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Geurts TW, Balm AJM, van Velthuysen MLF, van Tinteren H, Burgers JA, van Zandwijk N, Klomp HM. Survival after surgical resection of pulmonary metastases and second primary squamous cell lung carcinomas in head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2009; 31:220-6. [PMID: 18972427 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are at risk for developing both pulmonary metastasis and second primary lung cancer (SPLC). The objective of this study was to determine survival characteristics of patients with pulmonary lesions after curative treatment for HNSCC. METHODS Lung resection or biopsy specimens of 36 patients, curatively treated for HNSCC between 1978 and 2002, were defined as second primary squamous cell lung cancer or metastasis by loss of heterozygosity (LOH analysis). Twenty-two of them underwent surgical resection. Survival characteristics were estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis according to the LOH characterization. RESULTS The number of resected lung lesions ranged from 1 to 3. Median overall survival after lung surgery was 23.1 months for SPLC (n = 14) and 25.1 months for lung metastases (n = 8). Fourteen patients, SPLC (n = 6) and metastases (n = 8), did not undergo surgical resection, and their median overall survival was 3.7 and 4.4 months, respectively. CONCLUSION Survival after resection of metachronic lung lesions following curative treatment of HNSSC is similar for lesions characterized as second primary squamous cell lung cancer and those characterized as metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Geurts
- Department of ORL, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Gemenetzidis E, Bose A, Riaz AM, Chaplin T, Young BD, Ali M, Sugden D, Thurlow JK, Cheong SC, Teo SH, Wan H, Waseem A, Parkinson EK, Fortune F, Teh MT. FOXM1 upregulation is an early event in human squamous cell carcinoma and it is enhanced by nicotine during malignant transformation. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4849. [PMID: 19287496 PMCID: PMC2654098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer associated with smoking and drinking remains a serious health problem worldwide. The survival of patients is very poor due to the lack of effective early biomarkers. FOXM1 overexpression is linked to the majority of human cancers but its mechanism remains unclear in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS FOXM1 mRNA and protein expressions were investigated in four independent cohorts (total 75 patients) consisting of normal, premalignant and HNSCC tissues and cells using quantitative PCR (qPCR), expression microarray, immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry. Effect of putative oral carcinogens on FOXM1 transcriptional activity was dose-dependently assayed and confirmed using a FOXM1-specific luciferase reporter system, qPCR, immunoblotting and short-hairpin RNA interference. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array was used to 'trace' the genomic instability signature pattern in 8 clonal lines of FOXM1-induced malignant human oral keratinocytes. Furthermore, acute FOXM1 upregulation in primary oral keratinocytes directly induced genomic instability. We have shown for the first time that overexpression of FOXM1 precedes HNSCC malignancy. Screening putative carcinogens in human oral keratinocytes surprisingly showed that nicotine, which is not perceived to be a human carcinogen, directly induced FOXM1 mRNA, protein stabilisation and transcriptional activity at concentrations relevant to tobacco chewers. Importantly, nicotine also augmented FOXM1-induced transformation of human oral keratinocytes. A centrosomal protein CEP55 and a DNA helicase/putative stem cell marker HELLS, both located within a consensus loci (10q23), were found to be novel targets of FOXM1 and their expression correlated tightly with HNSCC progression. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study cautions the potential co-carcinogenic effect of nicotine in tobacco replacement therapies. We hypothesise that aberrant upregulation of FOXM1 may be inducing genomic instability through a program of malignant transformation involving the activation of CEP55 and HELLS which may facilitate aberrant mitosis and epigenetic modifications. Our finding that FOXM1 is upregulated early during oral cancer progression renders FOXM1 an attractive diagnostic biomarker for early cancer detection and its candidate mechanistic targets, CEP55 and HELLS, as indicators of malignant conversion and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilios Gemenetzidis
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amrita Bose
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adeel M. Riaz
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Chaplin
- Cancer Research UK Medical Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Dentistry, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan D. Young
- Cancer Research UK Medical Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Dentistry, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Sugden
- Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sok-Ching Cheong
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF), 2nd Floor Outpatient Centre, Subang Jaya Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Soo-Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF), 2nd Floor Outpatient Centre, Subang Jaya Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hong Wan
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmad Waseem
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric K. Parkinson
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farida Fortune
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Muy-Teck Teh
