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Kunze M, Huber R, Gutjahr C, Müllner S, Büchs J. Predictive tool for recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli Shake-Flask cultures using an on-line monitoring system. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 28:103-13. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Simple defined autoinduction medium for high-level recombinant protein production using T7-based Escherichia coli expression systems. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:1203-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3407-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Heyland J, Blank LM, Schmid A. Quantification of metabolic limitations during recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2011; 155:178-84. [PMID: 21723332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the major microorganisms for recombinant protein production because it has been best characterized in terms of molecular genetics and physiology, and because of the availability of various expression vectors and strains. The synthesis of proteins is one of the most energy consuming processes in the cell, with the result that cellular energy supply may become critical. Indeed, the so called metabolic burden of recombinant protein synthesis was reported to cause alterations in the operation of the host's central carbon metabolism. To quantify these alterations in E. coli metabolism in dependence of the rate of recombinant protein production, (13)C-tracer-based metabolic flux analysis in differently induced cultures was used. To avoid dilution of the (13)C-tracer signal by the culture history, the recombinant protein produced was used as a flux probe, i.e., as a read out of intracellular flux distributions. In detail, an increase in the generation rate rising from 36 mmol(ATP)g(CDW)(-1)h(-1) for the reference strain to 45 mmol(ATP)g(CDW)(-1)h(-1) for the highest yielding strain was observed during batch cultivation. Notably, the flux through the TCA cycle was rather constant at 2.5±0.1 mmol g(CDW)(-1)h(-1), hence was independent of the induced strength for gene expression. E. coli compensated for the additional energy demand of recombinant protein synthesis by reducing the biomass formation to almost 60%, resulting in excess NADPH. Speculative, this excess NADPH was converted to NADH via the soluble transhydrogenase and subsequently used for ATP generation in the electron transport chain. In this study, the metabolic burden was quantified by the biomass yield on ATP, which constantly decreased from 11.7g(CDW)mmol(ATP)(-1) for the reference strain to 4.9g(CDW)mmol(ATP)(-1) for the highest yielding strain. The insights into the operation of the metabolism of E. coli during recombinant protein production might guide the optimization of microbial hosts and fermentation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Heyland
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, Dortmund, Germany
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Jürgen B, Breitenstein A, Urlacher V, Büttner K, Lin H, Hecker M, Schweder T, Neubauer P. Quality control of inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2010; 9:41. [PMID: 20509924 PMCID: PMC2893105 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-9-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial inclusion bodies (IBs) are key intermediates for protein production. Their quality affects the refolding yield and further purification. Recent functional and structural studies have revealed that IBs are not dead-end aggregates but undergo dynamic changes, including aggregation, refunctionalization of the protein and proteolysis. Both, aggregation of the folding intermediates and turnover of IBs are influenced by the cellular situation and a number of well-studied chaperones and proteases are included. IBs mostly contain only minor impurities and are relatively homogenous. Results IBs of α-glucosidase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae after overproduction in Escherichia coli contain a large amount of (at least 12 different) major product fragments, as revealed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE). Matrix-Assisted-Laser-Desorption/Ionization-Time-Of-Flight Mass-Spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS) identification showed that these fragments contain either the N- or the C-terminus of the protein, therefore indicate that these IBs are at least partially created by proteolytic action. Expression of α-glucosidase in single knockout mutants for the major proteases ClpP, Lon, OmpT and FtsH which are known to be involved in the heat shock like response to production of recombinant proteins or to the degradation of IB proteins, clpP, lon, ompT, and ftsH did not influence the fragment pattern or the composition of the IBs. The quality of the IBs was also not influenced by the sampling time, cultivation medium (complex and mineral salt medium), production strategy (shake flask, fed-batch fermentation process), production strength (T5-lac or T7 promoter), strain background (K-12 or BL21), or addition of different protease inhibitors during IB preparation. Conclusions α-glucosidase is fragmented before aggregation, but neither by proteolytic action on the IBs by the common major proteases, nor during downstream IB preparation. Different fragments co-aggregate in the process of IB formation together with the full-length product. Other intracellular proteases than ClpP or Lon must be responsible for fragmentation. Reaggregation of protease-stable α-glucosidase fragments during in situ disintegration of the existing IBs does not seem to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Jürgen
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Process and Environmental Engineering and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
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Optimized culture conditions for the efficient production of porcine adenylate kinase in recombinant Escherichia coli. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 162:823-9. [PMID: 20151224 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-8913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Temperature shift cultivations with amino acid supplementation were optimized to produce porcine adenylate kinase (ADK) in recombinant Escherichia coli harboring a pUC-based recombinant plasmid under the control of the trp promoter. With regard to temperature control, the culture condition was initially maintained at 35 degrees C for cellular growth, but ADK expression was suppressed until the late logarithmic growth phase; subsequently, a temperature shift was applied (from 35 degrees C to 42 degrees C), which resulted in maximal ADK production. In addition, supplementation of amino acids, especially valine and leucine, during the temperature shift stimulated ADK expression from 3.5% to 9.2% and 8.6% of the total protein, respectively. After optimization, 1 g ADK per liter was produced within 16 h of cultivation with a dry cell weight of 21.8 g/l. In this system, there was no loss of the recombinant plasmid during cultivation without selective pressure.
