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Kamada H, Emura K, Yamamoto R, Kawahara K, Uto S, Minami T, Ito S, Matsumoto KI, Okuda-Ashitaka E. Hypersensitivity of myelinated A-fibers via toll-like receptor 5 promotes mechanical allodynia in tenascin-X-deficient mice associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18490. [PMID: 37898719 PMCID: PMC10613304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of an extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin-X (TNX) leads to a human heritable disorder Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and TNX-deficient patients complain of chronic joint pain, myalgia, paresthesia, and axonal polyneuropathy. We previously reported that TNX-deficient (Tnxb-/-) mice exhibit mechanical allodynia and hypersensitivity to myelinated A-fibers. Here, we investigated the pain response of Tnxb-/- mice using pharmacological silencing of A-fibers with co-injection of N-(2,6-Dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl) triethylammonium bromide (QX-314), a membrane-impermeable lidocaine analog, plus flagellin, a toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) ligand. Intraplantar co-injection of QX-314 and flagellin significantly increased the paw withdrawal threshold to transcutaneous sine wave stimuli at frequencies of 250 Hz (Aδ fiber responses) and 2000 Hz (Aβ fiber responses), but not 5 Hz (C fiber responses) in wild-type mice. The QX-314 plus flagellin-induced silencing of Aδ- and Aβ-fibers was also observed in Tnxb-/- mice. Co-injection of QX-314 and flagellin significantly inhibited the mechanical allodynia and neuronal activation of the spinal dorsal horn in Tnxb-/- mice. Interestingly, QX-314 alone inhibited the mechanical allodynia in Tnxb-/- mice, and it increased the paw withdrawal threshold to stimuli at frequencies of 250 Hz and 2000 Hz in Tnxb-/- mice, but not in wild-type mice. The inhibition of mechanical allodynia induced by QX-314 alone was blocked by intraplantar injection of a TLR5 antagonist TH1020 in Tnxb-/- mice. These results suggest that mechanical allodynia due to TNX deficiency is caused by the hypersensitivity of Aδ- and Aβ-fibers, and it is induced by constitutive activation of TLR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kamada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, 535-8585, Japan
| | - Kousuke Emura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, 535-8585, Japan
| | - Rikuto Yamamoto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, 535-8585, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawahara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, 535-8585, Japan
| | - Sadahito Uto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, 535-8585, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Minami
- Department of Anesthesiology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Seiji Ito
- Department of Anesthesiology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Head Office for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Emiko Okuda-Ashitaka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, 535-8585, Japan.
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Mechanical allodynia in mice with tenascin-X deficiency associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6569. [PMID: 32300146 PMCID: PMC7162960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenascin-X (TNX) is a member of the extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin family, and TNX deficiency leads to Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, a heritable human disorder characterized mostly by skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility, and easy bruising. TNX-deficient patients complain of chronic joint pain, myalgia, paresthesia, and axonal polyneuropathy. However, the molecular mechanisms by which TNX deficiency complicates pain are unknown. Here, we examined the nociceptive behavioral responses of TNX-deficient mice. Compared with wild-type mice, TNX-deficient mice exhibited mechanical allodynia but not thermal hyperalgesia. TNX deficiency also increased pain sensitivity to chemical stimuli and aggravated early inflammatory pain elicited by formalin. TNX-deficient mice were significantly hypersensitive to transcutaneous sine wave stimuli at frequencies of 250 Hz (Aδ fiber responses) and 2000 Hz (Aβ fiber responses), but not to stimuli at frequency of 5 Hz (C fiber responses). In addition, the phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-related kinase, an active neuronal marker, and the activity of NADPH-diaphorase, a neuronal nitric oxide activation marker, were enhanced in the spinal dorsal horns of TNX-deficient mice. These results suggest that TNX deficiency contributes to the development of mechanical allodynia and hypersensitivity to chemical stimuli, and it induces hypersensitization of myelinated A fibers and activation of the spinal dorsal horn.
