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Moutachi D, Hyzewicz J, Roy P, Lemaitre M, Bachasson D, Amthor H, Ritvos O, Li Z, Furling D, Agbulut O, Ferry A. Treadmill running and mechanical overloading improved the strength of the plantaris muscle in the dystrophin-desmin double knockout (DKO) mouse. J Physiol 2024; 602:3641-3660. [PMID: 38980963 DOI: 10.1113/jp286425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Limited knowledge exists regarding the chronic effect of muscular exercise on muscle function in a murine model of severe Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Here we determined the effects of 1 month of voluntary wheel running (WR), 1 month of enforced treadmill running (TR) and 1 month of mechanical overloading resulting from the removal of the synergic muscles (OVL) in mice lacking both dystrophin and desmin (DKO). Additionally, we examined the effect of activin receptor administration (AR). DKO mice, displaying severe muscle weakness, atrophy and greater susceptibility to contraction-induced functional loss, were exercised or treated with AR at 1 month of age and in situ force production of lower leg muscle was measured at the age of 2 months. We found that TR and OVL increased absolute maximal force and the rate of force development of the plantaris muscle in DKO mice. In contrast, those of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle remained unaffected by TR and WR. Furthermore, the effects of TR and OVL on plantaris muscle function in DKO mice closely resembled those in mdx mice, a less severe murine DMD model. AR also improved absolute maximal force and the rate of force development of the TA muscle in DKO mice. In conclusion, exercise training improved plantaris muscle weakness in severely affected dystrophic mice. Consequently, these preclinical results may contribute to fostering further investigations aimed at assessing the potential benefits of exercise for DMD patients, particularly resistance training involving a low number of intense muscle contractions. KEY POINTS: Very little is known about the effects of exercise training in a murine model of severe Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). One reason is that it is feared that chronic muscular exercise, particularly that involving intense muscle contractions, could exacerbate the disease. In DKO mice lacking both dystrophin and desmin, characterized by severe lower leg muscle weakness, atrophy and fragility in comparison to the less severe DMD mdx model, we found that enforced treadmill running improved absolute maximal force of the plantaris muscle, while that of tibialis anterior muscle remained unaffected by both enforced treadmill and voluntary wheel running. Furthermore, mechanical overloading, a non-physiological model of chronic resistance exercise, reversed plantaris muscle weakness. Consequently, our findings may have the potential to alleviate concerns and pave the way for exploring the prescription of endurance and resistance training as a viable therapeutic approach for the treatment of dystrophic patients. Additionally, such interventions may serve in mitigating the pathophysiological mechanisms induced by physical inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Moutachi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U974, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Janek Hyzewicz
- Integrare Research Unit UMRS951, Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Evry, France
| | - Pauline Roy
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U974, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Mégane Lemaitre
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U974, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Damien Bachasson
- Institute of Myology, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Neuromuscular Physiology and Evaluation Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Helge Amthor
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, INSERM U1179, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Olli Ritvos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zhenlin Li
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR CNRS 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | - Denis Furling
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U974, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR CNRS 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Ferry
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U974, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Pokrovsky MV, Korokin MV, Krayushkina AM, Zhunusov NS, Lapin KN, Soldatova MO, Kuzmin EA, Gudyrev OS, Kochkarova IS, Deikin AV. CONVENTIONAL APPROACHES TO THE THERAPY OF HEREDITARY MYOPATHIES. PHARMACY & PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.19163/2307-9266-2022-10-5-416-431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the work was to analyze the available therapeutic options for the conventional therapy of hereditary myopathies.Materials and methods. When searching for the material for writing a review article, such abstract databases as PubMed and Google Scholar were used. The search was carried out on the publications during the period from 1980 to September 2022. The following words and their combinations were selected as parameters for the literature selection: “myopathy”, “Duchenne”, “myodystrophy”, “metabolic”, “mitochondrial”, “congenital”, “symptoms”, “replacement”, “recombinant”, “corticosteroids”, “vitamins”, “tirasemtiv”, “therapy”, “treatment”, “evidence”, “clinical trials”, “patients”, “dichloracetate”.Results. Congenital myopathies are a heterogeneous group of pathologies that are caused by atrophy and degeneration of muscle fibers due to mutations in genes. Based on a number of clinical and pathogenetic features, hereditary myopathies are divided into: 1) congenital myopathies; 2) muscular dystrophy; 3) mitochondrial and 4) metabolic myopathies. At the same time, treatment approaches vary significantly depending on the type of myopathy and can be based on 1) substitution of the mutant protein; 2) an increase in its expression; 3) stimulation of the internal compensatory pathways expression; 4) restoration of the compounds balance associated with the mutant protein function (for enzymes); 5) impact on the mitochondrial function (with metabolic and mitochondrial myopathies); 6) reduction of inflammation and fibrosis (with muscular dystrophies); as well as 7) an increase in muscle mass and strength. The current review presents current data on each of the listed approaches, as well as specific pharmacological agents with a description of their action mechanisms.Conclusion. Currently, the following pharmacological groups are used or undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of various myopathies types: inotropic, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic drugs, antimyostatin therapy and the drugs that promote translation through stop codons (applicable for nonsense mutations). In addition, metabolic drugs, metabolic enzyme cofactors, mitochondrial biogenesis stimulators, and antioxidants can be used to treat myopathies. Finally, the recombinant drugs alglucosidase and avalglucosidase have been clinically approved for the replacement therapy of metabolic myopathies (Pompe’s disease).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - K. N. Lapin
- V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Resuscitation and Rehabilitology
| | | | - E. A. Kuzmin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
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Kaplan KM, Morgan KG. The importance of dystrophin and the dystrophin associated proteins in vascular smooth muscle. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1059021. [PMID: 36505053 PMCID: PMC9732661 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1059021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This review details the role of dystrophin and the dystrophin associated proteins (DAPs) in the vascular smooth muscle. Dystrophin is most comprehensively studied in the skeletal muscle due to serious symptoms found related to the skeletal muscle of patients with muscular dystrophy. Mutations in the dystrophin gene, or DAPs genes, result in a wide range of muscular dystrophies. In skeletal muscle, dystrophin is known to act to as a cytoskeletal stabilization protein and protects cells against contraction-induced damage. In skeletal muscle, dystrophin stabilizes the plasma membrane by transmitting forces generated by sarcomeric contraction to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Dystrophin is a scaffold that binds the dystroglycan complex (DGC) and has many associated proteins (DAPs). These DAPs include sarcoglycans, syntrophins, dystroglycans, dystrobrevin, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and caveolins. The DAPs provide biomechanical support to the skeletal or cardiac plasma membrane during contraction, and loss of one or several of these DAPs leads to plasma membrane fragility. Dystrophin is expressed near the plasma membrane of all muscles, including cardiac and vascular smooth muscle, and some neurons. Dystrophic mice have noted biomechanical irregularities in the carotid arteries and spontaneous motor activity in portal vein altered when compared to wild type mice. Additionally, some studies suggest the vasculature of patients and animal models with muscular dystrophy is abnormal. Although the function of dystrophin and the DAPs in vascular smooth muscle is not thoroughly established in the field, this review makes the point that these proteins are expressed, and important and further study is warranted.
