1
|
Bustamante MCC, Costa CLL, Esperança MN, Mazziero VT, Cerri MO, Badino AC. Effect of impeller type on cellular morphology and production of clavulanic acid by Streptomyces clavuligerus. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1167-1177. [PMID: 38557863 PMCID: PMC11153386 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
It is essential to evaluate the effects of operating conditions in submerged cultures of filamentous microorganisms. In particular, the impeller type influences the flow pattern, power consumption, and energy dissipation, leading to differences in the hydrodynamic environment that affect the morphology of the microorganism. This work investigated the effect of different impeller types, namely the Rushton turbine (RT-RT) and Elephant Ear impellers in up-pumping (EEUP) and down-pumping (EEDP) modes, on cellular morphology and clavulanic acid (CA) production by Streptomyces clavuligerus in a stirred-tank bioreactor. At 800 rpm and 0.5 vvm, the cultivations performed using RT-RT and EEUP impellers provided higher shear conditions and oxygen transfer rates than those observed with EEDP. These conditions resulted in higher clavulanic acid production using RT-RT (380.7 mg/L) and EEUP (453.3 mg/L) impellers, compared to EEDP (196.6 mg/L). Although the maximum CA concentration exhibited the same order of magnitude for RT-RT and EEUP impellers, the latter presented 40% of the specific power consumption (4.9 kW/m3) compared to the classical RT-RT (12.0 kW/m3). The specific energy for CA production ( E CA ), defined as the energy cost to produce 1 mg of CA, was 3.5 times lower using the EEUP impeller (1.91 kJ/mgCA) when compared to RT-RT (5.91 kJ/mgCA). Besides, the specific energy for O2 transfer ( E O 2 ), the energy required to transfer 1 mmol of O2, was 2.3 times lower comparing the EEUP impeller (3.28 kJ/mmolO2) to RT-RT (7.65 kJ/mmolO2). The results demonstrated the importance of choosing the most suitable impeller configuration in conventional bioreactors to manufacture bioproducts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C C Bustamante
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - C L L Costa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - M N Esperança
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of São Paulo, Campus Capivari, Capivari, SP, 13360-000, Brazil
| | - V T Mazziero
- Department of Bioprocesses Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - M O Cerri
- Department of Bioprocesses Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Alberto C Badino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rahimzadeh A, Ein-Mozaffari F, Lohi A. Analyzing of hydrodynamic stress and mass transfer requirements of a fermentation process carried out in a coaxial bioreactor: a scale-up study. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2024; 47:633-649. [PMID: 38557906 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-024-02990-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Fluid hydrodynamic stress has a deterministic effect on the morphology of filamentous fungi. Although the coaxial mixer has been recognized as a suitable gas dispersion system for minimizing inhomogeneities within a bioreactor, its performance for achieving enhanced oxygen transfer while operating at a reduced shear environment has not been investigated yet, specifically upon scale-up. Therefore, the influence of the impeller type, aeration rate, and central impeller retrofitting on the efficacy of an abiotic coaxial system containing a shear-thinning fluid was examined. The aim was to assess the hydrodynamic parameters, including stress, mass transfer, bubble size, and gas hold-up, upon conducting a scale-up study. The investigation was conducted through dynamic gassing-in, tomography, and computational fluid dynamics combined with population balance methods. It was observed that the coaxial bioreactor performance was strongly influenced by the agitator type. In addition, coaxial bioreactors are scalable in terms of shear environment and oxygen transfer rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rahimzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Farhad Ein-Mozaffari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Ali Lohi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schrader M, Schrinner K, Polomsky L, Ivanov D, Kampen I, Schilde C, Krull R, Kwade A. Quantification and modeling of macroparticle-induced mechanical stress for varying shake flask cultivation conditions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1254136. [PMID: 37731767 PMCID: PMC10507416 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1254136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In biotechnological processes, filamentous microorganisms are known for their broad product spectrum and complex cellular morphology. Product formation and cellular morphology are often closely linked, requiring a well-defined level of mechanical stress to achieve high product concentrations. Macroparticles were added to shake flask cultures of the filamentous actinomycete Lentzea aerocolonigenes to find these optimal cultivation conditions. However, there is currently no model concept for the dependence of the strength and frequency of the bead-induced stress on the process parameters. Therefore, shake flask simulations were performed for combinations of bead size, bead concentration, bead density and shaking frequency. Contact analysis showed that the highest shear stresses were caused by bead-bottom contacts. Based on this, a newly generated characteristic parameter, the stress area ratio (SAR), was defined, which relates the bead wall shear and normal stresses to the total shear area. Comparison of the SAR with previous cultivation results revealed an optimum pattern for product concentration and mean product-to-biomass related yield coefficient. Thus, this model is a suitable tool for future optimization, comparison and scaling up of shear-sensitive microorganism cultivation. Finally, the simulation results were validated using high-speed recordings of the bead motion on the bottom of the shake flask.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schrader