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Alonso Guervós M, Alvarez Marcos C, Llorente JL, Sampedro Nuño A, Suárez C, Hermsen M. Genetic differences between primary larynx and pharynx carcinomas and their matched lymph node metastases by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Oral Oncol 2008; 45:600-4. [PMID: 18952489 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymph nodes metastasis is a major risk factor related to poor survival in larynx and pharynx carcinomas. The aim of this study is to search for markers of lymph node involvement analyzing the genetic differences between primary larynx and pharynx squamous cell carcinomas and their corresponding lymph node metastases. Twenty-five primary tumors and their corresponding lymph node metastases were examined. DNA copy number changes of 37 genes were analyzed by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Loss of CDKN2A (9p21) occurred in 14 out of 25 pairs (56%) of primary tumor and lymph node metastases. Loss of LMNA (1q21) was exclusively detected in 8 lymph node samples (32%). Loss of CTNNB1 (3p22) and gain of CDKN2D (19p13) were also significantly more frequent in lymph node metastases. Other aberrations related to lymph node metastases were loss of MFHAS1 (8p23), RECQL4 (8q24) and gain of N33 (8p22) and TP53 (17p13). Primary tumor and corresponding lymph node metastases showed common genetic changes. However, the lymph node metastases presented with a number of additional alterations. Acquisition of these alterations may play a role in lymphatic metastasis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Alonso Guervós
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, IUOPA, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Celestino Villamil s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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4
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De Schutter H, Spaepen M, Mc Bride WH, Nuyts S. The clinical relevance of microsatellite alterations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a critical review. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15:734-41. [PMID: 17473833 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggered by the existing confusion in the field, the current paper aimed to review the current knowledge of both microsatellite instability (MSI) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) detected by microsatellite markers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and to provide the reader with an assessment of their prognostic and predictive value in this tumor type. For both MSI and LOH, various detection methods were included such as mono- and polynucleotidemarkers and gel- as well as automated analyses. Only studies based on PCR techniques with microsatellite markers were considered. Taking the methodological problems occurring in investigations with microsatellite markers into account, LOH seems to be more common than MSI in HNSCC. Although both types of microsatellite alterations have been correlated with clinicopathological features of this tumor type, only LOH seems to have a clear prognostic value. The predictive value of both MSI and LOH is debatable. More research has to be performed to clearly establish LOH detection as a translational application in the HNSCC field, aiming to predict response to treatments or outcome, and eventually to use as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harlinde De Schutter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lab of Experimental Radiotherapy, UH Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium.
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5
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Geurts TW, Nederlof PM, van den Brekel MWM, van't Veer LJ, de Jong D, Hart AAM, van Zandwijk N, Klomp H, Balm AJM, van Velthuysen MLF. Pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma following head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: metastasis or second primary? Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:6608-14. [PMID: 16166439 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To distinguish a metastasis from a second primary tumor in patients with a history of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and subsequent pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN For 44 patients with a primary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck followed by a squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, clinical data, histology, and analysis of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) were used to differentiate metastases from second primary tumors. RESULTS Clinical evaluation suggested 38 patients with metastases and 6 with second primaries. We developed a novel interpretation strategy based on biological insight and on our observation that multiple LOH on different chromosome arms are not independent. LOH analysis indicated metastatic disease in 19 cases and second primary squamous cell carcinoma in 24 cases. In one case, LOH analysis was inconclusive. For 25 patients, LOH supported the clinical scoring, and in 18 cases, it did not. These 18 discordant cases were all considered to be second primary tumors by LOH analysis. CONCLUSIONS A considerable number of squamous cell lung lesions (50% in this study), clinically interpreted as metastases, are suggested to be second primaries by LOH analysis. For these patients, a surgical approach with curative intent may be justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom W Geurts