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Krajnak K, Raju SG, Miller GR, Johnson C, Waugh S, Kashon ML, Riley DA. Long-term daily vibration exposure alters current perception threshold (CPT) sensitivity and myelinated axons in a rat-tail model of vibration-induced injury. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:101-111. [PMID: 26852665 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1104272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to hand-transmitted vibration through the use of powered hand tools may result in pain and progressive reductions in tactile sensitivity. The goal of the present study was to use an established animal model of vibration-induced injury to characterize changes in sensory nerve function and cellular mechanisms associated with these alterations. Sensory nerve function was assessed weekly using the current perception threshold test and tail-flick analgesia test in male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 28 d of tail vibration. After 28 d of exposure, Aβ fiber sensitivity was reduced. This reduction in sensitivity was partly attributed to structural disruption of myelin. In addition, the decrease in sensitivity was also associated with a reduction in myelin basic protein and 2',3'- cyclic nucleotide phosphodiasterase (CNPase) staining in tail nerves, and an increase in circulating calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentrations. Changes in Aβ fiber sensitivity and CGRP concentrations may serve as early markers of vibration-induced injury in peripheral nerves. It is conceivable that these markers may be utilized to monitor sensorineural alterations in workers exposed to vibration to potentially prevent additional injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Krajnak
- a Engineering and Control Technology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia , USA
| | - Sandya G Raju
- b Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin , USA
| | - G Roger Miller
- a Engineering and Control Technology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia , USA
| | - Claud Johnson
- a Engineering and Control Technology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia , USA
| | - Stacey Waugh
- a Engineering and Control Technology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia , USA
| | - Michael L Kashon
- c Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia , USA
| | - Danny A Riley
- b Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin , USA
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Assessment of the sensory threshold in patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2015; 32:94-100. [PMID: 26015778 PMCID: PMC4436235 DOI: 10.5114/pdia.2014.44013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis are chronic inflammatory skin diseases frequently accompanied by itching. The exact pathogenesis of dermatological pruritus remains unknown, but it is believed that altered skin innervation may play a role. Aim The assessment of the sensory threshold in AD and psoriasis in relation to pruritus experienced by patients. Material and methods A total of 18 subjects with AD, 20 with psoriasis and 49 healthy controls were exposed to alternating current generated by the current source. A selected preset of current frequencies (ranging from 5 Hz to 2000 Hz) allowed a selective stimulation of different nerve endings (Aβ, Aδ and C-type). Pruritus severity was measured with visual analogue scale (VAS) and an itch questionnaire developed in house. All results were analyzed statistically. Results Sensory thresholds within the uninvolved skin of AD or psoriasis patients were significantly higher than in healthy volunteers (p < 0.001), and no significant differences were found between AD and psoriasis (p > 0.05). Similarly, sensory thresholds within the diseased skin of AD or psoriasis were significantly higher than in the normal skin (p < 0.01), and patients with psoriasis had also a significantly higher threshold than AD individuals (p < 0.05). The sensory threshold inversely correlated with pruritus severity in AD and psoriasis and the highest correlation was found for 5 Hz frequency predominantly stimulating C fibers (VAS: R = –0.32, p < 0.05; pruritus questionnaire: R = 0.54, p < 0.001). Conclusions Evaluation of the sensory threshold may be a valuable tool for pruritus assessment, but further studies are still warranted.