- Institute for Particle Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schrinner
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura Polomsky
- Institute for Particle Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dimitri Ivanov
- Institute for Particle Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ingo Kampen
- Institute for Particle Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carsten Schilde
- Institute for Particle Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rainer Krull
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Arno Kwade
- Institute for Particle Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Droplet size distribution in a biphasic liquid reactor for understanding the impact of various dual impeller designs on the morphology of S-PVC. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-022-1252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
|
5
|
Panckow RP, Bliatsiou C, Nolte L, Böhm L, Maaß S, Kraume M. Characterisation of particle stress in turbulent impeller flows utilising photo-optical measurements of a flocculation system – PART 1. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
6
|
Chaverra-Muñoz L, Hüttel S. Optimization of the production process for the anticancer lead compound illudin M: process development in stirred tank bioreactors. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:145. [PMID: 35843931 PMCID: PMC9290264 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01870-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungal natural products illudin S and M have been investigated as precursors for the development of semisynthetic anticancer agents such as Irofulven (illudin S derivative) which is currently in phase II clinical trials. Recently, illudin M derivatives have shown improved in vitro selectivity towards cancer cells encouraging further investigation. This requires a stable supply of the precursor which is produced by Basidiomycota of the genus Omphalotus. We have recently reported a robust shake flask process for the production of gram quantities of illudin M from Omphalotus nidiformis aiming to transfer that process into stirred tank bioreactors, which can be used in a commercial production set-up. However, process transfer across different systems is not straightforward and particularly challenging when the producer is morphologically complex. There are only a few reports that address the development of bioprocesses for the production of compounds from Basidiomycota as these organisms have not been extensively studied because of their complex life cycles and often are difficult to cultivate under laboratory conditions. RESULTS The recently developed shake flask process delivering stable titers of ~ 940 mg L-1 of illudin M was investigated using off-gas analysis to identify critical parameters which facilitated the transfer from shaken into stirred tank bioreactors. Comparable titers to the shake flask process were achieved in 2 L stirred tank bioreactors (1.5 L working volume) by controlling growth of biomass with a carefully timed pH-shift combined with an improved precursor-feeding strategy. A scale-up experiment in a 15 L bioreactor (10 L working volume), resembling the process at 1.5 L resulted in 523 mg L-1 and is the starting point for optimization of the identified parameters at that scale. CONCLUSION By identifying and controlling key process parameters, the production process for illudin M was transferred from shake flasks into 2 L stirred tank bioreactors reaching a comparable titer (> 900 mg L-1), which is significantly higher than any previously reported. The insights obtained from 10 L scale pave the way towards further scale-up studies that will enable a sustainable supply of illudin M to support preclinical and clinical development programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lillibeth Chaverra-Muñoz
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Stephan Hüttel
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Large-Scale Production of Size-Adjusted β-Cell Spheroids in a Fully Controlled Stirred-Tank Reactor. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10050861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For β-cell replacement therapies, one challenge is the manufacturing of enough β-cells (Edmonton protocol for islet transplantation requires 0.5–1 × 106 islet equivalents). To maintain their functionality, β-cells should be manufactured as 3D constructs, known as spheroids. In this study, we investigated whether β-cell spheroid manufacturing can be addressed by a stirred-tank bioreactor (STR) process. STRs are fully controlled bioreactor systems, which allow the establishment of robust, larger-scale manufacturing processes. Using the INS-1 β-cell line as a model for process development, we investigated the dynamic agglomeration of β-cells to determine minimal seeding densities, spheroid strength, and the influence of turbulent shear stress. We established a correlation to exploit shear forces within the turbulent flow regime, in order to generate spheroids of a defined size, and to predict the spheroid size in an STR by using the determined spheroid strength. Finally, we transferred the dynamic agglomeration process from shaking flasks to a fully controlled and monitored STR, and tested the influence of three different stirrer types on spheroid formation. We achieved the shear stress-guided production of up to 22 × 106 ± 2 × 106 viable and functional β-cell spheroids per liter of culture medium, which is sufficient for β-cell therapy applications.
