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Martínez-Alarcón D, Blanco-Labra A, García-Gasca T. Expression of Lectins in Heterologous Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E616. [PMID: 29466298 PMCID: PMC5855838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectins are proteins that have the ability to recognize and bind in a reversible and specific way to free carbohydrates or glycoconjugates of cell membranes. For these reasons, they have been extensively used in a wide range of industrial and pharmacological applications. Currently, there is great interest in their production on a large scale. Unfortunately, conventional techniques do not provide the appropriate platform for this purpose and therefore, the heterologous production of lectins in different organisms has become the preferred method in many cases. Such systems have the advantage of providing better yields as well as more homogeneous and better-defined properties for the resultant products. However, an inappropriate choice of the expression system can cause important structural alterations that have repercussions on their biological activity since the specificity may lay in their post-translational processing, which depends largely on the producing organism. The present review aims to examine the most representative studies in the area, exposing the four most frequently used systems (bacteria, yeasts, plants and animal cells), with the intention of providing the necessary information to determine the strategy to follow in each case as well as their respective advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Martínez-Alarcón
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - Alejandro Blanco-Labra
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - Teresa García-Gasca
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. de las Ciencias s/n, Juriquilla, Santiago de Querétaro 76230, Querétaro, Mexico.
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Gusakov AV, Sinitsyna OA, Rozhkova AM, Sinitsyn AP. N-Glycosylation patterns in two α-l-arabinofuranosidases from Penicillium canescens belonging to the glycoside hydrolase families 51 and 54. Carbohydr Res 2013; 382:71-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lim JM, Aoki K, Angel P, Garrison D, King D, Tiemeyer M, Bergmann C, Wells L. Mapping glycans onto specific N-linked glycosylation sites of Pyrus communis PGIP redefines the interface for EPG-PGIP interactions. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:673-80. [PMID: 19072240 DOI: 10.1021/pr800855f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polygalacturonase inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) are members of the leucine rich repeat family of proteins, involved in plant defense against fungal pathogens. PGIPs exhibit a remarkable degree of specificity in terms of their ability to bind and inhibit their target molecules, the endopolygalacturonases (EPGs). This specificity has been attributed for certain EPG/PGIP combinations to differences in primary sequence, but this explanation is unable to account for the full range of binding and inhibitory activities observed. In this paper, we have fully characterized the glycosylation on the PGIP derived from Pyrus communis and demonstrated, using a combination of PNGaseF and PNGaseA in (18)O-water, that the Pyrus communis PGIP utilizes all seven potential sites of N-linked glycosylation. Further, we demonstrate that certain sites appear to be modified only by glycans bearing alpha3-linked core fucosylation, while others are occupied by a mixture of fucosylated and nonfucosylated glycans. Modeling of the carbohydrates onto a homologous structure of PGIP indicates potential roles for glycosylation in mediating the interactions of PGIPs with EPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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4
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N-Glycosylation in Chrysosporium lucknowense enzymes. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Woosley BD, Kim YH, Kumar Kolli VS, Wells L, King D, Poe R, Orlando R, Bergmann C. Glycan analysis of recombinant Aspergillus niger endo-polygalacturonase A. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:2370-8. [PMID: 16854399 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme endo-polygalacturonase A, or PGA, is produced by the fungus, Aspergillus niger, and appears to play a critical role during invasion of plant cell walls. The enzyme has been homologously overexpressed in order to provide sufficient quantities of purified enzyme for structural and biological studies. We have characterized this enzyme in terms of its post-translational modifications (PTMs) and found it to be both N- and O-glycosylated. Additionally, we have characterized the glycosyl moieties using MALDI-TOF and LC-ESI mass spectrometry. The characterization of all PTMs on PGA, along with molecular modeling, allows us to reveal potential roles played by the glycans in modulating the interaction of the enzyme with other macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Woosley
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602-4712, USA
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update covering the period 1999-2000. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:595-662. [PMID: 16642463 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and continues coverage of the field from the previous review published in 1999 (D. J. Harvey, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of carbohydrates, 1999, Mass Spectrom Rev, 18:349-451) for the period 1999-2000. As MALDI mass spectrometry is acquiring the status of a mature technique in this field, there has been a greater emphasis on applications rather than to method development as opposed to the previous review. The present review covers applications to plant-derived carbohydrates, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, glycated proteins, mucins, glycosaminoglycans, bacterial glycolipids, glycosphingolipids, glycoglycerolipids and related compounds, and glycosides. Applications of MALDI mass spectrometry to the study of enzymes acting on carbohydrates (glycosyltransferases and glycosidases) and to the synthesis of carbohydrates, are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.