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Ohsawa M, Miyabe Y, Katsu H, Yamamoto S, Ono H. Identification of the sensory nerve fiber responsible for lysophosphatidic acid-induced allodynia in mice. Neuroscience 2013; 247:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Aoki M, Goh AC, Hata Y, Tensho K. A Descriptive Study Investigating the Feasibility and Selectivity of Current Perception Threshold in the Objective Assessment of Post-operative Sub-acute Knee Pain. J Phys Ther Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.25.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mikimasa Aoki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shinshu University Hospital: 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8121, Japan
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University
| | - Ah-Cheng Goh
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Shinshu University
| | - Yukihiko Hata
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shinshu University Hospital: 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8121, Japan
| | - Keiji Tensho
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Shinshu University
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Kakiuchi Y, Nagai J, Gotoh M, Hotta H, Murofushi H, Ogawa T, Ueda H, Murakami-Murofushi K. Antinociceptive effect of cyclic phosphatidic acid and its derivative on animal models of acute and chronic pain. Mol Pain 2011; 7:33. [PMID: 21569544 PMCID: PMC3113318 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-7-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Kakiuchi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Ohtsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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Pharmacological switch in Abeta-fiber stimulation-induced spinal transmission in mice with partial sciatic nerve injury. Mol Pain 2008; 4:25. [PMID: 18620588 PMCID: PMC2488330 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-4-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that different spinal transmissions are involved in the nociceptive behavior caused by electrical stimulation of Abeta-, Adelta- or C-fibers using a Neurometer in naïve mice. In this study, we attempted to pharmacologically characterize the alteration in spinal transmission induced by partial sciatic nerve injury in terms of nociceptive behavior and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) in the spinal dorsal horn. RESULTS Abeta-fiber responses (2000-Hz), which were selectively blocked by the AMPA/kainate antagonist CNQX in naïve mice, were hypersensitized but blocked by the NMDA receptor antagonists MK-801 and AP-5 in injured mice in an electrical stimulation-induced paw withdrawal (EPW) test. Although Adelta-fiber responses (250-Hz) were also hypersensitized by nerve injury, there was no change in the pharmacological characteristics of Adelta-fiber responses through NMDA receptors. On the contrary, C-fiber responses (5-Hz) were hyposensitized by nerve injury. Moreover, Adelta- and C-, but not Abeta-fiber stimulations significantly increased the number of pERK-positive neurons in the superficial spinal dorsal horns of naïve mice, and corresponding antagonists used in the EPW test inhibited this increase. In mice with nerve injury, Abeta- as well as Adelta-fiber stimulations significantly increased the number of pERK-positive neurons in the superficial spinal dorsal horn, whereas C-fiber stimulation decreased this number. The nerve injury-specific pERK increase induced by Abeta-stimulation was inhibited by MK-801 and AP-5, but not by CNQX. However, Abeta- and Adelta-stimulations did not affect the number or size of pERK-positive neurons in the dorsal root ganglion, whereas C-fiber-stimulation selectively decreased the number of pERK-positive neurons. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Abeta-fiber perception is newly transmitted to spinal neurons, which originally receive only Adelta- and C-fiber-mediated pain transmission, through NMDA receptor-mediated mechanisms, in animals with nerve injury. This pharmacological switch in Abeta-fiber spinal transmission could be a mechanism underlying neuropathic allodynia.
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Lowenstein L, Jesse K, Kenton K. Comparison of perception threshold testing and thermal-vibratory testing. Muscle Nerve 2008; 37:514-7. [PMID: 18067137 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Current perception threshold testing (CPT) is thought to selectively activate and measure three types of afferent nerves. However, it has not been standardized or compared with better-studied methods of sensory testing. Our objectives were to determine the relationship between CPT (2000 Hz, 250 Hz, 5 Hz) and quantitative sensory testing (QST) using vibratory and heat thresholds, and to assess the test-retest reliability of both methods. Twenty-seven healthy women were enrolled. Each woman underwent CPT and QST on the volar part of the arm. Sensory thresholds were determined by the method of limits; 20 women underwent repeated CPT testing and QST after 1 week to determine test-retest reliability. Thermal thresholds were moderately correlated with CPT at 5 Hz (rho = 0.49, P = 0.009), as were vibratory thresholds and CPT at 2000 Hz (rho = 0.5, P = 0.008). In contrast to CPT measurements, warm and vibratory and cold thresholds were correlated 1 week apart (rho = 0.73, P = 0.0001; rho = 0.83, P = 0.0001; and rho = 0.47, P = 0.0037, respectively). CPT testing and QST seem to be measuring similar afferent nerve-fiber populations, but QST has better test-retest reliability than CPT testing, justifying its role in clinical or research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Lowenstein