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Su Y, Song Y. The new challenge of “exercise + X″ therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy—Individualized identification of exercise tolerance and precise implementation of exercise intervention. Front Physiol 2022; 13:947749. [PMID: 35991169 PMCID: PMC9389311 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.947749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive fatal muscular disease. Gene therapy, cell therapy, and drug therapy are currently the most widely used treatments for DMD. However, many experiments on animals and humans suggested that appropriate exercise could improve the effectiveness of such precision medicine treatment, thereby improving patient’s muscle quality and function. Due to the striated muscle damage of DMD individuals, there are still many debates about whether DMD animals or patients can exercise, how to exercise, when to exercise best, and how to exercise effectively. The purpose of this review is to summarize and investigate the scientific basis and efficacy of exercise as an adjuvant therapy for DMD gene therapy, cell therapy and drug therapy, as well as to present the theoretical framework and optional strategies of “exercise + X″″ combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Su
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Physical Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Yafeng Song
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yafeng Song,
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Foltz S, Wu F, Ghazal N, Kwong JQ, Hartzell HC, Choo HJ. Sex differences in the involvement of skeletal and cardiac muscles in myopathic Ano5-/- mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C283-C295. [PMID: 35020501 PMCID: PMC8836717 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00350.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy R12 (LGMD-R12) is caused by recessive mutations in the Anoctamin-5 gene (ANO5, TMEM16E). Although ANO5 myopathy is not X-chromosome linked, we performed a meta-analysis of the research literature and found that three-quarters of patients with LGMD-R12 are males. Females are less likely to present with moderate to severe skeletal muscle and/or cardiac pathology. Because these sex differences could be explained in several ways, we compared males and females in a mouse model of LGMD-R12. This model recapitulates the sex differences in human LGMD-R12. Only male Ano5-/- mice had elevated serum creatine kinase after exercise and exhibited defective membrane repair after laser injury. In contrast, by these measures, female Ano5-/- mice were indistinguishable from wild type. Despite these differences, both male and female Ano5-/- mice exhibited exercise intolerance. Although exercise intolerance of male mice can be explained by skeletal muscle dysfunction, echocardiography revealed that Ano5-/- female mice had features of cardiomyopathy that may be responsible for their exercise intolerance. These findings heighten concerns that mutations of ANO5 in humans may be linked to cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Foltz
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nasab Ghazal
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer Q Kwong
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - H Criss Hartzell
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hyojung J Choo
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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6
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A Blood Biomarker for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Shows That Oxidation State of Albumin Correlates with Protein Oxidation and Damage in Mdx Muscle. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081241. [PMID: 34439489 PMCID: PMC8389308 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked muscle wasting disease with no cure. While the precise mechanisms of progressive dystropathology remain unclear, oxidative stress caused by excessive generation of oxidants is strongly implicated. Blood biomarkers that could track oxidant levels in tissues would be valuable to measure the effectiveness of clinical treatments for DMD; our research has focused on developing such biomarkers. One target of oxidants that has the potential to be harnessed as a clinical biomarker is the thiol side chain of cysteine 34 (Cys34) of the blood protein albumin. This study using the mdx mouse model of DMD shows that in plasma, albumin Cys34 undergoes thiol oxidation and these changes correlate with levels of protein thiol oxidation and damage of the dystrophic muscles. A comparison with the commonly used biomarker protein carbonylation, confirmed that albumin thiol oxidation is the more sensitive plasma biomarker of oxidative stress occurring in muscle tissue. We show that plasma albumin oxidation reflects muscle dystropathology, as increased after exercise and decreased after taurine treatment of mdx mice. These data support the use of albumin thiol oxidation as a blood biomarker of dystropathology to assist with advancing clinical development of therapies for DMD.