- Department of ORL, Academic Medical Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Chen L, Wong MP, Cheung LK, Samaranayake LP, Baum L, Samman N. Frequent allelic loss of 21q11.1∼q21.1 region in advanced stage oral squamous cell carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 159:37-43. [PMID: 15860355 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Revised: 09/15/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A fine mapping of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was performed in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), using 12 markers on 21q11.1 approximately q21.1. We studied 43 resected primary invasive tumors and their paired normal tissues, concurrent dysplasia or carcinoma in situ in separate areas from 8 of the specimens, and 6 local recurrent carcinomas. LOH status was compared between lesions of different phases of progression within the same patient. A high frequency of LOH was observed for D21S1410, D21S120, and D21S1433 (60% each) in the primary lesions, constituting two interstitial deleted regions encompassing eight known genes. Cases showing LOH of D21S120 were significantly associated with advanced clinical stages (III and IV; P=0.02). Consistent allelic loss was observed in 64.2% of the informative cases between the precursor lesions and their corresponding invasive tumors, and in 59.5% of those between the primary lesions and their recurrent counterparts. Fewer than half of the different lesions within a given patient showed discordant allelic loss for tested markers. Our results suggest that 21q11.1 approximately q21.1 harbors tumor suppressor genes in OSCC. Genetic divergence may develop during tumor clone evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Chen
- Oral Biosciences, Dental Faculty, University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong
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Scheckenbach K, Lieven O, Götte K, Bockmühl U, Zotz R, Bier H, Balz V. p53 Codon 72 Polymorphic Variants, Loss of Allele-Specific Transcription, and Human Papilloma Virus 16 and/or 18 E6 Messenger RNA Expression in Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Head and Neck. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.1805.13.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A polymorphism at codon 72 of the human tumor suppressor p53 determines translation into either arginine or proline. Yet, the impact of this amino acid variability on the risk to develop malignant tumors, particularly carcinomas associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infections, remains unresolved because of contradictory results. To address a potential correlation between the different genotypes and the manifestation of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN), we determined the p53 codon 72 in 193 healthy subjects and 122 unselected SCCHN with known HPV status. Furthermore, loss of allele-specific transcription was analyzed in p53 codon 72 heterozygous (Arg/Pro) SCCHN and correlated with HPV 16 and/or 18 E6 transcript expression. We found a moderately increased risk (odds ratio, 1.86; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-3.3) for individuals with germ line heterozygosity to develop SCC of the pharynx. On the other hand, p53 codon 72 polymorphic variants, most notably the Arg/Arg genotype, showed no association with the presence of HPV 16 and/or 18 E6 transcript. Moreover, there was no evidence for HPV-driven selection in SCCHN with allele-specific loss of transcription. Our data suggest that the p53 codon 72 polymorphism has a minor impact on the development of SCCHN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Lieven
- 1Otorhinolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery and Departments of
| | - Karl Götte
- 3Mannheim University Hospital, Mannheim, Germany; and
| | | | - Rainer Zotz
- 2Hemostasis and Transfusion Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Henning Bier
- 1Otorhinolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery and Departments of
| | - Vera Balz
- 1Otorhinolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery and Departments of
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8
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Yamamoto N, Mizoe JE, Numasawa H, Tsujii H, Shibahara T, Noma H. Allelic loss on chromosomes 2q, 3p and 21q: possibly a poor prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2003; 39:796-805. [PMID: 13679203 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(03)00079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) correlates with inactivate tumor suppressor gene. The aim of this study was to see if LOH on chromosomes 2q, 3p and 21q correlated with a poor prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We analyzed chromosomes 2q, 3p and 21q for LOH in 40 primary oral SCCs using 30 markers and constructed a deletion map for these chromosome arms. Significant LOH (>20%) occurred at alleles in chromosome bands 2q14-21 (21.7%), 2q32-35 (31.6%), 2q35 (21.1%), 2q36 (36.7%), 3p25 (32.4%), 3p21.3 (23.8%), 21q11.1 (52.4%), 21q21 (21.6%) and 21q22.1 (22.2%). A significant correlation was observed between the number of regions showing LOH at 2q and TNM clinical stage (P=0.0063), consistent with the progressive accumulation of genetic errors during the development oral SCC. The number at more than two LOH loci was significant with a poor prognosis at 2q (P=0.0208). These findings demonstrate that oral SCC exhibits genetic alterations at multiple loci and that allelic loss at more than two locations is indicative of a poor prognosis. This is the first study to demonstrate the prognostic significance of LOH at 2q, 3p and 21q for oral cancer and may help to identify patient who should receive more aggressive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuharu Yamamoto
- First Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-Ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