- Department of Urology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Ueda H. Peripheral mechanisms of neuropathic pain - involvement of lysophosphatidic acid receptor-mediated demyelination. Mol Pain 2008; 4:11. [PMID: 18377664 PMCID: PMC2365930 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-4-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in pain research provide a clear picture for the molecular mechanisms of acute pain; substantial information concerning plasticity that occurs during neuropathic pain has also become available. The peripheral mechanisms responsible for neuropathic pain are found in the altered gene/protein expression of primary sensory neurons. With damage to peripheral sensory fibers, a variety of changes in pain-related gene expression take place in dorsal root ganglion neurons. These changes, or plasticity, might underlie unique neuropathic pain-specific phenotype modifications - decreased unmyelinated-fiber functions, but increased myelinated A-fiber functions. Another characteristic change is observed in allodynia, the functional change of tactile to nociceptive perception. Throughout a series of studies, using novel nociceptive tests to characterize sensory-fiber or pain modality-specific nociceptive behaviors, it was demonstrated that communication between innocuous and noxious sensory fibers might play a role in allodynia mechanisms. Because neuropathic pain in peripheral and central demyelinating diseases develops as a result of aberrant myelination in experimental animals, demyelination seems to be a key mechanism of plasticity in neuropathic pain. More recently, we discovered that lysophosphatidic acid receptor activation initiates neuropathic pain, as well as possible peripheral mechanism of demyelination after nerve injury. These results lead to further hypotheses of physical communication between innocuous Abeta- and noxious C- or Adelta-fibers to influence the molecular mechanisms of allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueda
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
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Matsumoto M, Xie W, Inoue M, Ueda H. Evidence for the tonic inhibition of spinal pain by nicotinic cholinergic transmission through primary afferents. Mol Pain 2007; 3:41. [PMID: 18088441 PMCID: PMC2234393 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-3-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have proposed that nerve injury-specific loss of spinal tonic cholinergic inhibition may play a role in the analgesic effects of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists on neuropathic pain. However, the tonic cholinergic inhibition of pain remains to be well characterized. Results Here, we show that choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) signals were localized not only in outer dorsal horn fibers (lamina I–III) and motor neurons in the spinal cord, but also in the vast majority of neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). When mice were treated with an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN) against ChAT, which decreased ChAT signals in the dorsal horn and DRG, but not in motor neurons, they showed a significant decrease in nociceptive thresholds in paw pressure and thermal paw withdrawal tests. Furthermore, in a novel electrical stimulation-induced paw withdrawal (EPW) test, the thresholds for stimulation through C-, Aδ- and Aβ-fibers were all decreased by AS-ODN-pretreatments. The administration of nicotine (10 nmol i.t.) induced a recovery of the nociceptive thresholds, decreased by the AS-ODN, in the mechanical, thermal and EPW tests. However, nicotine had no effects in control mice or treated with a mismatch scramble (MS)-ODN in all of these nociception tests. Conclusion These findings suggest that primary afferent cholinergic neurons produce tonic inhibition of spinal pain through nAChR activation, and that intrathecal administration of nicotine rescues the loss of tonic cholinergic inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
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Aird J, Cady R, Nagi H, Kullar S, MacDermid JC. The impact of wrist extension provocation on current perception thresholds in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: a pilot study. J Hand Ther 2006; 19:299-305; quiz 306. [PMID: 16861129 DOI: 10.1197/j.jht.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether current perception threshold (CPT) varied between subjects with and without carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and whether positioning in wrist extension (reversed Phalen's test) was provocative. METHOD Subjects (n=30) were tested using the Neurometer (Neutron, Inc., Baltimore, MD) at 5, 250, and 2,000 Hz in a rest and reverse Phalen's position. Group and positional differences were analyzed using analysis of variance. RESULTS Higher CPT occurred at 2,000 Hz in both rest (p=0.02) and reverse Phalen's position (p=0.01) in CTS subjects. There was also a significant change in CPT in the CTS group following wrist extension, particularly at 2,000 Hz (p<0.05). CONCLUSION A positional effect on sensibility was noted at 2,000 Hz in subjects with CTS. Further evaluation is required to determine the role and optimal test protocols for provocative-sensory testing in diagnosis and outcome assessment of CTS. For CPT these should focus on using the 2,000 Hz frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Aird