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Barsoum AL, Liu B, Rohrer JW, Coggin JH, Tucker JA, Pannell LK, Schwarzenberger PO. Production, safety and antitumor efficacy of recombinant Oncofetal Antigen/immature laminin receptor protein. Biomaterials 2009; 30:3091-9. [PMID: 19268360 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe here for the first time an efficient high yield production method for clinical grade recombinant human Oncofetal Antigen/immature laminin receptor protein (OFA/iLRP). We also demonstrate significant antitumor activity for this protein when administered in liposomal delivery form in a murine model of syngeneic fibrosarcoma. OFA/iLRP is a therapeutically very promising universal tumor antigen that is expressed in all mammalian solid tumors tested so far. We have cloned the human OFA/iLRP cDNA in a bacterial expression plasmid which incorporates a 6x HIS-tag. Large scale cultures of the plasmid transformed Escherichia coli were performed and the crude HIS-tagged OFA/iLRP was isolated as inclusion bodies and solubilized in guanidine chloride. The protein was then purified by successive passage through three column chromatography steps of immobilized metal affinity, anion exchange, and gel filtration. The resulting protein was 94% pure and practically devoid of endotoxin and host cell protein. The purified OFA/iLRP was tested in mice for safety and efficacy in tumor rejection with satisfactory results. This protein will be used for loading onto autologous dendritic cells in an FDA approved phase I/II human cancer vaccine trial in OFA/iLRP-positive breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel L Barsoum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
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Matsui T, Sato H, Yamamuro H, Shinzato N, Matsuda H, Misawa S, Sato S. High cell density cultivation of recombinant E. coli for hirudin variant 1 production by temperature shift controlled by pUC18-based replicative origin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 80:779-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Balagurunathan B, Jayaraman G. Cellular response to accumulation of recombinant proteins in the E. coli inner membrane: Implications for proteolysis and productivity of the secretory expression system. Biochem Eng J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2007.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sahdev S, Khattar SK, Saini KS. Production of active eukaryotic proteins through bacterial expression systems: a review of the existing biotechnology strategies. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 307:249-64. [PMID: 17874175 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Among the various expression systems employed for the over-production of proteins, bacteria still remains the favorite choice of a Protein Biochemist. However, even today, due to the lack of post-translational modification machinery in bacteria, recombinant eukaryotic protein production poses an immense challenge, which invariably leads to the production of biologically in-active protein in this host. A number of techniques are cited in the literature, which describe the conversion of inactive protein, expressed as an insoluble fraction, into a soluble and active form. Overall, we have divided these methods into three major groups: Group-I, where the factors influencing the formation of insoluble fraction are modified through a stringent control of the cellular milieu, thereby leading to the expression of recombinant protein as soluble moiety; Group-II, where protein is refolded from the inclusion bodies and thereby target protein modification is avoided; Group-III, where the target protein is engineered to achieve soluble expression through fusion protein technology. Even within the same family of proteins (e.g., tyrosine kinases), optimization of standard operating protocol (SOP) may still be required for each protein's over-production at a pilot-scale in Escherichia coli. However, once standardized, this procedure can be made amenable to the industrial production for that particular protein with minimum alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Sahdev
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, New Drug Discovery Research, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories-R&D-3, 20-Sector 18 Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, India.