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Eason DD, LeBron C, Coppola D, Moscinski LC, Livingston S, Sutton ET, Blanck G. Development of CD30+ lymphoproliferative disease in mice lacking interferon regulatory factor-1. Oncogene 2003; 22:6166-76. [PMID: 13679855 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human lymphomas continue to represent a major challenge in oncology, and in particular occur at very high frequencies in AIDS patients. We report here the development of a CD30+ lymphoproliferative disease in mice lacking the proapoptotic transcription factor, interferon regulatory factor-1. These mice most closely represent a model of human anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL). This mouse model of lymphoma will likely be useful in understanding the development of ALCL and in understanding the development of other closely related CD30+ forms of lymphoma, such as CD30+ Hodgkin's disease and CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. This mouse model will also be useful in testing therapies for different forms of CD30+ lymphoma, in particular anti-CD30-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna D Eason
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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10
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Kannan S, Yokozaki H, Jayasree K, Sebastian P, Mathews A, Abraham EK, Nair MK, Tahara E. Infrequent loss of heterozygosity of the major tumour suppressor genes in Indian oral cancers. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002; 31:414-8. [PMID: 12361076 DOI: 10.1054/ijom.2001.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in tumour suppressor gene loci such as p53, retinoblastoma (rb) and adenomatous polyposis coli (apc) were analyzed in oral cancer tissues with matched controls by employing polymerase chain reaction based/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), variable number of tandem repeats (PCR-VNTR) analysis and microsatellite assay. The PCR-RFLP analysis showed an infrequent LOH in rb (17%), p53 (11%) and apc (10%) loci in these cases. The microsatellite assay also revealed only a low frequency of LOH in the microsatellite markers such as TP53 (25%), D5S505 (10%) and D3S1067 (0%) in the same samples. In contrast to the present study, similar studies from Western countries have reported a high frequency of LOH in p53, rb and apc genes in oral cancer tissues. The present preliminary study indicates that the gene aberration by LOH may be an insignificant mechanism in Indian oral cancers with respect to the tumour suppressor genes examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kannan
- Regional Cancer Centre, Kerala, India.
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11
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Martínez Ferreras A, Rodrigo Tapia JP, González Meana MV, Alvarez Alvarez I, Coto E, Suárez Nieto C. [Relationship between the integration of human papillomavirus and loss of heterozygosity of the P53 gene in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck]. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2001; 52:546-52. [PMID: 11692946 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-6519(01)78249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus integration in cellular DNA and loss of heterozygosity of P53 gene are both related with tumour formation process by promoting genomic instability that leads to DNA abnormalities accumulation. In order to analyze the relationship between both events, 26 squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck were studied. HPV 16 and 6b DNA was detected by PCR in 8 cases (31%), whereas P53 loss of heterozygosity was present in 16 cases (61%). No correlation was found between both events and they were not related to clinical factors neither the prognosis. Consequently, HPV integration and loss of heterozygosity of P53 seem to act independently in the genesis of these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martínez Ferreras
- Servicio de ORL, Hospital Central de Asturias, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias.
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Xu J, Zheng SL, Hawkins GA, Faith DA, Kelly B, Isaacs SD, Wiley KE, Chang BL, Ewing CM, Bujnovszky P, Carpten JD, Bleecker ER, Walsh PC, Trent JM, Meyers DA, Isaacs WB. Linkage and association studies of prostate cancer susceptibility: evidence for linkage at 8p22-23. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 69:341-50. [PMID: 11443539 PMCID: PMC1235306 DOI: 10.1086/321967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2001] [Accepted: 05/15/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence have implicated the short arm of chromosome 8 as harboring genes important in prostate carcinogenesis. Although most of this evidence comes from the identification of frequent somatic alterations of 8p loci in prostate cancer cells (e.g., loss of heterozygosity), studies have also suggested a role for 8p genes in mediation of inherited susceptibility to prostate cancer. To further examine this latter possibility, we performed linkage analyses, in 159 pedigrees affected by hereditary prostate cancer (HPC), using 24 markers on the short arm of chromosome 8. In the complete set of families, evidence for prostate cancer linkage was found at 8p22-23, with a peak HLOD of 1.84 (P=.004), and an estimate of the proportion of families linked (alpha) of 0.14, at D8S1130. In the 79 families with average age at diagnosis >65 years, an allele-sharing LOD score of 2.64 (P=.0005) was observed, and six markers spanning a distance of 10 cM had LOD scores >2.0. Interestingly, the small number of Ashkenazi Jewish pedigrees (n=11) analyzed in this study contributed disproportionately to this linkage. Mutation screening in HPC probands and association analyses in case subjects (a group that includes HPC probands and unrelated case subjects) and unaffected control subjects were carried out for the putative prostate cancer-susceptibility gene, PG1, previously localized to the 8p22-23 region. No statistical differences in the allele, genotype, or haplotype frequencies of the SNPs or other sequence variants in the PG1 gene were observed between case and control subjects. However, case subjects demonstrated a trend toward higher homozygous rates of less-frequent alleles in all three PG1 SNPs, and overtransmission of a PG1 variant to case subjects was observed. In summary, these results provide evidence for the existence of a prostate cancer-susceptibility gene at 8p22-23. Evaluation of the PG1 gene and other candidate genes in this area appears warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Xu