Collapse
|
8
|
Flow Patterns of Multiple Axial‐Radial Impellers for Potential Use in Aerated Stirred Tanks. Chem Eng Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202100521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
9
|
Rahimzadeh A, Ein-Mozaffari F, Lohi A. New Insights into the Gas Dispersion and Mass Transfer in Shear-Thinning Fluids Inside an Aerated Coaxial Mixer via Analysis of Flow Hydrodynamics and Shear Environment. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rahimzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Farhad Ein-Mozaffari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Ali Lohi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Esperança MN, Buffo MM, Mendes CE, Rodriguez GY, Béttega R, Badino AC, Cerri MO. Linking maximal shear rate and energy dissipation/circulation function in airlift bioreactors. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
11
|
Meyer V, Cairns T, Barthel L, King R, Kunz P, Schmideder S, Müller H, Briesen H, Dinius A, Krull R. Understanding and controlling filamentous growth of fungal cell factories: novel tools and opportunities for targeted morphology engineering. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2021; 8:8. [PMID: 34425914 PMCID: PMC8383395 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-021-00115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungal cell factories are efficient producers of platform chemicals, proteins, enzymes and natural products. Stirred-tank bioreactors up to a scale of several hundred m³ are commonly used for their cultivation. Fungal hyphae self-assemble into various cellular macromorphologies ranging from dispersed mycelia, loose clumps, to compact pellets. Development of these macromorphologies is so far unpredictable but strongly impacts productivities of fungal bioprocesses. Depending on the strain and the desired product, the morphological forms vary, but no strain- or product-related correlations currently exist to improve
process understanding of fungal production systems. However, novel genomic, genetic, metabolic, imaging and modelling tools have recently been established that will provide fundamental new insights into filamentous fungal growth and how it is balanced with product formation. In this primer, these tools will be highlighted and their revolutionary impact on rational morphology engineering and bioprocess control will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Meyer
- Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Timothy Cairns
- Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Barthel
- Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rudibert King
- Chair of Measurement and Control, Institute of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Kunz
- Chair of Measurement and Control, Institute of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmideder
- Chair of Process Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Gregor- Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Henri Müller
- Chair of Process Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Gregor- Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Heiko Briesen
- Chair of Process Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Gregor- Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Anna Dinius
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Brunswick, Germany.,Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Rainer Krull
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Brunswick, Germany.,Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106, Brunswick, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Petry F, Salzig D. Impact of Bioreactor Geometry on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Production in Stirred‐Tank Bioreactors. CHEM-ING-TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Petry
- University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology Wiesenstraße 14 35390 Giessen Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology Wiesenstraße 14 35390 Giessen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Effect of multiple impeller designs and configurations on the droplet size and uniformity in a 100 L scale stirred tank. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0803-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
14
|
Buffo MM, Ferreira ALZ, Almeida RMRG, Farinas CS, Badino AC, Ximenes EA, Ladisch MR. Cellulolytic enzymes production guided by morphology engineering. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 149:109833. [PMID: 34311878 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Endoglucanase and xylanase are critical enzymes for liquefaction and enzyme hydrolysis of high solids lignocellulosic biomass to facilitate its transport and production of desired derived products. Here is reported how combinations of different spore concentrations and pH influence microbial morphology, and how this may be used to direct expression and secretion of enzymes by Aspergillus niger. While xylanase production is not affected by A. niger morphology changes, endoglucanase production is enhanced under conditions of lower stress and by morphology that results in pellets. β-glucosidase production is enhanced under dispersed morphology, which results in up to fourfold increase of this enzyme production under the tested experimental conditions. A morphologic scale (Y) is proposed based on a form factor that considers the size and frequency of each morphology class, and that points to conditions that result in high selectivity for either endoglucanase or β-glucosidase production. An equation proposed to relate enzyme activity to morphology provides a useful tool for tuning enzyme production of A. niger, where morphology is a first indication of relative enzyme activities in a fermentation broth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariane M Buffo
- Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cristiane S Farinas
- Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil; Embrapa Instrumentation, Rua XV de Novembro 1452, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Alberto C Badino
- Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
The impact of fluid-dynamic stress in stirred tank bioreactors on the synthesis of cellulases by Trichoderma reesei at the intracellular and extracellular levels. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.116353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
16
|
Garcia-Ochoa F, Gomez E, Santos VE. Fluid dynamic conditions and oxygen availability effects on microbial cultures in STBR: An overview. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
17
|
Nienow AW. The Impact of Fluid Dynamic Stress in Stirred Bioreactors – The Scale of the Biological Entity: A Personal View. CHEM-ING-TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alvin W. Nienow
- University of Birmingham School of Chemical Engineering B15 2TT Birmingham United Kingdom
- Loughborough University Biological Engineering Loughborough LE11 3TU Loughborough United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bliatsiou C, Schrinner K, Waldherr P, Tesche S, Böhm L, Kraume M, Krull R. Rheological characteristics of filamentous cultivation broths and suitable model fluids. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
19
|