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Ramalingam S, Gautam P, Mukherjee KJ, Jayaraman G. Effects of post-induction feed strategies on secretory production of recombinant streptokinase in Escherichia coli. Biochem Eng J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2006.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Harcum SW, Haddadin FT. Global transcriptome response of recombinant Escherichia coli to heat-shock and dual heat-shock recombinant protein induction. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 33:801-14. [PMID: 16680459 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-006-0122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant Escherichia coli cultures are used to manufacture numerous therapeutic proteins and industrial enzymes, where many of these processes use elevated temperatures to induce recombinant protein production. The heat-shock response in wild-type E. coli has been well studied. In this study, the transcriptome profiles of recombinant E. coli subjected to a heat-shock and to a dual heat-shock recombinant protein induction were examined. Most classical heat-shock protein genes were identified as regulated in both conditions. The major transcriptome differences between the recombinant and reported wild-type cultures were heavily populated by hypothetical and putative genes, which indicates recombinant cultures utilize many unique genes to respond to a heat-shock. Comparison of the dual stressed culture data with literature recombinant protein induced culture data revealed numerous differences. The dual stressed response encompassed three major response patterns: induced-like, in-between, and greater than either individual stress response. Also, there were no genes that only responded to the dual stress. The most interesting difference between the dual stressed and induced cultures was the amino acid-tRNA gene levels. The amino acid-tRNA genes were elevated for the dual cultures compared to the induced cultures. Since, tRNAs facilitate protein synthesis via translation, this observed increase in amino acid-tRNA transcriptome levels, in concert with elevated heat-shock chaperones, might account for improved productivities often observed for thermo-inducible systems. Most importantly, the response of the recombinant cultures to a heat-shock was more profound than wild-type cultures, and further, the response to recombinant protein induction was not a simple additive response of the individual stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah W Harcum
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 401 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson, SC 29634-0905, USA.
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Looser V, Hammes F, Keller M, Berney M, Kovar K, Egli T. Flow-cytometric detection of changes in the physiological state of E. coli expressing a heterologous membrane protein during carbon-limited fedbatch cultivation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 92:69-78. [PMID: 16142799 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The key to optimizing productivity during industrial fermentations is the ability to rapidly monitor and interpret the physiological state of single microbial cells in a population and to recognize and characterize different sub-populations. Here, a flow cytometry-based method for the reproducible detection of changes in membrane function and/or structure of recombinant E. coli JM101 (pSPZ3) expressing xylene monooxygenase (XMO), was developed. XMO expression led to compromised but not permeabilized cell membranes. This was deduced from the fact that recombinant cells only stained with ethidium bromide (EB) and not with propidium iodide (PI). During the glucose-limited fedbatch cultivation, an increase from 25% to 95% of EB-stained cells was observed, occurring between 2 and 5 h after induction. Control experiments confirmed that this increase was due to the recombinant protein production and not caused by any possible effects of varying substrate availability, high cell density, plasmid replication or the presence of the inducing agent. We hypothesize that the integration of the recombinant protein into the cell membrane physically disrupted the functionality of the efflux pumps, thus resulting in EB-staining of the recombinant cells. This method enabled us to detect changes in the physiological state of single cells 2-4 h before other indications of partial cell damage, such as unbalanced growth, acetate accumulation and an increased CO(2) production rate, were observed. This method therefore shows promise with respect to the further development of an early-warning system to prevent sudden productivity decreases in processes with recombinant E. coli expressing heterologous membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Looser
- University of Applied Sciences Zürich (HSW ZFH), Grüental, CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
