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Song Q. Protein adsorption in microengraving immunoassays. SENSORS 2015; 15:26236-50. [PMID: 26501282 PMCID: PMC4634505 DOI: 10.3390/s151026236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microengraving is a novel immunoassay forcharacterizing multiple protein secretions from single cells. During the immunoassay, characteristic diffusion and kinetic time scales τD and τK determine the time for molecular diffusion of proteins secreted from the activated single lymphocytes and subsequent binding onto the glass slide surface respectively. Our results demonstrate that molecular diffusion plays important roles in the early stage of protein adsorption dynamics which shifts to a kinetic controlled mechanism in the later stage. Similar dynamic pathways are observed for protein adsorption with significantly fast rates and rapid shifts in transport mechanisms when C0* is increased a hundred times from 0.313 to 31.3. Theoretical adsorption isotherms follow the trend of experimentally obtained data. Adsorption isotherms indicate that amount of proteins secreted from individual cells and subsequently captured on a clean glass slide surface increases monotonically with time. Our study directly validates that protein secretion rates can be quantified by the microengraving immunoassay. This will enable us to apply microengraving immunoassays to quantify secretion rates from 104–105 single cells in parallel, screen antigen-specific cells with the highest secretion rate for clonal expansion and quantitatively reveal cellular heterogeneity within a small cell sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Song
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering, 6 Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
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2
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Song Y, Lee CS. In situ Gelation of Monodisperse Alginate Hydrogel in Microfluidic Channel Based on Mass Transfer of Calcium Ions. KOREAN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.9713/kcer.2014.52.5.632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Helman D, Toister-Achituv M, Bar-Shimon M, Cohen B, Otmi I, Berger N, Kalimi D, Kimalov B, Medina T, Sapir A, Rotemberg O, Zabavnik N, Zauberman A, Smolarsky M. Novel membrane-bound reporter molecule for sorting high producer cells by flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2013; 85:162-8. [PMID: 23765751 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We developed a membrane bound reporter and selection molecule for sorting by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of cells producing a protein of interest. This molecule is composed of a transmembrane (TM) domain, fused on its extracellular end to a biotin mimetic peptide (BMP) and on its intracellular side to puromycin N-acetyl transferase (PAC). In this format BMP is displayed on the cell membrane surface and PAC faces the cell cytoplasm. BMP was detected and quantified on the cell surface by fluorescently labelled streptavidin, allowing cell sorting by FACS, according to the reporter expression level. The reporter and a gene of interest (GOI) were connected on the same transcript via an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). The reporter expression level was found to correlate with that of the GOI, enabling sorting of high producer cells by FACS. Thus, the highest fluorescent cells sorted had also the highest protein of interest (POI) productivity level.
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4
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Kanai T, Ohtani K, Fukuyama M, Katakura T, Hayakawa M. Preparation of monodisperse PNIPAM gel particles in a microfluidic device fabricated by stereolithography. Polym J 2011. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2011.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Rappaport N, Barkai N. Disentangling signaling gradients generated by equivalent sources. J Biol Phys 2011; 38:267-78. [PMID: 23450187 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-011-9240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast cells approach a mating partner by polarizing along a gradient of mating pheromones that are secreted by cells of the opposite mating type. The Bar1 protease is secreted by a-cells and, paradoxically, degrades the α-factor pheromones which are produced by cells of the opposite mating type and trigger mating in a-cells. This degradation may assist in the recovery from pheromone signaling but has also been shown to play a positive role in mating. Previous studies suggested that widely diffusing protease can bias the pheromone gradient towards the closest secreting cell. Here, we show that restricting the Bar1 protease to the secreting cell itself, preventing its wide diffusion, facilitates discrimination between equivalent mating partners. This may be mostly relevant during spore germination, where most mating events occur in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Rappaport
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
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6
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One-step method for monodisperse microbiogels by glass capillary microfluidics. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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David F, Berger A, Hänsch R, Rohde M, Franco-Lara E. Single cell analysis applied to antibody fragment production with Bacillus megaterium: development of advanced physiology and bioprocess state estimation tools. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:23. [PMID: 21496219 PMCID: PMC3101136 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single cell analysis for bioprocess monitoring is an important tool to gain deeper insights into particular cell behavior and population dynamics of production processes and can be very useful for discrimination of the real bottleneck between product biosynthesis and secretion, respectively. RESULTS Here different dyes for viability estimation considering membrane potential (DiOC2(3), DiBAC4(3), DiOC6(3)) and cell integrity (DiBAC4(3)/PI, Syto9/PI) were successfully evaluated for Bacillus megaterium cell characterization. It was possible to establish an appropriate assay to measure the production intensities of single cells revealing certain product secretion dynamics. Methods were tested regarding their sensitivity by evaluating fluorescence surface density and fluorescent specific concentration in relation to the electronic cell volume. The assays established were applied at different stages of a bioprocess where the antibody fragment D1.3 scFv production and secretion by B. megaterium was studied. CONCLUSIONS It was possible to distinguish between live, metabolic active, depolarized, dormant, and dead cells and to discriminate between high and low productive cells. The methods were shown to be suitable tools for process monitoring at single cell level allowing a better process understanding, increasing robustness and forming a firm basis for physiology-based analysis and optimization with the general application for bioprocess development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian David