Buffo MM, Esperança MN, Farinas CS, Badino AC. Relation between pellet fragmentation kinetics and cellulolytic enzymes production by Aspergillus niger in conventional bioreactor with different impellers. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 139:109587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
20
|
Buffo MM, Esperança MN, Béttega R, Farinas CS, Badino AC. Oxygen Transfer and Fragmentation of Aspergillus niger Pellets in Stirred Tank and Concentric-Duct Airlift Bioreactors. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2020.29199.mmb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mariane M. Buffo
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Mateus N. Esperança
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of São Paulo, Campus Capivari, Capivari, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Béttega
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Cristiane S. Farinas
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Embrapa Instrumentation, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Alberto C. Badino
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Böhm L, Hohl L, Bliatsiou C, Kraume M. Multiphase Stirred Tank Bioreactors – New Geometrical Concepts and Scale‐up Approaches. CHEM-ING-TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201900165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Böhm
- Technische Universität BerlinChair of Chemical and Process Engineering, FH6-1 Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Lena Hohl
- Technische Universität BerlinChair of Chemical and Process Engineering, FH6-1 Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Chrysoula Bliatsiou
- Technische Universität BerlinChair of Chemical and Process Engineering, FH6-1 Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Matthias Kraume
- Technische Universität BerlinChair of Chemical and Process Engineering, FH6-1 Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Application of CFD to Analyze the Hydrodynamic Behaviour of a Bioreactor with a Double Impeller. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7100694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Stirred bioreactors are commonly used unit operations in the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used in order to analyze the influence of the impeller configuration (Segment–Segment and Segment–Rushton impeller configurations) and the impeller rotational speed (an operational parameter) on the hydrodynamic behaviour and mixing performance of a bioreactor equipped with a double impeller. A relatively close agreement between the power values obtained from the CFD model and those measured experimentally was observed. Various parameters such as velocity profiles, stress generated by impellers due to the turbulence and velocity gradient, flow number, and mixing time were used to compare the CFD simulations. It was observed that the impeller’s RPM could change the intensity of the interaction between the impellers when a Segment–Rushton impeller was used. In general, increasing the RPM led to an increase in total power and the stress acting on the cells and to a shorter mixing time. At a constant RPM, the Segment–Rushton impeller configuration had higher total power and stress acting on cells compared to the Segment–Segment impeller configuration. At lower RPM values (i.e., 50 and 100), the Segment–Segment impeller provided a shorter mixing time. Conversely, at the highest RPM (i.e., 150) the Segment–Rushton impeller had a shorter mixing time compared to the Segment–Segment impeller; this was attributed to the high level of turbulence generated with the former impeller configuration at high RPM.
Collapse
|
23
|
Effects of fluid-dynamic conditions in Shimwellia blattae (p424IbPSO) cultures in stirred tank bioreactors: Hydrodynamic stress and change of metabolic routes by oxygen availability. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.107238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
24
|
Loubière C, Delafosse A, Guedon E, Toye D, Chevalot I, Olmos E. Optimization of the Impeller Design for Mesenchymal Stem Cell Culture on Microcarriers in Bioreactors. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Loubière
- Université de LorraineLaboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, CNRS, LRGP 54000 Nancy France
| | - Angélique Delafosse
- Université de LiègeLaboratory of Chemical Engineering Allée de la Chimie 3, B6C 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Guedon
- Université de LorraineLaboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, CNRS, LRGP 54000 Nancy France
| | - Dominique Toye
- Université de LiègeLaboratory of Chemical Engineering Allée de la Chimie 3, B6C 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Isabelle Chevalot
- Université de LorraineLaboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, CNRS, LRGP 54000 Nancy France
| | - Eric Olmos
- Université de LorraineLaboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, CNRS, LRGP 54000 Nancy France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tajsoleiman T, Mears L, Krühne U, Gernaey KV, Cornelissen S. An Industrial Perspective on Scale-Down Challenges Using Miniaturized Bioreactors. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:697-706. [PMID: 30737008 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturized stirred bioreactors (MSBRs) are gaining popularity as a cost-effective approach to scale-down experimentation. However, realizing conditions that reflect the large-scale process accurately can be challenging. This article highlights common challenges of using MSBRs for scale-down. The fundamental difference between oxygen mass transfer coefficient (kLa) and oxygen transfer rate scaling is addressed and the difficulty of achieving turbulent flow and industrially relevant tip speeds is described. More practical challenges of using MSBR systems for scale-down are also discussed, including the risk of vortex formation, changed volume dynamics, and wall growth. By highlighting these challenges, the article aims to create more awareness of these difficulties and to contribute to improved design of scale-down experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tannaz Tajsoleiman
- Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lisa Mears
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | - Ulrich Krühne
- Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Krist V Gernaey
- Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. https://twitter.com/@KristGernaey
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bliatsiou C, Malik A, Böhm L, Kraume M. Influence of Impeller Geometry on Hydromechanical Stress in Stirred Liquid/Liquid Dispersions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Bliatsiou
- Chair of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, FH6-1, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Malik
- Chair of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, FH6-1, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Böhm
- Chair of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, FH6-1, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Kraume