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Siqun L. Zheng
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Gregory A. Hawkins
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dennis A. Faith
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Brian Kelly
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sarah D. Isaacs
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kathleen E. Wiley
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Bao-li Chang
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Charles M. Ewing
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Piroska Bujnovszky
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - John D. Carpten
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Eugene R. Bleecker
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Patrick C. Walsh
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jeffrey M. Trent
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Deborah A. Meyers
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - William B. Isaacs
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Rodrigo Tapia JP, Suárez Nieto C, Sánchez Lazo P, Ramos S, Coto E, Alvarez V, Alvarez Alvarez I, García González LA, Martínez Sánchez JA. [Molecular changes in epidermoid carcinoma of the oropharynx]. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2001; 52:24-31. [PMID: 11269875 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-6519(01)78173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In most of the studies about molecular alterations in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck there is not distinction between the different subsites of this area. The objective of this study is to describe the molecular alterations in squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx. Twenty-nine oropharyngeal carcinomas, with a minimum follow-up of 36 months, were studied. The molecular alterations analyzed were: the amplification of 11q13 region (in the 29 cases), and the MYC and ERBB1 oncogenes (in 22 cases); the integration of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types 6b and 16 (in 22 cases); the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of p53 and N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) gene (in 12 and 13 informative cases, respectively); and the cellular DNA content (in 13 cases). The most frequent alterations found were the LOH at p53 (67%), and NAT2 (54%) locus, followed by 11q13 amplification (49%). ERBB1 amplification was found in 14% of the cases, and MYC amplification only in one (5%). Integration of the HPV was found in 23% of the cases. Nine (69%) of the 13 analyzed cases were aneuploid. The only alteration with a prognostic significance was 11q13 amplification that showed a tendency to be associated with a higher frequency of nodal metastases and tumor recurrence.
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14
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Zych M, Schlade-Bartusiak K, Chorostkowska A, Stembalska A, Krêcicki T, Sasiadek M. Bleomycin-induced chromosome aberrations in head and neck cancer patients analyzed by classical cytogenetics and FISH. Cancer Lett 2000; 152:123-7. [PMID: 10773402 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(99)00411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Individual sensitivity to mutagens has been considered to play an important role in head-and-neck squamous cells carcinoma (HNSCC) development. The bleomycin test was introduced for establishing constitutional susceptibility to mutagens (T.C. Hsu, D.A. Johnston, L.M. Cherry, D. Ramkisson, S.P. Schantz, J.M. Jessup, R.J. Winn, L. Shirley, C. Furlong, Sensitivity to genotoxic effects of bleomycin in humans: possible relationship to environmental carcinogenesis, Int. J. Cancer 43 (1989) 403-409). Its criteria are based on scoring of chromosome aberrations (CAs, mainly breaks) in Giemsa-stained chromosomes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) offers an easy method for analysis of translocations, acentric fragments and dicentrics. In the present study FISH was applied in the analysis of bleomycin-induced CAs of the HNSCC patients and controls. The results proved that FISH is a complementary method to the classical staining in monitoring of bleomycin-induced CAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zych
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw University in Medicine, Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
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15