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany
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8
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Han Q, Bradshaw EM, Nilsson B, Hafler DA, Love JC. Multidimensional analysis of the frequencies and rates of cytokine secretion from single cells by quantitative microengraving. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:1391-400. [PMID: 20376398 PMCID: PMC3128808 DOI: 10.1039/b926849a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The large diversity of cells that comprise the human immune system requires methods that can resolve the individual contributions of specific subsets to an immunological response. Microengraving is process that uses a dense, elastomeric array of microwells to generate microarrays of proteins secreted from large numbers of individual live cells (approximately 10(4)-10(5) cells/assay). In this paper, we describe an approach based on this technology to quantify the rates of secretion from single immune cells. Numerical simulations of the microengraving process indicated an operating regime between 30 min-4 h that permits quantitative analysis of the rates of secretion. Through experimental validation, we demonstrate that microengraving can provide quantitative measurements of both the frequencies and the distribution in rates of secretion for up to four cytokines simultaneously released from individual viable primary immune cells. The experimental limits of detection ranged from 0.5 to 4 molecules/s for IL-6, IL-17, IFNgamma, IL-2, and TNFalpha. These multidimensional measures resolve the number and intensities of responses by cells exposed to stimuli with greater sensitivity than single-parameter assays for cytokine release. We show that cells from different donors exhibit distinct responses based on both the frequency and magnitude of cytokine secretion when stimulated under different activating conditions. Primary T cells with specific profiles of secretion can also be recovered after microengraving for subsequent expansion in vitro. These examples demonstrate the utility of quantitative, multidimensional profiles of single cells for analyzing the diversity and dynamics of immune responses in vitro and for identifying rare cells from clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Elizabeth M. Bradshaw
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Björn Nilsson
- The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Seven Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - David A. Hafler
- The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Seven Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, 15 York Street, P.O. Box 208018, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - J. Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139
- The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Seven Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Correspondence should be addressed to: J. Christopher Love, Ph.D., Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Bldg. 66-456, Cambridge, MA 02139, Phone: 617-324-2300, Fax: 617-258-5042,
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9
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Song YS, Lin RL, Montesano G, Durmus NG, Lee G, Yoo SS, Kayaalp E, Haeggström E, Khademhosseini A, Demirci U. Engineered 3D tissue models for cell-laden microfluidic channels. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:185-93. [PMID: 19629459 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2935-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of nutrients and oxygen within three-dimensional (3D) tissue constructs is important to maintain cell viability. We built 3D cell-laden hydrogels to validate a new tissue perfusion model that takes into account nutrition consumption. The model system was analyzed by simulating theoretical nutrient diffusion into cell-laden hydrogels. We carried out a parametric study considering different microchannel sizes and inter-channel separation in the hydrogel. We hypothesized that nutrient consumption needs to be taken into account when optimizing the perfusion channel size and separation. We validated the hypothesis by experiments. We fabricated circular microchannels (r = 400 microm) in 3D cell-laden hydrogel constructs (R = 7.5 mm, volume = 5 ml). These channels were positioned either individually or in parallel within hydrogels to increase nutrient and oxygen transport as a way to improve cell viability. We quantified the spatial distribution of viable cells within 3D hydrogel scaffolds without channels and with single- and dual-perfusion microfluidic channels. We investigated quantitatively the cell viability as a function of radial distance from the channels using experimental data and mathematical modeling of diffusion profiles. Our simulations show that a large-channel radius as well as a large channel to channel distance diffuse nutrients farther through a 3D hydrogel. This is important since our results reveal that there is a close correlation between nutrient profiles and cell viability across the hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young S Song
- Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine Lab, HST Center for Bioengineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street #252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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10
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Browne SM, Al-Rubeai M. Selection Methods for High-Producing Mammalian Cell Lines. CELL ENGINEERING 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2245-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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11