- University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Matsumoto M, Inoue M, Hald A, Xie W, Ueda H. Inhibition of Paclitaxel-Induced A-Fiber Hypersensitization by Gabapentin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 318:735-40. [PMID: 16687474 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.103614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel (Taxol) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of several tumors. However, its use is often associated with the generation of peripheral neuropathic pain expressed as mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. The molecular mechanism behind this debilitating side effect is obscure, and efficient drugs for its prevention are required. We sought to clarify the cellular changes in the involved nociceptor types underlying paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain and to test for an alleviating effect of gabapentin treatment in a murine model of paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain. We found that a single treatment with paclitaxel (4 mg/kg i.p.) led to a decrease in both thermal and mechanical nociceptive thresholds as well as a reduction in the thresholds for 250-Hz (A delta-fiber) and 2000 Hz (A beta-fiber) but not 5-Hz (C-fiber) sine wave electrical stimuli-induced paw withdrawal. The paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain was completely abrogated by gabapentin (30 mg/kg i.p.) treatment. Furthermore, we found that mRNA and protein levels of the voltage-gated calcium channel (alpha 2)delta-1 subunit (Ca(alpha 2)delta-1), one of the putative targets for gabapentin, was up-regulated in dorsal root ganglions (DRGs), as well as increased expression of Ca(alpha 2)delta-1 protein in medium/large-sized DRG neurons by immunohistochemistry, following paclitaxel treatment. This suggests that paclitaxel induces A-fiber-specific hypersensitization, which may contribute to the functional mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia, and that gabapentin could be a potential therapeutic agent for paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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Matsumoto M, Inoue M, Hald A, Yamaguchi A, Ueda H. Characterization of three different sensory fibers by use of neonatal capsaicin treatment, spinal antagonism and a novel electrical stimulation-induced paw flexion test. Mol Pain 2006; 2:16. [PMID: 16681855 PMCID: PMC1482679 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-2-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we first report an in vivo characterization of flexor responses induced by three distinct sine-wave stimuli in the electrical stimulation-induced paw flexion (EPF) test in mice. The fixed sine-wave electric stimulations of 5 Hz (C-fiber), 250 Hz (Aδ-fiber) and 2000 Hz (Aβ-fiber) to the hind paw of mice induced a paw-flexion response and vocalization. The average threshold for paw flexor responses by sine-wave stimulations was much lower than that for vocalization. Neonatally (P3) pretreatment with capsaicin to degenerate polymodal substance P-ergic C-fiber neurons increased the threshold to 5 Hz (C-fiber) stimuli, but not to 250 Hz (Aδ-fiber) and 2000 Hz (Aβ-fiber). The flexor responses to 5 Hz stimuli were significantly blocked by intrathecal (i.t.) pretreatment with both CP-99994 and MK-801, an NK1 and NMDA receptor antagonist, respectively, but not by CNQX, an AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist. On the other hand, the flexor responses induced by 250 Hz stimuli were blocked by MK-801 (i.t.) but not by CP-99994 or CNQX. In contrast, flexor responses induced by 2000 Hz stimuli were only blocked by CNQX treatment. These data suggest that we have identified three pharmacologically different categories of responses mediated through different primary afferent fibers. Furthermore, we also carried out characterization of the in vivo functional sensitivity of each of the sensory fiber types in nerve-injured mice using the EPF test, and found that the threshold to both 250 Hz and 2000 Hz stimulations were markedly decreased, whereas the threshold to 5 Hz stimulations was significantly increased. Thus we found opposing effects on specific sensory fiber-mediated responses as a result of nerve injury in mice. These results also suggest that the EPF analysis is useful for the evaluation of plasticity in sensory functions in animal disease models.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Capsaicin/adverse effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Electric Stimulation/adverse effects
- Electric Stimulation/methods
- Foot/innervation
- Foot/physiopathology
- Hindlimb/innervation
- Hindlimb/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice
- Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/drug effects
- Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/metabolism
- Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists
- Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects
- Neuronal Plasticity/physiology
- Neurons, Afferent/classification
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/physiology
- Nociceptors/drug effects
- Nociceptors/injuries
- Nociceptors/physiopathology
- Pain/chemically induced
- Pain/physiopathology
- Pain Measurement/methods
- Pain Threshold/drug effects
- Pain Threshold/physiology
- Peripheral Nerve Injuries