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Dudley RWR, Comtois AS, St-Pierre DH, Danialou G. Early administration of L-arginine in mdx neonatal mice delays the onset of muscular dystrophy in tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:639-651. [PMID: 34377959 PMCID: PMC8332474 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2020-00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disorder that results in the absence of dystrophin, a cytoskeletal protein. Individuals with this disease experience progressive muscle destruction, which leads to muscle weakness. Studies have been conducted to find solutions for the relief of individuals with this disease, several of which have shown that utrophin, a protein closely related to dystrophin, when overexpressed in mdx neonatal mice (the murine model of DMD), is able to prevent the progressive muscle destruction observed in the absence of dystrophin. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that L‐arginine induces utrophin upregulation in adult mdx mice. We hypothesized that L‐arginine treatment also induces utrophin upregulation to prevent the development of muscle weakness in neonatal mdx mice. Hence, L‐arginine should also prevent progressive muscle destruction via utrophin upregulation in mdx neonatal mice. Mdx neonatal mice were injected intraperitoneally daily with 800 mg/kg of L‐arginine for 6 weeks, whereas control mice were injected with a physiological saline. The following experiments were performed on the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle: muscle contractility and resistance to mechanical stress; central nucleation and peripheral nucleation, utrophin, and creatine kinase quantification as well as a nitric oxide (NO) assay. Our findings show that early administration of L‐arginine in mdx neonatal mice prevents the destruction of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. However, this improvement was related to nitric oxide (NO) production rather than the expected utrophin upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy W R Dudley
- Meakins Christie Laboratories McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Alain S Comtois
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM Montreal QC Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée UQAM Montreal QC Canada
| | - David H St-Pierre
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM Montreal QC Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée UQAM Montreal QC Canada.,Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine Montréal QC Canada
| | - Gawiyou Danialou
- Meakins Christie Laboratories McGill University Montreal QC Canada.,Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM Montreal QC Canada.,Royal Military College Saint-Jean Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu QC Canada
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8
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Beneficial Role of Exercise in the Modulation of mdx Muscle Plastic Remodeling and Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040558. [PMID: 33916762 PMCID: PMC8066278 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive progressive lethal disorder caused by the lack of dystrophin, which determines myofibers mechanical instability, oxidative stress, inflammation, and susceptibility to contraction-induced injuries. Unfortunately, at present, there is no efficient therapy for DMD. Beyond several promising gene- and stem cells-based strategies under investigation, physical activity may represent a valid noninvasive therapeutic approach to slow down the progression of the pathology. However, ethical issues, the limited number of studies in humans and the lack of consistency of the investigated training interventions generate loss of consensus regarding their efficacy, leaving exercise prescription still questionable. By an accurate analysis of data about the effects of different protocol of exercise on muscles of mdx mice, the most widely-used pre-clinical model for DMD research, we found that low intensity exercise, especially in the form of low speed treadmill running, likely represents the most suitable exercise modality associated to beneficial effects on mdx muscle. This protocol of training reduces muscle oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis process, and enhances muscle functionality, muscle regeneration, and hypertrophy. These conclusions can guide the design of appropriate studies on human, thereby providing new insights to translational therapeutic application of exercise to DMD patients.
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9
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Pedrazzani PS, Araújo TOP, Sigoli E, da Silva IR, da Roza DL, Chesca DL, Rassier DE, Cornachione AS. Twenty-one days of low-intensity eccentric training improve morphological characteristics and function of soleus muscles of mdx mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3579. [PMID: 33574358 PMCID: PMC7878734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchene muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by the absence of the protein dystrophin, which leads to muscle weakness, progressive degeneration, and eventually death due to respiratory failure. Low-intensity eccentric training (LIET) has been used as a rehabilitation method in skeletal muscles after disuse. Recently, LIET has also been used for rehabilitating dystrophic muscles, but its effects are still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 21 days of LIET in dystrophic soleus muscle. Thirty-six male mdx mice were randomized into six groups (n = 6/each): mdx sedentary group; mdx training group-3 days; mdx training group-21 days; wild-type sedentary group; wild-type training group-3 days and wild-type training group-21 days. After the training sessions, animals were euthanized, and fragments of soleus muscles were removed for immunofluorescence and histological analyses, and measurements of active force and Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile apparatus. Muscles of the mdx training group-21 days showed an improvement in morphological characteristics and an increase of active force when compared to the sedentary mdx group. The results show that LIET can improve the functionality of dystrophic soleus muscle in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo S Pedrazzani
- Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Tatiana O P Araújo
- Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Emilly Sigoli
- Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Isabella R da Silva
- Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Daiane Leite da Roza
- Department of Neurosciences and Behaviour, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Deise Lucia Chesca
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Dilson E Rassier
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anabelle S Cornachione
- Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil.
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Micheletto MLJ, Hermes TDA, Bertassoli BM, Petri G, Perez MM, Fonseca FLA, Carvalho AADS, Feder D. Ixazomib, an oral proteasome inhibitor, exhibits potential effect in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. Int J Exp Pathol 2021; 102:11-21. [PMID: 33296126 PMCID: PMC7839951 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystrophin deficiency makes the sarcolemma fragile and susceptible to degeneration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The proteasome is a multimeric protease complex and is central to the regulation of cellular proteins. Previous studies have shown that proteasome inhibition improved pathological changes in mdx mice. Ixazomib is the first oral proteasome inhibitor used as a therapy in multiple myeloma. This study investigated the effects of ixazomib on the dystrophic muscle of mdx mice. MDX mice were treated with ixazomib (7.5 mg/kg/wk by gavage) or 0.2 mL of saline for 12 weeks. The Kondziela test was performed to measure muscle strength. The tibialis anterior (TA) and diaphragm (DIA) muscles were used for morphological analysis, and blood samples were collected for biochemical measurement. We observed maintenance of the muscle strength in the animals treated with ixazomib. Treatment with ixazomib had no toxic effect on the mdx mouse. The morphological analysis showed a reduction in the inflammatory area and fibres with central nuclei in the TA and DIA muscles and an increase in the number of fibres with a diameter of 20 µm2 in the DIA muscle after treatment with ixazomib. There was an increase in the expression of dystrophin and utrophin in the TA and DIA muscles and a reduction in the expression of osteopontin and TGF-β in the DIA muscle of mdx mice treated with ixazomib. Ixazomib was thus shown to increase the expression of dystrophin and utrophin associated with improved pathological and functional changes in the dystrophic muscles of mdx mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tulio de Almeida Hermes
- Departament of Morphology and PhysiologyMedical Faculty of the ABCSanto AndréBrazil
- Departament of AnatomyFederal University of AlfenasAlfenasBrazil
| | | | - Giuliana Petri
- Departament of Morphology and PhysiologyMedical Faculty of the ABCSanto AndréBrazil
| | | | | | | | - David Feder
- Departament of Morphology and PhysiologyMedical Faculty of the ABCSanto AndréBrazil
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Abstract
Fibrosis in skeletal muscle is the natural tissue response to persistent damage and chronic inflammatory states, cursing with altered muscle stem cell regenerative functions and increased activation of fibrogenic mesenchymal stromal cells. Exacerbated deposition of extracellular matrix components is a characteristic feature of human muscular dystrophies, neurodegenerative diseases affecting muscle and aging. The presence of fibrotic tissue not only impedes normal muscle contractile functions but also hampers effective gene and cell therapies. There is a lack of appropriate experimental models to study fibrosis. In this chapter, we highlight recent developments on skeletal muscle fibrosis in mice and expand previously described methods by our group to exacerbate and accelerate fibrosis development in murine muscular dystrophy models and to study the presence of fibrosis in muscle samples. These methods will help understand the molecular and biological mechanisms involved in muscle fibrosis and to identify novel therapeutic strategies to limit the progression of fibrosis in muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L Serrano
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain.