- Chair of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, FH6-1, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rocking Aspergillus: morphology-controlled cultivation of Aspergillus niger in a wave-mixed bioreactor for the production of secondary metabolites. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:128. [PMID: 30129427 PMCID: PMC6102829 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0975-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Filamentous fungi including Aspergillus niger are cell factories for the production of organic acids, proteins and bioactive compounds. Traditionally, stirred-tank reactors (STRs) are used to cultivate them under highly reproducible conditions ensuring optimum oxygen uptake and high growth rates. However, agitation via mechanical stirring causes high shear forces, thus affecting fungal physiology and macromorphologies. Two-dimensional rocking-motion wave-mixed bioreactor cultivations could offer a viable alternative to fungal cultivations in STRs, as comparable gas mass transfer is generally achievable while deploying lower friction and shear forces. The aim of this study was thus to investigate for the first time the consequences of wave-mixed cultivations on the growth, macromorphology and product formation of A. niger. Results We investigated the impact of hydrodynamic conditions on A. niger cultivated at a 5 L scale in a disposable two-dimensional rocking motion bioreactor (CELL-tainer®) and a BioFlo STR (New Brunswick®), respectively. Two different A. niger strains were analysed, which produce heterologously the commercial drug enniatin B. Both strains expressed the esyn1 gene that encodes a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase ESYN under control of the inducible Tet-on system, but differed in their dependence on feeding with the precursors d-2-hydroxyvaleric acid and l-valine. Cultivations of A. niger in the CELL-tainer resulted in the formation of large pellets, which were heterogeneous in size (diameter 300–800 μm) and not observed during STR cultivations. When talcum microparticles were added, it was possible to obtain a reduced pellet size and to control pellet heterogeneity (diameter 50–150 μm). No foam formation was observed under wave-mixed cultivation conditions, which made the addition of antifoam agents needless. Overall, enniatin B titres of about 1.5–2.3 g L−1 were achieved in the CELL-tainer® system, which is about 30–50% of the titres achieved under STR conditions. Conclusions This is the first report studying the potential use of single-use wave-mixed reactor systems for the cultivation of A. niger. Although final enniatin yields are not competitive yet with titres achieved under STR conditions, wave-mixed cultivations open up new avenues for the cultivation of shear-sensitive mutant strains as well as high cell-density cultivations.
Collapse
|
28
|
Hardy N, Augier F, Nienow AW, Béal C, Ben Chaabane F. Scale-up agitation criteria for Trichoderma reesei fermentation. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
29
|
Wang G, Wu B, Zhao J, Haringa C, Xia J, Chu J, Zhuang Y, Zhang S, Heijnen JJ, van Gulik W, Deshmukh AT, Noorman HJ. Power input effects on degeneration in prolonged penicillin chemostat cultures: A systems analysis at flux, residual glucose, metabolite, and transcript levels. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:114-125. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST); Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Baofeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST); Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Junfei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST); Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Cees Haringa
- Transport Phenomena, Chemical Engineering Department; Delft University of Technology; Delft The Netherlands
| | - Jianye Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST); Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST); Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Yingping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST); Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Siliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST); Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Joseph J. Heijnen
- Cell Systems Engineering, Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; Delft The Netherlands
| | - Walter van Gulik
- Cell Systems Engineering, Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; Delft The Netherlands
| | | | - Henk J. Noorman
- DSM Biotechnology Center; Delft The Netherlands
- Bio Process Engineering, Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; Delft The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Heyter A, Wollny S. Einfluss verschiedener Stromstörerausführungen auf die Bewehrung eines mehrstufigen Rührbehälters. CHEM-ING-TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201600188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Heyter
- Hochschule Anhalt; Bernburger Straße 55 06366 Köthen Deutschland
| | - Stefan Wollny
- Hochschule Anhalt; Bernburger Straße 55 06366 Köthen Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Comparative Mycelial Growth of Pleurotus djamor and Pleurotus ostreatus in Culture Media. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.10.4.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
32
|
Walisko R, Moench-Tegeder J, Blotenberg J, Wucherpfennig T, Krull R. The Taming of the Shrew--Controlling the Morphology of Filamentous Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Microorganisms. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 149:1-27. [PMID: 25796624 DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the most sensitive process characteristics in the cultivation of filamentous biological systems is their complex morphology. In submerged cultures, the observed macroscopic morphology of filamentous microorganisms varies from freely dispersed mycelium to dense spherical pellets consisting of a more or less dense, branched and partially intertwined network of hyphae. Recently, the freely dispersed mycelium form has been in high demand for submerged cultivation because this morphology enhances the growth and production of several valuable products. A distinct filamentous morphology and productivity are influenced by the environment and can be controlled by inoculum concentration, spore viability, pH value, cultivation temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, medium composition, mechanical stress or process mode as well as through the addition of inorganic salts or microparticles, which provides the opportunity to tailor a filamentous morphology. The suitable morphology for a given bioprocess varies depending on the desired product. Therefore, the advantages and disadvantages of each morphological type should be carefully evaluated for every biological system. Because of the high industrial relevance of filamentous microorganisms, research in previous years has aimed at the development of tools and techniques to characterise their growth and obtain quantitative estimates of their morphological properties. The focus of this review is on current advances in the characterisation and control of filamentous morphology with a separation of eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems. Furthermore, recent strategies to tailor the morphology through classical biochemical process parameters, morphology and genetic engineering to optimise the productivity of these filamentous systems are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Walisko