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Choi CH, Jung JH, Rhee YW, Kim DP, Shim SE, Lee CS. Generation of monodisperse alginate microbeads and in situ encapsulation of cell in microfluidic device. Biomed Microdevices 2008; 9:855-62. [PMID: 17578667 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-007-9098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A microfluidic method for the in situ production of monodispersed alginate hydrogels using chaotic mixing is described. Aqueous droplets comprising of alginate and calcium as a cross-linking agent were formed as an immiscible continuous phase, and then the alginate and calcium in the droplet came into contact and were rapidly mixed. Gelation of the hydrogel was achieved in situ by the chaotic mixing of the droplets in the microfluidic device. Important operating parameters included: the capillary number (Ca) and the flow rate of the continuous phase, which mainly influenced the formation of three distinctive flow regimes, such as fluctuation, stable droplets, and laminar flow. Under the stable formation of droplets regime, monodispersed alginate microbeads having a narrow size distribution (below 3% of CV) were produced in the microfluidic device and the size of the microbeads, ranging from 60 to 95 microm, could be easily modulated by varying the flow rate, viscosity, and interfacial tension. In addition, this approach can be applied to the encapsulation of yeast cells in alginate hydrogels with a high monodispersity. This simple microfluidic technique for the production of monodispersed hydrogels and encapsulation of biomolecules shows strong potential for use in biosensors, cell sensors, drug delivery systems, and cell transplantation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hyung Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
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12
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Browne SM, Al-Rubeai M. Selection methods for high-producing mammalian cell lines. Trends Biotechnol 2007; 25:425-32. [PMID: 17659798 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The selection of high-producing mammalian cell lines represents a bottleneck in process development for the production of biopharmaceuticals. Traditional methods are time consuming (development times often exceed six months) and significantly limited by the number of clones that can be feasibly screened. The market for therapeutic proteins is set to double by 2010, so there is an increasing need to develop methods for the selection of mammalian cell lines stably expressing recombinant products at high levels in an efficient, cost-effective and high-throughput manner. Alternatives include higher throughput methods based on flow-cytometric screening and recently developed automated systems for the selection of high-producing cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Browne
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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13
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Mattanovich D, Borth N. Applications of cell sorting in biotechnology. Microb Cell Fact 2006; 5:12. [PMID: 16551353 PMCID: PMC1435767 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-5-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its unique capability to analyze a large number of single cells for several parameters simultaneously, flow cytometry has changed our understanding of the behavior of cells in culture and of the population dynamics even of clonal populations. The potential of this method for biotechnological research, which is based on populations of living cells, was soon appreciated. Sorting applications, however, are still less frequent than one would expect with regard to their potential. This review highlights important contributions where flow cytometric cell sorting was used for physiological research, protein engineering, cell engineering, specifically emphasizing selection of overproducing cell lines. Finally conclusions are drawn concerning the impact of cell sorting on inverse metabolic engineering and systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diethard Mattanovich
- University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Microbiology, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
- School of Bioengineering, University of Applied Sciences FH-Campus Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Borth
- University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Microbiology, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Carroll S, Al-Rubeai M. The selection of high-producing cell lines using flow cytometry and cell sorting. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 4:1821-9. [PMID: 15500410 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.4.11.1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The selection of high-producing cell lines is usually time-consuming and labour-intensive. Following transfection, high-producing cells are selected using limiting dilution cloning to prevent non- and low-producing cells from outgrowing high-producing cells, a process that normally takes > 3 months. During this time, the cells have to be screened occasionally to ensure stability of the selected clone. Several new methods for selecting and screening cells using flow cytometry and cell sorting have recently been developed; these include gel microdrop technology, which encapsulates the cells in gelatine beads, and matrix-based secretion assays. This paper reviews these techniques for selecting high-producing cell lines and isolating rare cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Carroll
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, UK
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15
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Holmes P, Al-Rubeai M. Improved cell line development by a high throughput affinity capture surface display technique to select for high secretors. J Immunol Methods 1999; 230:141-7. [PMID: 10594361 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(99)00181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel process is described which permits rapid and objective selection of rare cells from a heterogeneous population based on quantity of secreted target protein. The process involves construction of an immobilised affinity surface display matrix that specifically binds secreted target product which is then detected using a fluorescent labelled ligand. Cells with the highest fluorescence can then be sorted using conventional flow cytometric technology. Overall, the whole process can be completed in less than 4 h during which time in the region of five million cells can be analysed. Cells are rapidly selected for in a quantitative manner compared to traditional methods which can take several months and have a reduced probability of finding low abundance high secretors due to practical limitations imposed on the number of cells which can be screened.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Holmes
- Animal Cell Technology Group, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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