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MRI Quantitative Analysis of Eccentric Exercise-induced Skeletal Muscle Injury in Rats. Acad Radiol 2020; 27:e72-e79. [PMID: 31300358 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the value of magnetic resonance (MR) quantitative analysis (MR-T2 mapping technique) for the evaluation of eccentric exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS We established an animal model of eccentric exercise-induced damage of Sprague Dawley rat skeletal muscle and evaluated the animals by MR imaging, determined the serum levels of fast skeletal troponin (fsTnI), and examined muscle histopathology, at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 7 days after eccentric exercise. The associations between MR imaging findings, and histopathological and laboratory results were evaluated. RESULTS T2-weighted images (WIs) of quadriceps femoris muscles showed obvious high signal intensities after exercise, and the T2 values and serum fsTnI levels continued to increase, peaking at day 2 after exercise, p< 0.05. The histopathological findings in muscle specimens, which included swollen and ruptured cells, enlarged extracellular spaces, inflammation, and regeneration of muscle fibers, showed similar trends. After day 2, muscle specimens began to show evidence of self-repair, the T2WI signals decreased in intensity, and the T2 values and serum fsTnI levels decreased; however, at day 7 post injury, the values remained slightly higher than those in the control animals, p< 0.05. The T2 value was significantly correlated with the serum fsTnI level (r = 0.896, p< 0.01). CONCLUSION T2 mapping technology accurately reflects the histopathological and fsTnI abnormalities and the degree of skeletal muscle damage associated with eccentric exercise followed by recovery. Because T2 mapping technology is noninvasive and can be quantitatively analyzed, it might become the preferred method for performing the diagnosis of eccentric exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury.
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13
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Abstract
Dystrophin is the largest protein isoform (427 kDa) expressed from the gene defective in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a lethal muscle-wasting and genetically inherited disease. Dystrophin, localized within a cytoplasmic lattice termed costameres, connects the intracellular cytoskeleton of a myofiber through the cell membrane (sarcolemma) to the surrounding extracellular matrix. In spite of its mechanical regulation roles in stabilizing the sarcolemma during muscle contraction, the underlying molecular mechanism is still elusive. Here, we systematically investigated the mechanical stability and kinetics of the force-bearing central domain of human dystrophin that contains 24 spectrin repeats using magnetic tweezers. We show that the stochastic unfolding and refolding of central domain of dystrophin is able to keep the forces below 25 pN over a significant length change up to ∼800 nm in physiological level of pulling speeds. These results suggest that dystrophin may serve as a molecular shock absorber that defines the physiological level of force in the dystrophin-mediated force-transmission pathway during muscle contraction/stretch, thereby stabilizing the sarcolemma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Le
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117551
| | - Miao Yu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411
| | - Ladislav Hovan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411
| | - Zhihai Zhao
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117551
| | - James Ervasti
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117551
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411
- Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546
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14
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Heutinck L, Jansen M, van den Elzen Y, van der Pijl D, de Groot IJM. Virtual Reality Computer Gaming with Dynamic Arm Support in Boys with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. J Neuromuscul Dis 2018; 5:359-372. [PMID: 29991140 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-180307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), loss of upper limb function becomes more evident after the onset of wheelchair-dependency, because of the inability to lift the arms against gravity. With an increasing population of older wheelchair-dependent boys with DMD it is worthwhile to know whether training can delay the loss of upper limb functions. Dynamic arm supports may enable boys with impaired arm function to train their muscles without becoming exhausted by providing external mechanical compensation for muscle weakness. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effect of gravity-compensated 3D-training for the arms on the functional abilities in boys with DMD. METHODS An explorative RCT was conducted among boys with DMD with impaired arm function (n = 16). Boys in the intervention group (n = 7) trained their arms by playing virtual reality games while using dynamic arm support during 20 weeks. The primary endpoint was the difference in change in Performance of the Upper Limb (PUL) score between the intervention and control group (n = 9) after 20 weeks. Secondary outcome measures were at the different ICF-CY levels. RESULTS No significant group differences were found for the PUL. Elbow range of motion (p = 0.018) and extension strength (p = 0.038) improved in the intervention group and worsened in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Although this study did not show a significant effect of training on the primary outcome measure, there are indications that training may decline the loss of range of motion and strength. This may prolong the functional abilities on long-term. TRIAL REGISTRATION Netherlands Trial Register 3857.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Heutinck
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Merel Jansen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda van den Elzen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Imelda J M de Groot
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Hermes TDA, Kido LA, Macedo AB, Mizobuti DS, Moraes LHR, Somazz MC, Cagnon VHA, Minatel E. Sex influences diaphragm muscle response in exercised mdx mice. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:1611-1621. [PMID: 30238549 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise promotes increased muscle damage in the mdx mice, the experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Studies suggest that the estrogen level in females makes them less susceptible to muscle injuries. The aim of this study was to characterize the diaphragm (DIA) muscle response to physical exercise in male and female mdx mice. The animals were divided into four groups: female sedentary mdx; male sedentary mdx; female mdx submitted to exercise; and male mdx mice submitted to exercise. Blood samples were used to determine creatine kinase (CK). Regenerated muscle fibers were indicated by the presence of central nucleus and also inflammation areas were determined in DIA muscle sections. The alpha and beta estrogen receptors (ER) were determined by means of immunohistochemistry evaluation in the dystrophic DIA muscle. Male mdx animals submitted to exercise showed increased CK levels and inflammatory area. The quantification of regenerated fibers was higher in male animals, submitted or not to physical exercise. Greater alpha and beta ER expression was verified in the females submitted to exercise in the DIA muscle than in the other experimental groups. Therefore, estrogen may have contributed to the prevention of increased inflammatory process and DIA injury in females submitted to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Túlio de Almeida Hermes
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil.,Centro Regional Universitário de Espírito Santo do Pinhal (UNIPINHAL), Espírito Santo do Pinhal, São Paulo 13990-000, Brazil
| | - Larissa Akemi Kido
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Aline Barbosa Macedo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Daniela Sayuri Mizobuti
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Rapucci Moraes