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Woosley B, Xie M, Wells L, Orlando R, Garrison D, King D, Bergmann C. Comprehensive glycan analysis of recombinant Aspergillus niger endo-polygalacturonase C. Anal Biochem 2006; 354:43-53. [PMID: 16697346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Revised: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme PGC is produced by the fungus Aspergillus niger during invasion of plant cell walls. The enzyme has been homologously overexpressed to provide sufficient quantities of purified enzyme for biological studies. We have characterized this enzyme in terms of its posttranslational modifications (PTMs) and found it to be both N- and O-glycosylated. The glycosyl moieties have also been characterized. This has involved a combination of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF), liquid chromatography (LC)-ion trap, and LC-electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometries in conjunction with trypsin degradation and beta-elimination, followed by Michael addition with dithiothreitol (BEMAD). This is the first demonstration of the ability of BEMAD to map glycosylation sites other than O-GlcNAc sites. The complete characterization of all PTMs on PGC allows us to model them on the peptide backbone, revealing potential roles played by the glycans in modulating the interaction of the enzyme with other macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Woosley
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Xie M, Krooshof GH, Benen JAE, Atwood JA, King D, Bergmann C, Orlando R. Post-translational modifications of recombinant B. cinerea EPG 6. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:3389-97. [PMID: 16259040 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Botrytis cinerea is a ubiquitous plant pathogen that infects more than 200 different plant species and causes substantial economic losses in a wide range of agricultural crops and harvested products. Endopolygalacturonases (EPGs) are among the first array of cell-wall-degrading enzymes secreted by fungi during infection. Up to 13 EPG glycoforms have been described for B. cinerea. The presence of multiple N-linked glycosylation modifications in BcPG1-6 is predicted by their deduced amino acid sequences. In this work, the glycosylation sites and the attached oligosaccharide structures on BcPG6 were analyzed. The molecular mass of the intact glycoprotein was determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric (MALDI-TOFMS) analysis. BcPG6 contains seven potential N-linked glycosylation sites. Occupancy of these glycosylation sites and the attached carbohydrate structures were analyzed by tryptic digestion followed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) using a stepped orifice voltage approach. Five out of seven potential N-linked sites present in BcPG6 were determined to be occupied by high-mannose-type oligosaccharides. Four of them were readily determined to be at Asn58 (T3 peptide), Asn198 (T7 peptide), Asn237 (T9 peptide) and Asn256 (T11 peptide), respectively. Another was located on the T8 peptide, which contained two potential N-linked sites, Asn224 and Asn227 (SNNN224VTN227ITFK). LC/MS/MS of a sample treated with N-glycanase placed the glycan in this peptide at Asn224 rather than at Asn227. The potential glycosylation site on Asn146 (T6 peptide) was not glycosylated. In addition, two disulfide bonds were observed, linking the Cys residues within the T13 and T16 peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602-4712, USA
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Warren ME, Kester H, Benen J, Colangelo J, Visser J, Bergmann C, Orlando R. Studies on the glycosylation of wild-type and mutant forms of Aspergillus niger pectin methylesterase. Carbohydr Res 2002; 337:803-12. [PMID: 11996833 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pectin methylesterase (PME) is one of a number of enzymes released by the fungus Aspergillus niger that are involved in the degradation of specific plant cell-wall structures. PME is a glycoprotein with three potential sites for N-linked glycosylation. The glycosylation may affect the hydrolytic activity or the substrate specificity of PME. In this work, we investigate first the structures and the attachment sites of the glycans present on recombinant wild-type PME. Further, a series of PME mutants was created in which the three potential N-linked glycosylation sites were eliminated in all possible combinations. The glycosylation of the mutants and their activities were then studied. Mass spectrometric techniques tailored for carbohydrate analysis were applied to both characterize the glycan structures and to determine the specific sites of attachment. High mannose structures with variable numbers of mannose were found on the wild-type, as well as the mutant forms. Studies using the mutants suggest that glycosylation does not strongly influence the activity. Whether it may affect the substrate specify of the enzyme is unknown, and that aspect will be explored in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Warren
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Athens 30602-4712, USA