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Zheng ZY, Yao SJ, Lin DQ. Using a kinetic model that considers cell segregation to optimize hEGF expression in fed-batch cultures of recombinant Escherichia coli. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2005; 27:143-52. [PMID: 15806383 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-004-0376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Growth inhibition of recombinant Escherichia coli during the expression of human epidermal growth factor was observed. The recombinant cells could be segregated into three populations based on their cell division and plasmid maintenance abilities: dividing and plasmid-bearing cells, dividing and plasmid-free cells, and viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) cells. Fed-batch fermentations were performed to investigate the effect of cell segregation on the kinetics of growth and foreign protein production. The results showed that a low concentration of inducer caused weak induction, whereas high levels cause strong induction, resulting in cells segregating into VBNC bacteria and producing a low foreign protein yield. A kinetic model for cell segregation was proposed and its predictions correlated well with experimental data for cell growth and protein expression. The optimal induction strategy could then be predicted by the model, and this prediction was then verified by experimentally deriving the conditions necessary for maximum expression of recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
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Flores S, de Anda-Herrera R, Gosset G, Bolívar FG. Growth-rate recovery of Escherichia coli cultures carrying a multicopy plasmid, by engineering of the pentose-phosphate pathway. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 87:485-94. [PMID: 15286986 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Expression of plasmid-encoded genes in bacteria is the most common strategy for the production of specific proteins in biotechnological processes. However, the synthesis of plasmid-encoded proteins and plasmid-DNA replication often places a metabolic load (metabolic burden) into the cell's biochemical capacities that usually reduces the growth rate of the producing culture (Glick BR. Biotechnol Adv 1995;13:247-261). This metabolic burden may be related to a limited capacity of the cell to supply the extra demand of building blocks and energy required to replicate plasmid DNA and express foreign multicopy genes. Some of these required blocks are intermediaries of the pentose phosphate (PP) pathway, e.g., ribose-5-phosphate, erythrose-4-phosphate. Due to the important impact of metabolic burden on biotechnological processes, several groups have worked on developing strategies to overcome this problem, like reduction of plasmid copy number (Seo JH, Bailey JE. Biotechnol Bioeng 1985;27:1668-1674; Jones KL, Kim S, Keasling JD. Metab Eng 2000;3:328-338), chromosomal insertion of the gene which product is desired, or changing the plasmid-coded antibiotic resistance gene (Hong Y, Pasternak JJ, Glick BR. Can J Microbiol 1995;41:624-628). However, few efforts have been attempted to overcome the reduction of growth rate due to protein over-expression, by modifying central metabolic pathways (Chou C-H, Bennett GN, San KY. Biotechnol Bioeng 1994;44:952-960). We constructed a high-copy number plasmid carrying the gene for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, zwf, under the control of an inducible trc promoter (pTRzwf04 plasmid). By transforming a wild-type strain and inducing with IPTG, it was possible to recover growth-rate from 0.46 h(-1) (uninduced) to 0.64 h(-1) (induced). The same transformation in an Escherichia coli zwf(-), allows a growth-rate recovery from 0.43 h(-1) (uninduced) to 0.62 h(-1) (induced). We also studied this effect as part of a laboratory-scale biotechnology process: production of a recombinant insulin peptide by co-transforming E. coli JM101 strain with pTRzwf07, a low-copy-number plasmid that carries the same inducible construction as pTRzwf04, and with the pTEXP-MMRPI vector that carries a TrpLE-proinsulin hybrid gene. In this system, production of TrpLE-proinsulin strongly reduces growth rate; however, overexpression of zwf gene recovers with a growth rate from 0.1 h(-1) in the TrpLE-proinsulin induced strain, to 0.37 h(-1) when both zwf and TrpLE-proinsulin genes were induced. In this paper, we show that the engineering of the pentose phosphate pathway by modulation of the zwf gene expression level partially overcomes the possible bottleneck for the supply of building blocks and reducing power synthesized through the PP pathway, that are required for plasmid replication and plasmid-encoded protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Flores
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, C.P. 62250, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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McCarter JD, Stephens D, Shoemaker K, Rosenberg S, Kirsch JF, Georgiou G. Substrate specificity of the Escherichia coli outer membrane protease OmpT. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:5919-25. [PMID: 15317797 PMCID: PMC516829 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.17.5919-5925.