- Peripheral Nerves/drug effects
- Peripheral Nerves/physiopathology
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/metabolism
- Reflex/drug effects
- Reflex/physiology
- Spinal Nerve Roots/drug effects
- Spinal Nerve Roots/injuries
- Spinal Nerve Roots/physiopathology
- Substance P/metabolism
- Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
- Synaptic Transmission/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Andreas Hald
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Asuka Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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Symonds LL, Gordon NS, Bixby JC, Mande MM. Right-lateralized pain processing in the human cortex: an FMRI study. J Neurophysiol 2006; 95:3823-30. [PMID: 16554508 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01162.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies of human pain have revealed a widespread "pain matrix" distributed across both hemispheres of the brain. It is not resolved whether the pain matrix is biased toward one hemisphere, although behavioral and clinical data suggest that pain is perceived differently on the two sides of the body, and several neuroimaging studies suggest that pain processing in some regions of cortex may be lateralized toward the right hemisphere. The current study used fMRI in nine subjects to determine whether acute pain is preferentially processed in one cortical hemisphere. All cortical areas that were activated during the painful simulation were investigated, and several analytic approaches were used to directly compare activated regions to similar regions in the opposite hemisphere. Results indicated that four regions of the cortical pain matrix were activated either contralaterally (somatosensory cortex) or bilaterally (mid/posterior insula, anterior insula, and posterior cingulate). In addition, activation in five cortical regions during acute pain stimulation was localized either exclusively in the right hemisphere or was strongly lateralized to the right. These five areas were in the middle frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate, inferior frontal gyrus, medial/superior frontal gyri, and inferior parietal lobule. The location of some of these regions is consistent with the idea that there may be a right-lateralized attentional system to alert an organism to an infrequent, but behaviorally relevant, stimulus such as pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Symonds
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, 184 Radiology, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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Liem EB, Joiner TV, Tsueda K, Sessler DI. Increased sensitivity to thermal pain and reduced subcutaneous lidocaine efficacy in redheads. Anesthesiology 2005; 102:509-14. [PMID: 15731586 PMCID: PMC1692342 DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200503000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anesthetic requirement in redheads is exaggerated, suggesting that redheads may be especially sensitive to pain. Therefore, the authors tested the hypotheses that women with natural red hair are more sensitive to pain and that redheads are resistant to topical and subcutaneous lidocaine. METHODS The authors evaluated pain sensitivity in red-haired (n = 30) or dark-haired (n = 30) women by determining the electrical current perception threshold, pain perception, and maximum pain tolerance with a Neurometer CPT/C (Neurotron, Inc., Baltimore, MD). They evaluated the analogous warm and cold temperature thresholds with the TSA-II Neurosensory Analyzer (Medoc Ltd., Minneapolis, MN). Volunteers were tested with both devices at baseline and with the Neurometer after 1-h exposure to 4% liposomal lidocaine and after subcutaneous injection of 1% lidocaine. Data are presented as medians (interquartile ranges). RESULTS Current perception, pain perception, and pain tolerance thresholds were similar in the red-haired and dark-haired women at 2,000, 250, and 5 Hz. In contrast, redheads were more sensitive to cold pain perception (22.6 [15.1-26.1] vs. 12.6 [0-20] degrees C; P = 0.004), cold pain tolerance (6.0 [0-9.7] vs. 0.0 [0.0-2.0] degrees C; P = 0.001), and heat pain (46.3 [45.7-47.5] vs. 47.7 [46.6-48.7] degrees C; P = 0.009). Subcutaneous lidocaine was significantly less effective in redheads (e.g., pain tolerance threshold at 2,000-Hz stimulation in redheads was 11.0 [8.5-16.5] vs. > 20.0 (14.5 to > 20) mA in others; P = 0.005). CONCLUSION Red hair is the phenotype for mutations of the melanocortin-1 receptor. Results indicate that redheads are more sensitive to thermal pain and are resistant to the analgesic effects of subcutaneous lidocaine. Mutations of the melanocortin-1 receptor, or a consequence thereof, thus modulate pain sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin B. Liem
- Assistant Professor, Outcomes Research™ Institute and Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville
| | - Teresa V. Joiner
- Research Coordinator, Outcomes Research™ Institute, University of Louisville
| | - Kentaro Tsueda
- Deceased; formerly Associate Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville
| | - Daniel I. Sessler
- Vice Dean for Research and Associate Vice President for Health Affairs; Director Outcomes Research™ Institute; Lolita & Samuel Weakley Distinguished University Research Chair; and Interim Chair and Professor of Anesthesiology, University of Louisville
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