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Nemeth JF, Hochgesang GP, Marnett LJ, Caprioli RM, Hochensang GP. Characterization of the glycosylation sites in cyclooxygenase-2 using mass spectrometry. Biochemistry 2001; 40:3109-16. [PMID: 11258925 DOI: 10.1021/bi002313c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase is involved in the biosynthesis and function of prostaglandins. It is a glycoprotein located in the endoplasmic reticulum and in the nuclear envelope, and it has been found to have two isoforms termed COX-1 and COX-2. This paper reports on the glycosylation site analysis of recombinant COX-2 using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) and nanoelectrospray (nanoESI) quadrupole-TOF (Q-TOF) MS. The nanoESI MS analysis of COX-2 revealed the presence of three glycoforms at average molecular masses of 71.4, 72.7, and 73.9 kDa. Each glycoform contained a number of peaks differing by 162 Da indicating heterogeneity and suggesting the presence of high-mannose sugars. The masses of the glycoforms indicate that oligosaccharides occupy two to four sites and a single N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue occupied up to two sites. The MALDI MS analysis of a tryptic digest of the protein showed a number of potential glycopeptides. The peptides differed by 162 Da which further suggested high-mannose sugars. Nanoelectrospray MS/MS experiments confirmed glycosylation at the Asn 53 and Asn 130 sites and confirmed the presence of the peptides Asn 396-Arg 414 + GlcNAc and Thr 576-Arg 587 + GlcNAc containing Asn 580. It was not possible to conclusively determine whether the Asn 396 site was glycosylated via an MS/MS experiment, so the tryptic digest was deglycosylated to confirm the presence of the glycopeptides. Finally, a non-glycosylated tryptic peptide was observed containing the Asn 592.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Nemeth
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennesee 37232-6400, USA
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Colangelo J, Orlando R. On-target endoglycosidase digestion matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of glycopeptides. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:2284-2289. [PMID: 11746894 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The digestion of glycopeptides with endoglycosidases can be used in the process of their structural characterization, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is often used to analyze the products of these digestions. In the currently accepted protocol for the endoglycosidase digestion of glycopeptides on the MALDI target, the target must be incubated at 37 degrees C, and an hour or more is needed for digestion. We have modified the procedure so that the process can be performed at room temperature in 5 to 15 min, and digestions are performed in the presence of a MALDI matrix. The endoglycosidases used for digestion were endoglycosidase H and peptide-N-glycosidase F. Glycopeptides from asialofetuin and endopolygalacturonase (EPG) II were used as standards because their glycan structures have been previously characterized. Glycopeptides with unknown glycan structures were also digested, including glycopeptides from pectate lyase, EPG I, and pectin methylesterase from Aspergillus niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Colangelo
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602-4712, USA
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Colangelo J, Licon V, Benen J, Visser J, Bergmann C, Orlando R. Characterization of the N-linked glycosylation site of recombinant pectate lyase. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 1999; 13:2382-2387. [PMID: 10567938 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(19991215)13:23<2382::aid-rcm802>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant pectate lyase from Aspergillus niger was overexpressed in Aspergillus nidulans. The two recombinant proteins produced differed in molecular mass by 1200 Da, which suggested that the larger molecular weight protein was glycosylated. The deduced amino acid sequence was searched for potential N-linked glycosylation sites, and one potential site was identified at residue 64. The proteins were analyzed for their ability to bind various lectins as an assay for the presence of carbohydrates. The proteins were then digested with trypsin to facilitate the isolation of the potential glycosylation site. The resulting digestion products were subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry using in-source collision induced dissociation to detect glycopeptides. Once the glycopeptide had been identified, treatment with an endoglycosidase both verified the location of glycosylation and identified the mass of the glycan. The Complex Carbohydrate Structural Database was searched for possible N-linked structures with the same mass, and the suggested primary sequence was confirmed by an exoglycosidase digestion. The data demonstrated that the larger recombinant protein contained a high mannose N-linked structure (Man(5)GlcNAc(2)) attached to N-64, while this site was not occupied in the smaller protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Colangelo
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Chemistry, University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602-4712, USA
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