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Grati FR, Sirchia SM, Garagiola I, Sironi E, Galioto S, Rossella F, Serafini P, Dulcetti F, Bozzetti A, Brusati R, Simoni G. Losses of heterozygosity in oral and oropharyngeal epithelial carcinomas. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2000; 118:57-61. [PMID: 10731592 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(99)00199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed 25 oral and oropharyngeal epithelial carcinomas for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and microsatellite instability by using 55 oligonucleotide repeat markers located in 45 chromosomal regions. The aim was to identify which chromosomal regions and tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs) are preferentially lost in these tumors and to relate LOH at specific loci to clinicopathologic data. The analysis was performed on tumor tissue and on a corresponding normal tissue (blood lymphocytes) with the use of the polymerase chain reaction technique followed by microsatellite allele separation with denaturing gel electrophoresis. Thirty-two of 45 chromosomal regions demonstrated a significant (>/=20%) incidence of LOH. An allelic loss of >/=50% was found in 9p21 (77.8%), 8p22-23 (70%), 3p12 (61.5%), 1p36.1 and 12q22 (60%), 3q28 (57.1%), 5q23.3 (54.5%), 3p25-26, 3p24, and 7q35 (50%). We did not find any microsatellite instability. Our results suggest that in addition to a group of TSGs, pleiotropic for several tumor types, other suppressor genes are specifically involved in oral and oropharyngeal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Grati
- Fondazione Luigi Villa, Centro Studi di Patologia Molecolare Applicata alla Clinica, Ospedale Maggiore di Milano, IRSCC, Milan, Italy
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16
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Gupta VK, Schmidt AP, Pashia ME, Sunwoo JB, Scholnick SB. Multiple regions of deletion on chromosome arm 13q in head-and-neck squamous-cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1999; 84:453-7. [PMID: 10502719 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19991022)84:5<453::aid-ijc1>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that the progression of head-and-neck squamous-cell carcinoma (HNSCC) involves inactivation of at least one and possibly several tumor-suppressor genes on the long arm of chromosome 13. The fact that neither Rb1 nor BRCA2 appears to be inactivated in the majority of head-and-neck cancers suggests that novel tumor-suppressor genes are involved. We have used microsatellite repeat polymorphisms and PCR to detect several distinct minimal regions of deletion on 13q in supraglottic and oral squamous-cell carcinomas. One region maps to 13q34, the second to 13q14.3 and a potential third region, not reported in previous studies, maps to 13q12.1. Overall, 69% of the 145 tumors examined demonstrated allelic loss at one or more loci on 13q. We investigated whether a novel suppressor candidate mapping to 13q14. 3-q21, leukemia-associated gene 1, might also be involved in the progression of squamous-cell carcinomas. Multiplexed PCR revealed homozygous deletion of leu1 in one oral cavity tumor. This suggests that this gene or one nearby may be the actual target of deletions in this region of the chromosome arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Gupta
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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17
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Kujawski M, Aalto Y, Jaskula-Sztul R, Szyfter W, Szmeja Z, Szyfter K, Knuutila S. DNA copy number losses are more frequent in primary larynx tumors with lymph node metastases than in tumors without metastases. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1999; 114:31-4. [PMID: 10526532 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(99)00029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Comparative genomic hybridization was performed on 38 primary laryngeal carcinomas divided into two groups according to the metastatic phenotype. DNA copy number changes were detected in 22 of the 38 cases (57.9%). Gains were most frequently observed at 3q, 8q, and 9q, and losses were found in decreasing order at 18q, 3p, and 4. The mean value of losses was 2.5 times as high in metastasizing primary tumors (23/38) as in nonmetastasizing tumors. The most frequent losses in metastasizing tumors were at 18q, 3p, and 5q.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kujawski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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18
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Eason DD, Shepherd AT, Blanck G. Interferon regulatory factor 1 tryptophan 11 to arginine point mutation abolishes DNA binding. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1446:140-4. [PMID: 10395927 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) is a transcriptional activator of genes induced by a variety of cytokines and growth factors. Defects in IRF-1 occur frequently in human cancers and may contribute to tumorigenesis. The IRF family of transcription factors share invariant tryptophan residues that have been proposed to function by orienting the DNA contacting residues of IRF-1 with the DNA core sequence of the IRF element. Here we describe a point mutation in IRF-1 that converts the tryptophan at codon 11 to arginine (W11R). The IRF-1 (W11R) mutation abolishes IRF-1 DNA binding and transactivating activities demonstrating the critical role of this invariant tryptophan in IRF-1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Eason
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, MDC 7, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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19
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Shao X, Tandon R, Samara G, Kanki H, Yano H, Close LG, Parsons R, Sato T. Mutational analysis of the PTEN gene in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1998; 77:684-8. [PMID: 9688299 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980831)77:5<684::aid-ijc4>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at chromosome band 10q23 occurs frequently in a wide variety of human tumors. A recently identified candidate tumor suppressor gene, PTEN located on 10q23, is mutated in multiple advanced cancers. To explore whether PTEN is associated with human squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), DNAs from both normal muscle and tumor tissue in 19 SCCHN were used for detecting LOH at chromosome 10q23 and mutational analysis of PTEN by direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-DNA sequencing. LOH at 10q23 was identified in 6/15 SCCHN. Mutation of PTEN was identified in 3/19 SCCHN. Of these 3 patients, 2 had stage IV disease; the third patient, with recurrent, metastatic and stage III disease, showed a 36 bp germline heterozygous deletion within intron 7. Furthermore, a missense mutation at codon 501 (TCT --> TTT: Ser --> Phe) in exon 8 was also found in tumor from the same patient. Our results suggest that PTEN may play a role in the genesis of some SCCHNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Shao