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Enhancing gluconic acid production by controlling the morphology of Aspergillus niger in submerged fermentation. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
34
|
Serrano-Carreón L, Galindo E, Rocha-Valadéz JA, Holguín-Salas A, Corkidi G. Hydrodynamics, Fungal Physiology, and Morphology. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 149:55-90. [PMID: 25652005 DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous cultures, such as fungi and actinomycetes, contribute substantially to the pharmaceutical industry and to enzyme production, with an annual market of about 6 billion dollars. In mechanically stirred reactors, most frequently used in fermentation industry, microbial growth and metabolite productivity depend on complex interactions between hydrodynamics, oxygen transfer, and mycelial morphology. The dissipation of energy through mechanically stirring devices, either flasks or tanks, impacts both microbial growth through shearing forces on the cells and the transfer of mass and energy, improving the contact between phases (i.e., air bubbles and microorganisms) but also causing damage to the cells at high energy dissipation rates. Mechanical-induced signaling in the cells triggers the molecular responses to shear stress; however, the complete mechanism is not known. Volumetric power input and, more importantly, the energy dissipation/circulation function are the main parameters determining mycelial size, a phenomenon that can be explained by the interaction of mycelial aggregates and Kolmogorov eddies. The use of microparticles in fungal cultures is also a strategy to increase process productivity and reproducibility by controlling fungal morphology. In order to rigorously study the effects of hydrodynamics on the physiology of fungal microorganisms, it is necessary to rule out the possible associated effects of dissolved oxygen, something which has been reported scarcely. At the other hand, the processes of phase dispersion (including the suspended solid that is the filamentous biomass) are crucial in order to get an integral knowledge about biological and physicochemical interactions within the bioreactor. Digital image analysis is a powerful tool for getting relevant information in order to establish the mechanisms of mass transfer as well as to evaluate the viability of the mycelia. This review focuses on (a) the main characteristics of the two most common morphologies exhibited by filamentous microorganisms; (b) how hydrodynamic conditions affect morphology and physiology in filamentous cultures; and (c) techniques using digital image analysis to characterize the viability of filamentous microorganisms and mass transfer in multiphase dispersions. Representative case studies of fungi (Trichoderma harzianum and Pleurotus ostreatus) exhibiting different typical morphologies (disperse mycelia and pellets) are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Serrano-Carreón
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor, México,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Daub A, Böhm M, Delueg S, Mühlmann M, Schneider G, Büchs J. Characterization of hydromechanical stress in aerated stirred tanks up to 40 m(3) scale by measurement of maximum stable drop size. J Biol Eng 2014; 8:17. [PMID: 25067953 PMCID: PMC4099098 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-8-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Turbulence intensity, or hydromechanical stress, is a parameter that influences a broad range of processes in the fields of chemical engineering and biotechnology. Fermentation processes are often characterized by high agitation and aeration intensity resulting in high gas void fractions of up to 20% in large scale reactors. Very little experimental data on hydromechanical stress for such operating conditions exists because of the problems associated with measuring hydromechanical stress under aeration and intense agitation. RESULTS An indirect method to quantify hydromechanical stress for aerated operating conditions by the measurement of maximum stable drop size in a break-up controlled dispersion was applied to characterize hydromechanical stress in reactor scales of 50 L, 3 m(3) and 40 m(3) volume with a broad range of operating conditions and impeller geometries (Rushton turbines). Results for impellers within each scale for the ratio of maximum to specific energy dissipation rate ϕ based on measured values of maximum stable drop size for aerated operating conditions are qualitatively in agreement with results from literature correlations for unaerated operating conditions. Comparison of data in the different scales shows that there is a scale effect that results in higher values for ϕ in larger reactors. This behavior is not covered by the classic theory of turbulent drop dispersion but is in good agreement with the theory of turbulence intermittency. The data for all impeller configurations and all aeration rates for the three scales can be correlated within ±20% when calculated values for ϕ based on the measured values for dmax are used to calculate the maximum local energy dissipation rate. A correlation of the data for all scales and all impeller configurations in the form ϕ = 2.3∙(ϕunaerated)(0.34)∙(DR)(0.543) is suggested that successfully models the influence of scale and impeller geometry on ϕ for aerated operating conditions. CONCLUSIONS The results show that besides the impeller geometry, also aeration and scale strongly influence hydromechanical stress. Incorporating these effects is beneficial for a successful scale up or scale down of this parameter. This can be done by applying the suggested correlation or by measuring hydromechanical stress with the experimental method used in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Daub
- AVT.Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Marina Böhm
- AVT.Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Stefanie Delueg
- AVT.Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Markus Mühlmann
- AVT.Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schneider
- Sandoz GmbH, Anti-Infectives Operations Development, Biochemiestraße 10, Kundl A-6250, Austria