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OmpT is a surface protease of gram-negative bacteria that has been shown to cleave antimicrobial peptides, activate human plasminogen, and degrade some recombinant heterologous proteins. We have analyzed the substrate specificity of OmpT by two complementary substrate filamentous phage display methods: (i) in situ cleavage of phage that display protease-susceptible peptides by Escherichia coli expressing OmpT and (ii) in vitro cleavage of phage-displayed peptides using purified enzyme. Consistent with previous reports, OmpT was found to exhibit a virtual requirement for Arg in the P1 position and a slightly less stringent preference for this residue in the P1' position (P1 and P1' are the residues immediately prior to and following the scissile bond). Lys, Gly, and Val were also found in the P1' position. The most common residues in the P2' position were Val or Ala, and the P3 and P4 positions exhibited a preference for Trp or Arg. Synthetic peptides based upon sequences selected by bacteriophage display were cleaved very efficiently, with kcat/Km values up to 7.3 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1). In contrast, a peptide corresponding to the cleavage site of human plasminogen was hydrolyzed with a kcat/Km almost 10(6)-fold lower. Overall, the results presented in this work indicate that in addition to the P1 and P1' positions, additional amino acids within a six-residue window (between P4 and P2') contribute to the binding of substrate polypeptides to the OmpT binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D McCarter
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, and Center for Advanced Materials, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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16
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Minimizing inclusion body formation during recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli at bench and pilot plant scale. Enzyme Microb Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2003.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Ignatova Z, Mahsunah A, Georgieva M, Kasche V. Improvement of posttranslational bottlenecks in the production of penicillin amidase in recombinant Escherichia coli strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:1237-45. [PMID: 12571052 PMCID: PMC143610 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.2.1237-1245.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using periplasmic penicillin amidase (PA) from Escherichia coli ATCC 11105 as a model recombinant protein, we reviewed the posttranslational bottlenecks in its overexpression and undertook attempts to enhance its production in different recombinant E. coli expression hosts. Intracellular proteolytic degradation of the newly synthesized PA precursor and translocation through the plasma membrane were determined to be the main posttranslational processes limiting enzyme production. Rate constants for both intracellular proteolytic breakdown (k(d)) and transport (k(t)) were used as quantitative tools for selection of the appropriate host system and cultivation medium. The production of mature active PA was increased up to 10-fold when the protease-deficient strain E. coli BL21(DE3) was cultivated in medium without a proteinaceous substrate, as confirmed by a decrease in the sum of the constants k(d) and k(t). The original signal sequence of pre-pro-PA was exchanged with the OmpT signal peptide sequence in order to increase translocation efficiency; the effects of this change varied in the different E. coli host strains. Furthermore, we established that simultaneous coexpression of the OmpT pac gene with some proteins of the Sec export machinery of the cell resulted in up to threefold-enhanced PA production. In parallel, we made efforts to increase PA flux via coexpression with the kil gene (killing protein). The primary effects of the kil gene were the release of PA into the extracellular medium and an approximately threefold increase in the total amount of PA produced per liter of bacterial culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ignatova
- Institut für Biotecnologie II, Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
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Hoffmann F, Weber J, Rinas U. Metabolic adaptation of Escherichia coli during temperature-induced recombinant protein production: 1. Readjustment of metabolic enzyme synthesis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 80:313-9. [PMID: 12226864 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic burden and the stress load resulting from temperature-induced production of human basic fibroblast growth factor is connected to an increase in the respiratory activity of recombinant Escherichia coli, thereby reducing the biomass yield. To study the underlying changes in metabolic enzyme synthesis rates, the radiolabeled proteom was subjected to two-dimen- sional gel electrophoresis. After temperature-induction, the cAMP-CRP controlled dehydrogenases of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (LpdA and SdhA) were induced four times, reaching a maximum 1 h after the temperature upshift. The more abundant tricarboxylic acid cycle dehydrogenases (Icd and Mdh) were initially produced at reduced rates but regained preshift rates within 30 min. The adenylate energy charge dropped immediately after the temperature upshift but recovered within 1 h. Similar profiles in dehydrogenase synthesis rates and adenylate energy charge were found in a control cultivation of a strain carrying the "empty" parental expression vector. Although both strains exhibited significant differences in growth pattern and respiration rates after the temperature upshift, the adaptation of the energetic state of the cells and the synthesis of enzymes from the energy-generating catabolic pathway did not seem to be affected by the strong overproduction of the recombinant growth factor. In contrast, the synthesis rates of enzymes belonging to the biosynthetic machinery, e.g., translational elongation factors, decreased more strongly in the culture synthesizing the recombinant protein. In control and producing culture, synthesis rates of elongation factors paralleled the respective growth rate profiles. Thus, cells seem to readjust their metabolic activities according to their energetic requirements and, if necessary, at the cost of their biosynthetic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hoffmann