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marco Cesar Somazz
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil.,Centro Regional Universitário de Espírito Santo do Pinhal (UNIPINHAL), Espírito Santo do Pinhal, São Paulo 13990-000, Brazil
| | - Valéria Helena Alves Cagnon
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Elaine Minatel
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
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16
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Manning J, Buckley MM, O'Halloran KD, O'Malley D. Combined XIL-6R and urocortin-2 treatment restores MDX diaphragm muscle force. Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:E134-E140. [PMID: 28294390 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration leading to immobility, respiratory failure, and premature death. As chronic inflammation and stress are implicated in DMD pathology, the efficacy of an anti-inflammatory and anti-stress intervention strategy in ameliorating diaphragm dysfunction was investigated. METHODS Diaphragm muscle contractile function was compared in wild-type and dystrophin-deficient mdx mice treated with saline, anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibodies (xIL-6R), the corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor 2 (CRFR2) agonist, urocortin 2, or both xIL-6R and urocortin 2. RESULTS Combined treatment with xIL-6R and urocortin 2 rescued impaired force in mdx diaphragms. Mechanical work production and muscle shortening was also improved by combined drug treatment. DISCUSSION Treatment which neutralizes peripheral IL-6 signaling and stimulates CRFR2 recovers force-generating capacity and the ability to perform mechanical work in mdx diaphragm muscle. These findings may be important in the search for therapeutic targets in DMD. Muscle Nerve 56: E134-E140, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Manning
- Department of Physiology, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Maria M Buckley
- Department of Physiology, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dervla O'Malley
- Department of Physiology, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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17
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Capogrosso RF, Mantuano P, Cozzoli A, Sanarica F, Massari AM, Conte E, Fonzino A, Giustino A, Rolland JF, Quaranta A, De Bellis M, Camerino GM, Grange RW, De Luca A. Contractile efficiency of dystrophic mdx mouse muscle: in vivo and ex vivo assessment of adaptation to exercise of functional end points. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:828-843. [PMID: 28057817 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00776.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive weakness is a typical feature of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients and is exacerbated in the benign mdx mouse model by in vivo treadmill exercise. We hypothesized a different threshold for functional adaptation of mdx muscles in response to the duration of the exercise protocol. In vivo weakness was confirmed by grip strength after 4, 8, and 12 wk of exercise in mdx mice. Torque measurements revealed that exercise-related weakness in mdx mice correlated with the duration of the protocol, while wild-type (WT) mice were stronger. Twitch and tetanic forces of isolated diaphragm and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were lower in mdx compared with WT mice. In mdx, both muscle types exhibited greater weakness after a single exercise bout, but only in EDL after a long exercise protocol. As opposite to WT muscles, mdx EDL ones did not show any exercise-induced adaptations against eccentric contraction force drop. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed the maladaptation of genes involved in metabolic and structural remodeling, while damage-related genes remained significantly upregulated and angiogenesis impaired. Phosphorylated AMP kinase level increased only in exercised WT muscle. The severe histopathology and the high levels of muscular TGF-β1 and of plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 confirmed the persistence of muscle damage in mdx mice. Therefore, dystrophic muscles showed a partial degree of functional adaptation to chronic exercise, although not sufficient to overcome weakness nor signs of damage. The improved understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying maladaptation of dystrophic muscle paves the way to a better managment of DMD patients.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We focused on the adaptation/maladaptation of dystrophic mdx mouse muscles to a standard protocol of exercise to provide guidance in the development of more effective drug and physical therapies in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The mdx muscles showed a modest functional adaptation to chronic exercise, but it was not sufficient to overcome the progressive in vivo weakness, nor to counter signs of muscle damage. Therefore, a complex involvement of multiple systems underlies the maladaptive response of dystrophic muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Francesca Capogrosso
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy.,Department of Chemical, Toxicological and Pharmacological Drug Studies, Catholic University "Our Lady of Good Counsel," Tirana, Albany
| | - Paola Mantuano
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Cozzoli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Sanarica
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Ada Maria Massari
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Elena Conte
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Adriano Fonzino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Arcangela Giustino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Jean-Francois Rolland
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Quaranta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - Michela De Bellis
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Giulia Maria Camerino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Robert W Grange
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia; and
| | - Annamaria De Luca
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy;
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18
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Woodman KG, Coles CA, Lamandé SR, White JD. Nutraceuticals and Their Potential to Treat Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Separating the Credible from the Conjecture. Nutrients 2016; 8:E713. [PMID: 27834844 PMCID: PMC5133099 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, complementary and alternative medicine has become increasingly popular. This trend has not escaped the Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy community with one study showing that 80% of caregivers have provided their Duchenne patients with complementary and alternative medicine in conjunction with their traditional treatments. These statistics are concerning given that many supplements are taken based on purely "anecdotal" evidence. Many nutraceuticals are thought to have anti-inflammatory or anti-oxidant effects. Given that dystrophic pathology is exacerbated by inflammation and oxidative stress these nutraceuticals could have some therapeutic benefit for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). This review gathers and evaluates the peer-reviewed scientific studies that have used nutraceuticals in clinical or pre-clinical trials for DMD and thus separates the credible from the conjecture.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Antioxidants/adverse effects
- Antioxidants/therapeutic use
- Biomedical Research/methods
- Biomedical Research/trends
- Combined Modality Therapy/adverse effects
- Dietary Supplements/adverse effects
- Evidence-Based Medicine
- Humans
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/diet therapy
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/physiopathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/therapy
- Peer Review, Research/methods
- Peer Review, Research/trends
- Reproducibility of Results
- Severity of Illness Index
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Affiliation(s)
- Keryn G Woodman
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville 3052, Australia.