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT.Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cui L, Shen Y, Guo X, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Luo J, Wang M. Effects of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on the growth and morphology of Absidia coerulea. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:2723-9. [PMID: 22806198 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin has been found to be an attractive novel solubilizer due to its unique material properties. Absidia coerulea is widely used in steroid bioconversion. The effects of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) on the growth, morphology, and steroid-converting activity of A. coerulea CICC 40302 were systematically studied. HP-β-CD affected A. coerulea growth, resulting in changes in its spore morphology and mycelial morphology. It induced an increase in the spore germination rate and a decrease in cell biomass at the stationary phase. Optical microscopy revealed that HP-β-CD altered the mycelial morphology and reduced the pellet compactness of A. coerulea. A convenient and feasible computing method was used to measure pellet compactness, and it demonstrated that the compactness degree of the pellet decreased as HP-β-CD increased, which could be attributed to the modification of the physical properties of the fermentation medium. Moreover, the changing of mycelial morphology influenced steroid-converting activity. The results showed that HP-β-CD had multiple concentration-dependent effects on A. coerulea cells. HP-β-CD in the proper concentration range holds great potential as a biocompatible solubilizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanyu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Growth kinetics of biopigment production by Thai isolated Monascus purpureus in a stirred tank bioreactor. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 38:93-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
38
|
Iyer PV, Singhal RS. Glutaminase Production using Zygosaccharomyces rouxii NRRL-Y 2547: Effect of Aeration, Agitation Regimes and Feeding Strategies. Chem Eng Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.200900230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
39
|
Wang Y, Chu J, Zhuang Y, Wang Y, Xia J, Zhang S. Industrial bioprocess control and optimization in the context of systems biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:989-995. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
40
|
Nienow AW. Scale-Up Considerations Based on Studies at the Bench Scale in Stirred Bioreactors. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2009. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.08we317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
41
|
Lecault V, Patel N, Thibault J. Morphological Characterization and Viability Assessment of Trichoderma reesei by Image Analysis. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 23:734-40. [PMID: 17373824 DOI: 10.1021/bp0602956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The production of cellulase from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is a critical step in the industrial process leading to cellulose ethanol. As a result of the lack of quantitative analysis tools, the intimate relationship that exists between the morphological and physiological states of the microorganism, the shear field in the bioreactor, and the process performance is not yet fully understood. A semiautomatic image analysis protocol was developed to characterize the mycelium morphology and to estimate its percentage viability during the fermentation process based on four morphological types (unbranched, branched, entangled, and clumped microorganisms). Pictures taken under bright field microscopy combined with images of fluorescein diacetate stained fungi were used to assess the morphological parameters and the percentage viability of microorganisms simultaneously. The method was tested during the course of fed-batch fermentation in a reciprocating plate bioreactor. The use of the image analysis protocol was found to be successful in quantifying the variations in the morphology and the viability of T. reesei throughout the fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Lecault
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
The influence of morphology on geldanamycin production in submerged fermentations of Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. geldanus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:859-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1493-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
43
|
Lee JY, Kang SW, Kim SW. Relationship between agitation speed and the morphological characteristics of Verticillium lecanii CS-625 during spore production. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-007-0109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
44
|
Nanou K, Roukas T, Kotzekidou P. Role of hydrolytic enzymes and oxidative stress in autolysis and morphology of Blakeslea trispora during β-carotene production in submerged fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 74:447-53. [PMID: 17103162 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of hydrolytic enzymes (proteases and chitinase) and oxidative stress in the autolysis and morphology of Blakeslea trispora during beta-carotene production from a chemically defined medium in shake flask culture was investigated. The process of cellular autolysis was studied by measuring the changes in biomass dry weight, pH, concentration of beta-carotene, specific activity of the hydrolytic enzymes and micromorphology of the fungus using a computerized image analysis system. In addition, the phenomenon of autolysis was associated with high concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The accumulation of ROS produced during fermentation causes oxidative stress in B. trispora. Oxidative stress was examined in terms of the activities of two key defensive enzymes: catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The profile of the specific activities of the above enzymes appeared to correlate with the oxidative stress of the fungus. The high activities of CAT and SOD showed that B. trispora is found under oxidative stress during beta-carotene production. The culture began to show signs of autolysis nearly in the growth phase and autolysis increased significantly during the production phase. The morphological differentiation of the fungus was a result of the degradation of the cell membrane by hydrolytic enzymes and oxidative stress. Increased beta-carotene production is correlated with intense autolysis of clumps, which has as a consequence the increase of the freely dispersed mycelia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Nanou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Box 250, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Rocha-Valadez JA, Albiter V, Caro MA, Serrano-Carreón L, Galindo E. A fermentation system designed to independently evaluate mixing and/or oxygen tension effects in microbial processes: development, application and performance. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2007; 30:115-22. [PMID: 17225992 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-006-0108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the independent effects of hydrodynamic conditions and/or oxygen tension on culture physiology and productivity, a fermentation system designed to control dissolved oxygen at constant power drawn (P/V) was developed. The system included a fully instrumented 14 l bioreactor coupled to a PC for data acquisition and control. Power drawn was measured (using a commercial torquemeter coupled to the shaft) and maintained constant by varying the agitation speed; while gas blending was used to control dissolved oxygen concentration. To validate the system, rheological-complex fermentations involving xanthan gum production and filamentous fungal cultivation (using Xanthomonas campestris and Trichoderma harzianum) were developed. In both cases, and despite the changing environmental conditions (due to increased broth viscosities and microbial respiration), both variables were controlled at the desired set points. Through such a system, a rigorous evaluation of the hydrodynamic conditions and/or oxygen tension on culture physiology and productivity is now feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Rocha-Valadez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Junker B. Measurement of bubble and pellet size distributions: past and current image analysis technology. