was subsequently identified in tumour tissue, consisting of an 8-base pair deletion and a T-->G point mutation in exon 7. This is characteristic of damage caused by ionizing radiation, which suggests a causal link between exposure to ionizing radiation and the subsequent development of Sézary syndrome, a rare form of T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Fraser-Andrews
- Skin Tumour Unit, Department of Photobiology, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
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17
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Smela ME, Currier SS, Bailey EA, Essigmann JM. The chemistry and biology of aflatoxin B(1): from mutational spectrometry to carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2001; 22:535-45. [PMID: 11285186 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/22.4.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary exposure to aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) is associated with an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially in populations in which exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a common occurrence. Most HCC samples from people living where HBV is prevalent have one striking mutational hotspot: a GC-->TA transversion at the third position of codon 249 of the p53 gene. In this review, the chemical reaction of an electrophilic derivative of aflatoxin with specific DNA sequences is examined, along with the types of mutations caused by AFB(1) and the sequence context dependence of those mutations. An attempt is made to assign the source of these mutations to specific chemical forms of AFB(1)-DNA damage. In addition, epidemiological and experimental data are examined regarding the synergistic effects of AFB(1) and HBV on HCC formation and the predominance of one hotspot GC-->TA transversion in the p53 gene of affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Smela
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Bioengineering and Environmental Health Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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18
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Abstract
p53, perhaps the single most important human tumor suppressor, is commonly mutated in human cancers. Normally genotoxic stress and hypoxia activate p53, which, through DNA-specific transcription activation, transcriptional repression, and protein-protein interactions, triggers cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. One of the genes induced by p53 was identified as that encoding the insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3. IGFBP-3 was originally defined by the somatomedin hypothesis as the principal carrier of IGF-I in the circulation and the primary regulator of the amount of free IGF-I available to interact with the IGF-1 receptor. However, there is accumulating evidence that IGFBP-3 can also cause apoptosis in an IGF-independent manner. Thus, IGFBP-3 induction by p53 constitutes a new means of cross-talk between the p53 and IGF axes, and suggests that the ultimate function of IGFBP-3 may be to serve a protective role against the potentially carcinogenic effects of growth hormone and IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grimberg
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
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Kirk GD, Camus-Randon AM, Mendy M, Goedert JJ, Merle P, Trépo C, Bréchot C, Hainaut P, Montesano R. Ser-249 p53 mutations in plasma DNA of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma from The Gambia. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92:148-53. [PMID: 10639517 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/92.2.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A selective mutation, an arginine-to-serine substitution in codon 249, of the p53 gene has been identified as a "hotspot" mutation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This mutation occurs in populations that are exposed to aflatoxins and have a high prevalence of hepatitis B virus carriers. We evaluated whether this mutation could be detected in cell-free DNA isolated from the plasma of subjects from The Gambia to detect this mutation that is strongly associated with HCC. METHODS Fifty-three patients with HCC, 13 patients with cirrhosis, and 53 control subjects were prospectively recruited from The Gambia. Sixty patients, of non-African origin, with various liver pathologies were also selected from France. DNA was extracted and purified from 200-microL aliquots of plasma. The Ser-249 p53 mutation was detected by restriction endonuclease digestion of polymerase chain reaction products from exon 7 and was confirmed by direct sequencing of the amplified DNA. RESULTS The Ser-249 p53 mutation was detected in plasma DNA from 19 (36%) of the 53 patients with HCC, two (15%) of the 13 patients with cirrhosis, and three (6%) of the 53 control subjects. This mutation was not detected in any plasma DNA from the European patients. The adjusted odds ratio for having the mutation was 16.4 (95% confidence interval = 3.0-90.5) for patients with HCC compared with the control subjects. CONCLUSION The Ser-249 p53 mutation in plasma DNA is strongly associated with HCC in Gambian patients. This mutation was also detected at a much lower prevalence in plasma DNA from Gambian patients with cirrhosis and in Gambian control subjects, findings that may lead to the earlier detection of HCC. Use of the Ser-249 p53 mutation should facilitate further molecular epidemiologic studies on the development of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Kirk
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Banjul, The Gambia
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