- Biochemical Engineering Division, GBF German Research Center for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Lee J, Kim HC, Kim SW, Kim SW, Hong SI, Park YH. Interplay of SOS induction, recombinant gene expression, and multimerization of plasmid vectors in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 80:84-92. [PMID: 12209789 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Using pBR322- and pUC-derived plasmid vectors, a homologous (Escherichia coli native esterase) and three heterologous proteins (human interleukin-2, human interleukin-6, and Zymomonas levansucrase) were synthesized in E. coli IC2015(recA::lacZ) and GY4786 (sfiA::lacZ) strains. Via time-course measurement of beta-galactosidase activity in each recombinant culture, the SOS induction was estimated in detail and the results were systematically compared. In recombinant E. coli, the SOS response did not happen either with the recombinant insert-negative plasmid backbone alone or the expression vectors containing the homologous gene. Irrespective of gene expression level and toxic activity of synthesized foreign proteins, the SOS response was induced only when the heterologous genes were expressed using a particular plasmid vector, indicating strong dependence on the recombinant gene clone and the selection of a plasmid vector system. It is suggested that in recombinant E. coli the SOS response (i.e., activation of recA expression and initial sfiA expression) may be related neither to metabolic burden nor toxic cellular event(s) by synthesized heterologous protein, but may be provoked by foreign gene-specific interaction between a foreign gene and a plasmid vector. Unlike in E. coli XL1-blue(recA(-)) strains used, all expression vectors encoding each of the three heterologous proteins were multimerized in E. coli IC2015 strains in the course of cultivation, whereas the expression vectors containing the homologous gene never formed the plasmid multimers. The extent of multimerization was also dependent on a foreign gene insert in the expression vector. As a dominant effect of the SOS induction, recombinant plasmid vectors used for heterologous protein expression appear to significantly form various multimers in the recA(+) E. coli host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeewon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 1,5 Ka, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Ku, Seoul 136-701, South Korea.
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Christensen ML, Eriksen NT. Growth and proton exchange in recombinant Escherichia coli BL21. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Medina MG, Carbonell X, Villaverde A. Connection between gene dosage and protein stability revealed by a high-yield production of recombinant proteins in an E. coli LexA1(Ind-) background. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 78:722-30. [PMID: 12001164 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial production of a plasmid-encoded bacteriophage P22 tailspike protein shows different yield and impact on cell viability in RecA+ LexA+, RecA- LexA+ and RecA+ LexA1(Ind-) backgrounds. In a LexA1(Ind-) context, we have observed lesser toxicity and higher productivity than in the wild-type strain, in which the bacterial growth was inhibited after induction of recombinant gene expression. Also, a negative effect of the incubation temperature on the growth of producing cells was also detected. By exploring the molecular basis of these inhibitory events, we found a connection between the dosage of the recombinant gene and the proteolytic stability of the encoded protein. Under both genetic and environmental conditions favoring higher plasmid copy number and consequently increasing the synthesis rate of the recombinant protein, enhanced protein degradation was observed in parallel with an important growth inhibition. Altogether, the obtained data suggest the existence of a critical concentration of recombinant protein over which cell proteolysis is stimulated at rates not compatible with optimal physiological conditions for bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel G Medina
- Institut de Biologia Fonamental and Departament de Genètica and Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
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Hoffmann F, Schmidt M, Rinas U. Simple technique for simultaneous on-line estimation of biomass and acetate from base consumption and conductivity measurements in high-cell density cultures ofEscherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-0290(20001105)70:3<358::aid-bit14>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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