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2006; 29:185-206. [PMID: 16855822 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-006-0070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of bubble and pellet size distributions are useful for biochemical process optimizations. The accuracy, representation, and simplicity of these measurements improve when the measurement is performed on-line and in situ rather than off-line using a sample. Historical and currently available measurement systems for photographic methods are summarized for bubble and pellet (morphology) measurement applications. Applications to cells, mycelia, and pellets measurements have driven key technological developments that have been applied for bubble measurements. Measurement trade-offs exist to maximize accuracy, extend range, and attain reasonable cycle times. Mathematical characterization of distributions using standard statistical techniques is straightforward, facilitating data presentation and analysis. For the specific application of bubble size distributions, selected bioreactor operating parameters and physicochemical conditions alter distributions. Empirical relationships have been established in some cases where sufficient data have been collected. In addition, parameters and conditions with substantial effects on bubble size distributions were identified and their relative effects quantified. This information was used to guide required accuracy and precision targets for bubble size distribution measurements from newly developed novel on-line and in situ bubble measurement devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beth Junker
- Fermentation and Development Operations, Merck Research Laboratories, RY810-127, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rodríguez Porcel EM, Casas López JL, Sánchez Pérez JA, Fernández Sevilla JM, García Sánchez JL, Chisti Y. Aspergillus terreus Broth Rheology, Oxygen Transfer, and Lovastatin Production in a Gas-Agitated Slurry Reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0600801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Rodríguez Porcel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain, and Institute of Technology and Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J. L. Casas López
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain, and Institute of Technology and Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J. A. Sánchez Pérez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain, and Institute of Technology and Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J. M. Fernández Sevilla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain, and Institute of Technology and Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J. L. García Sánchez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain, and Institute of Technology and Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Y. Chisti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain, and Institute of Technology and Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Frykman S, Tsuruta H, Galazzo J, Licari P. Characterization of product capture resin during microbial cultivations. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 33:445-53. [PMID: 16474950 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-006-0088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 11/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Various bioactive small molecules produced by microbial cultivation are degraded in the culture broth or may repress the formation of additional product. The inclusion of hydrophobic adsorber resin beads to capture these products in situ and remove them from the culture broth can reduce or prevent this degradation and repression. These product capture beads are often subjected to a dynamic and stressful microenvironment for a long cultivation time, affecting their physical structure and performance. Impact and collision forces can result in the fracturing of these beads into smaller pieces, which are difficult to recover at the end of a cultivation run. Various contaminating compounds may also bind in a non-specific manner to these beads, reducing the binding capacity of the resin for the product of interest (fouling). This study characterizes resin bead binding capacity (to monitor bead fouling), and resin bead volume distributions (to monitor bead fracture) for an XAD-16 adsorber resin used to capture epothilone produced during myxobacterial cultivations. Resin fouling was found to reduce the product binding capacity of the adsorber resin by 25-50%. Additionally, the degree of resin bead fracture was found to be dependent on the cultivation length and the impeller rotation rate. Microbial cultivations and harvesting processes should be designed in such a way to minimize bead fragmentation and fouling during cultivation to maximize the amount of resin and associated product harvested at the end of a run.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Frykman
- Department of Process Science, Kosan Biosciences Inc., 3832 Bay Center Place, Hayward, CA 94545, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Grimm LH, Kelly S, Krull R, Hempel DC. Morphology and productivity of filamentous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 69:375-84. [PMID: 16317480 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0213-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cultivation processes involving filamentous fungi have been optimised for decades to obtain high product yields. Several bulk chemicals like citric acid and penicillin are produced this way. A simple adaptation of cultivation parameters for new production processes is not possible though. Models explaining the correlation between process-dependent growth behaviour and productivity are therefore necessary to prevent long-lasting empiric test series. Yet, filamentous growth consists of a complex microscopic differentiation process from conidia to hyphae resulting in various macroscopically visible appearances. Early approaches to model this morphologic development are recapitulated in this review to explain current trends in this area of research. Tailoring morphology by adjusting process parameters is one side of the coin, but an ideal morphology has not even been found. This article reviews several reasons for this fact starting with nutrient supply in a fungal culture and presents recent advances in the investigation of fungal metabolism. It illustrates the challenge to unfold the relationship between morphology and productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L H Grimm
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Braunschweig, Gaussstrasse 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Pilz RD, Hempel DC. Mechanical stress on suspended particles in two- and three-phase airlift loop reactors and bubble columns. Chem Eng Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|