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.
| | - Chantal A Coles
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville 3052, Australia.
| | - Shireen R Lamandé
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville 3052, Australia.
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.
| | - Jason D White
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville 3052, Australia.
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.
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19
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Randazzo D, Blaauw B, Paolini C, Pierantozzi E, Spinozzi S, Lange S, Chen J, Protasi F, Reggiani C, Sorrentino V. Exercise-induced alterations and loss of sarcomeric M-line organization in the diaphragm muscle of obscurin knockout mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 312:C16-C28. [PMID: 27784675 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00098.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that skeletal muscle fibers of obscurin knockout (KO) mice present altered distribution of ankyrin B (ankB), disorganization of the subsarcolemmal microtubules, and reduced localization of dystrophin at costameres. In addition, these mice have impaired running endurance and increased exercise-induced sarcolemmal damage compared with wild-type animals. Here, we report results from a combined approach of physiological, morphological, and structural studies in which we further characterize the skeletal muscles of obscurin KO mice. A detailed examination of exercise performance, using different running protocols, revealed that the reduced endurance of obscurin KO animals on the treadmill depends on exercise intensity and age. Indeed, a mild running protocol did not evidence significant differences between control and obscurin KO mice, whereas comparison of running abilities of 2-, 6-, and 11-mo-old mice exercised at exhaustion revealed a progressive age-dependent reduction of the exercise tolerance in KO mice. Histological analysis indicated that heavy exercise induced leukocyte infiltration, fibrotic connective tissue deposition, and hypercontractures in the diaphragm of KO mice. On the same line, electron microscopy revealed that, in the diaphragm of exercised obscurin KO mice, but not in the hindlimb muscles, both M-line and H-zone of sarcomeres appeared wavy and less defined. Altogether, these results suggest that obscurin is required for the maintenance of morphological and ultrastructural integrity of skeletal muscle fibers against damage induced by intense mechanical stress and point to the diaphragm as the skeletal muscle most severely affected in obscurin-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Randazzo
- Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - B Blaauw
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology
| | - C Paolini
- Center for Research on Ageing and Translational Medicine & Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology
| | - E Pierantozzi
- Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - S Spinozzi
- Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - S Lange
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - J Chen
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - F Protasi
- Center for Research on Ageing and Translational Medicine & Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology
| | - C Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; and.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology
| | - V Sorrentino
- Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; .,Interuniversity Institute of Myology
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20
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The Effects of Experimental Sleep Apnea on Cardiac and Respiratory Functions in 6 and 18 Month Old Dystrophic (mdx) Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147640. [PMID: 26808526 PMCID: PMC4726600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal disease where over 90% of patients succumb to respiratory or cardiac failure. Sleep apnea and sleep disordered breathing (SDB) are noted in a plurality of DMD patients, and the resulting nocturnal episodic hypoxia (EH) cannot be ruled out as a contributing factor to cardiac and respiratory dysfunction. In this study, we investigated the impact of long-term episodic hypoxia, which mimics the cyclic hypoxia seen in sleep apnea, on cardiac and respiratory function in a murine model of DMD (mdx mice). Since the severity and prevalence of sleep apnea in DMD increases with age, we studied the impact of EH on young (6-month) and on older (18-month) mdx mice. Mice were either exposed for 12 weeks to EH (8 hours/day, 5 days/week) or to room air. We noted a significant increase in left ventricular (LV) dilatation (transthoracic echocardiography) on EH exposure in both age groups, but reduced LV contractility was seen only in 6-month old mice. With EH exposure, an increased fibrosis (hydroxyproline) was noted in both cardiac and diaphragm muscle in 18-month but not 6-month old mice. No significant change in relative diaphragm strength (in-vitro) was noted on EH exposure in 18-month old mice. In contrast, EH exposed 6-month old mice showed a significant increase in relative diaphragm strength. EH exposure did not result in any significant change in ventilatory parameters (barometric plethysmography) in awake 6-month old mdx mice. In contrast, 18-month old mdx mice showed considerable ventilatory dysfunction, consistent with reduced ventilatory reserve. Our findings highlight that sleep apnea impacts respiratory and cardiac function in muscular dystrophy, and that EH can have divergent effects on both systems. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study to investigate the impact of EH on cardiac and respiratory function in mdx mice.