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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20
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Ransom DT, Barnett TC, Bot J, de Boer B, Metcalf C, Davidson JA, Turbett GR. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 2q: possibly a poor prognostic factor in head and neck cancer. Head Neck 1998; 20:404-10. [PMID: 9663668 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0347(199808)20:5<404::aid-hed8>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) correlates with inactivated tumor suppressor genes. The aim of this study was to see if LOH on chromosomes 2q, 3p, 5q, 9p, and 17p correlated with survival in early squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). METHODS A case control study was performed. Ten patients with stage I or II tumors who ultimately died of their disease were identified and matched with suitable controls. None of the controls had a local recurrence and at time of last follow-up were alive with no evidence of disease or had died of an unrelated illness. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from paraffin blocks, and LOH studies were performed using microsatellite markers. RESULTS The respective incidence of allelic loss for the index and control patients was as follows: chromosome 2q, 75% and 20% (p = .03); chromosome 3p, 71% and 57%, respectively (not significant); chromosome arm 5q, 30% and 25% (not significant); chromosome arm 9p, 71% and 73% (not significant); and chromosome arm 17p, 75% and 46% (not significant). Therefore, loss on chromosome 2q strongly correlated with poor survival (odds ratio = 10.4). CONCLUSION Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 2q may correlate with a poor prognosis in early-stage SCCHN.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Female
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/mortality
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Humans
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Male
- Microsatellite Repeats
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
- Neoplasm Staging
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Ransom
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Perth Hospital, Western Australia
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21
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Scholnick SB, El-Mofty SK, Shaw ME, Sunwoo JB, Haughey BH, Sun PC, Piccirillo JF, Zequeira MR. Clinical Correlations with Allelotype in Supraglottic Squamous Cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998; 118:363-70. [PMID: 9527118 DOI: 10.1016/s0194-59989870316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Frequent allelic loss at a genetically polymorphic locus in tumors is an established marker for the presence of a tumor suppressor gene in the neighboring chromosomal region. This technique can be used to identify novel tumor suppressor genes and to monitor their status before the cloning of the gene itself. We have used the polymerase chain reaction and microsatellite loci on all 39 nonacrocentric autosomal chromosomal arms to identify sites of frequent allelic loss in squamous cell carcinomas of the supraglottic larynx. Our allelotype identified seven chromosomal arms (3p, 5q, 8p, 9p, 9q, 13q, and 17p) likely to contain tumor suppressor genes frequently inactivated during squamous tumorigenesis in the larynx. We tested for associations between allelic losses on these chromosomal arms and the clinical and histopathologic features of these tumors. There were no correlations with either T or N classifications. Allelic loss on chromosomal arm 13q is significantly associated with a number of histopathologic features characteristic of poorly differentiated or histologically aggressive tumors. Allelic loss on this arm also exhibits statistical trends toward association with early tumor recurrence and poor survival. The association with survival was substantiated by a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Scholnick
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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22
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Abstract
We have examined a series of 24 Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) DNAs for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at eight loci on chromosome 13. All patients were heterozygous for at least one locus. Overall, 18 of 24 (75%) patients showed LOH, among whom 10 patients demonstrated LOH at all informative loci. A single common region of loss was identified in all cases and included the marker D13S233 (13q14.3), which maps close to the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene RB1. The RB1 protein was not detected by Western blot analysis in any of nine MCC cell lines tested. These data indicate that 13q losses are the most common chromosomal losses observed to date in MCC and the likely target of these deletions is the RB1 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Leonard
- Queensland Radium Institute Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Australia
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