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21
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Hyzewicz J, Ruegg UT, Takeda S. Comparison of Experimental Protocols of Physical Exercise for mdx Mice and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Patients. J Neuromuscul Dis 2015; 2:325-342. [PMID: 27858750 PMCID: PMC5240598 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-150106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is caused by mutations in the gene coding for dystrophin and leads to muscle degeneration, wheelchair dependence and death by cardiac or respiratory failure. Physical exercise has been proposed as a palliative therapy for DMD to maintain muscle strength and prevent contractures for as long as possible. However, its practice remains controversial because the benefits of training may be counteracted by muscle overuse and damage. The effects of physical exercise have been investigated in muscles of dystrophin-deficient mdx mice and in patients with DMD. However, a lack of uniformity among protocols limits comparability between studies and translatability of results from animals to humans. In the present review, we summarize and discuss published protocols used to investigate the effects of physical exercise on mdx mice and DMD patients, with the objectives of improving comparability between studies and identifying future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janek Hyzewicz
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shin'ichi Takeda
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Pelosi L, Berardinelli MG, Forcina L, Spelta E, Rizzuto E, Nicoletti C, Camilli C, Testa E, Catizone A, De Benedetti F, Musarò A. Increased levels of interleukin-6 exacerbate the dystrophic phenotype in mdx mice. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6041-53. [PMID: 26251044 PMCID: PMC4599671 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by progressive lethal muscle degeneration and chronic inflammatory response. The mdx mouse strain has served as the animal model for human DMD. However, while DMD patients undergo extensive necrosis, the affected muscles of adult mdx mice rapidly regenerates and regains structural and functional integrity. The basis for the mild effects observed in mice compared with the lethal consequences in humans remains unknown. In this study, we provide evidence that interleukin-6 (IL-6) is causally linked to the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy. We report that forced expression of IL-6, in the adult mdx mice, recapitulates the severe phenotypic characteristics of DMD in humans. Increased levels of IL-6 exacerbate the dystrophic muscle phenotype, sustaining inflammatory response and repeated cycles of muscle degeneration and regeneration, leading to exhaustion of satellite cells. The mdx/IL6 mouse closely approximates the human disease and more faithfully recapitulates the disease progression in humans. This study promises to significantly advance our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms that lead to DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pelosi
- Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM and
| | | | - Laura Forcina
- Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM and
| | - Elisa Spelta
- Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM and
| | - Emanuele Rizzuto
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Carmine Nicoletti
- Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM and
| | - Carlotta Camilli
- Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM and
| | - Erika Testa
- Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM and
| | - Angela Catizone
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Musarò
- Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM and Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome 00161, Italy
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23
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Vohra RS, Mathur S, Bryant ND, Forbes SC, Vandenborne K, Walter GA. Age-related T2 changes in hindlimb muscles of mdx mice. Muscle Nerve 2015; 53:84-90. [PMID: 25846867 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to monitor changes in the transverse relaxation time constant (T2) in lower hindlimb muscles of mdx mice at different ages. METHODS Young (5 weeks), adult (44 weeks), and old mdx (96 weeks), and age-matched control mice were studied. Young mdx mice were imaged longitudinally, whereas adult and old mdx mice were imaged at a single time-point. RESULTS Mean muscle T2 and percent of pixels with elevated T2 were significantly different between mdx and control mice at all ages. In young mdx mice, mean muscle T2 peaked at 7-8 weeks and declined at 9-11 weeks. In old mdx mice, mean muscle T2 was decreased compared with young and adult mice, which could be attributed to fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS MRI captured longitudinal changes in skeletal muscle integrity of mdx mice. This information will be valuable for pre-clinical testing of potential therapeutic interventions for muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravneet S Vohra
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sunita Mathur
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan D Bryant
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Box 100274, Gainesville, Florida, 32610-0274, USA
| | - Sean C Forbes
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Krista Vandenborne
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Glenn A Walter
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Box 100274, Gainesville, Florida, 32610-0274, USA
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24
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Rouillon J, Poupiot J, Zocevic A, Amor F, Léger T, Garcia C, Camadro JM, Wong B, Pinilla R, Cosette J, Coenen-Stass AML, Mcclorey G, Roberts TC, Wood MJA, Servais L, Udd B, Voit T, Richard I, Svinartchouk F. Serum proteomic profiling reveals fragments of MYOM3 as potential biomarkers for monitoring the outcome of therapeutic interventions in muscular dystrophies. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4916-32. [PMID: 26060189 PMCID: PMC4527491 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy-responsive biomarkers are an important and unmet need in the muscular dystrophy field where new treatments are currently in clinical trials. By using a comprehensive high-resolution mass spectrometry approach and western blot validation, we found that two fragments of the myofibrillar structural protein myomesin-3 (MYOM3) are abnormally present in sera of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2D (LGMD2D) and their respective animal models. Levels of MYOM3 fragments were assayed in therapeutic model systems: (1) restoration of dystrophin expression by antisense oligonucleotide-mediated exon-skipping in mdx mice and (2) stable restoration of α-sarcoglycan expression in KO-SGCA mice by systemic injection of a viral vector. Following administration of the therapeutic agents MYOM3 was restored toward wild-type levels. In the LGMD model, where different doses of vector were used, MYOM3 restoration was dose-dependent. MYOM3 fragments showed lower inter-individual variability compared with the commonly used creatine kinase assay, and correlated better with the restoration of the dystrophin-associated protein complex and muscle force. These data suggest that the MYOM3 fragments hold promise for minimally invasive assessment of experimental therapies for DMD and other neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thibaut Léger
- Mass spectrometry Laboratory, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, University Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Camille Garcia
- Mass spectrometry Laboratory, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, University Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Camadro
- Mass spectrometry Laboratory, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, University Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Brenda Wong
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | - Graham Mcclorey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Thomas C Roberts
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Laurent Servais
- Service of Clinical Trials and Databases, Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Bjarne Udd
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Voit
- UPMC Inserm, UMRS 974, CNRS FRE 3617, Paris, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie- Paris 6, Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France and
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Henríquez-Olguín C, Altamirano F, Valladares D, López JR, Allen PD, Jaimovich E. Altered ROS production, NF-κB activation and interleukin-6 gene expression induced by electrical stimulation in dystrophic mdx skeletal muscle cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1410-9. [PMID: 25857619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a fatal X-linked genetic disease, caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, which cause functional loss of this protein. This pathology is associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species. The aim of this work was to study the alterations in NF-κB activation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression induced by membrane depolarization in dystrophic mdx myotubes. Membrane depolarization elicited by electrical stimulation increased p65 phosphorylation, NF-κB transcriptional activity and NF-κB-dependent IL-6 expression in wt myotubes, whereas in mdx myotubes it had the opposite effect. We have previously shown that depolarization-induced intracellular Ca2+ increases and ROS production are necessary for NF-κB activation and stimulation of gene expression in wt myotubes. Dystrophic myotubes showed a reduced amplitude and area under the curve of the Ca2+ transient elicited by electrical stimulation. On the other hand, electrical stimuli induced higher ROS production in mdx than wt myotubes, which were blocked by NOX2 inhibitors. Moreover, mRNA expression and protein levels of the NADPH oxidase subunits: p47phox and gp91phox were increased in mdx myotubes. Looking at ROS-dependence of NF-κB activation we found that in wt myotubes external administration of 50 μM H2O2 increased NF-κB activity; after administration of 100 and 200 μM H2O2 there was no effect. In mdx myotubes there was a dose-dependent reduction in NF-κB activity in response to external administration of H2O2, with a significant effect of 100 μM and 200 μM, suggesting that ROS levels are critical for NF-κB activity. Prior blockage with NOX2 inhibitors blunted the effects of electrical stimuli in both NF-κB activation and IL-6 expression. Finally, to ascertain whether stimulation of NF-κB and IL-6 gene expression by the inflammatory pathway is also impaired in mdx myotubes, we studied the effect of lipopolysaccharide on both NF-κB activation and IL-6 expression. Exposure to lipopolysaccharide induced a dramatic increase in both NF-κB activation and IL-6 expression in both wt and mdx myotubes, suggesting that the altered IL-6 gene expression after electrical stimulation in mdx muscle cells is due to dysregulation of Ca2+ release and ROS production, both of which impinge on NF-κB signaling. IL-6 is a key metabolic modulator that is released by the skeletal muscle to coordinate a multi-systemic response (liver, muscle, and adipocytes) during physical exercise; the alteration of this response in dystrophic muscles may contribute to an abnormal response to contraction and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Henríquez-Olguín
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8389100, Chile; Laboratorio Ciencias del Ejercicio, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Altamirano
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8389100, Chile; Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Denisse Valladares
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8389100, Chile
| | - José R López
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Paul D Allen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Enrique Jaimovich
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8389100, Chile.
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Manning J, O'Malley D. What has the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy contributed to our understanding of this disease? J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2015; 36:155-67. [PMID: 25669899 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-015-9406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal X-chromosome linked recessive disorder caused by the truncation or deletion of the dystrophin gene. The most widely used animal model of this disease is the dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse which was first discovered 30 years ago. Despite its extensive use in DMD research, no effective treatment has yet been developed for this devastating disease. This review explores what we have learned from this mouse model regarding the pathophysiology of DMD and asks if it has a future in providing a better more thorough understanding of this disease or if it will bring us any closer to improving the outlook for DMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Manning
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, 4.23 Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
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Qin EC, Jugé L, Lambert SA, Paradis V, Sinkus R, Bilston LE. In vivo anisotropic mechanical properties of dystrophic skeletal muscles measured by anisotropic MR elastographic imaging: the mdx mouse model of muscular dystrophy. Radiology 2014; 273:726-35. [PMID: 25105354 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.14132661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the utility of mechanical anisotropy (shear storage modulus parallel to fiber/shear storage modulus perpendicular to fiber) measured by combined magnetic resonance (MR) elastography and diffusion-tensor imaging ( DTI diffusion-tensor imaging ) technique (anisotropic MR elastography) to distinguish between healthy and necrotic muscle with different degrees of muscle necrosis in the mdx mouse model of muscular dystrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental protocol was approved by the regional animal ethics committee. Twenty-one mdx and 21 wild-type ( WT wild type ) mice were used in our study. Animals were divided into exercised and sedentary groups. Anisotropic MR elastography was used to obtain mechanical anisotropic shear moduli for the lateral gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles in a 7-T MR imager, from which the mechanical anisotropic ratio was calculated. The animals were imaged before and after 10 weeks of a horizontal treadmill running protocol. Spearman rank correlations were used to compare MR elastographic data with muscle necrotic area percentage from histologic analysis. Mechanical anisotropy in WT wild type and mdx mice muscle were compared by using t test and one-way analysis of variance, and receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed by using statistical software. RESULTS Anisotropic MR elastography was able to be used to distinguish between the muscles of mdx and WT wild type mice, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.8. Strong negative correlation (rs = -0.701; P < .001) between the mechanical anisotropic ratio and the percentage of muscle necrotic area was found. By comparing mice with no or mild (0%-5% mean necrotic area) and severe (>5% mean necrotic area) muscle necrosis, an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.964 was achieved. Diffusion parameters alone were unable to distinguish between the WT wild type and mdx mice at any time point. CONCLUSION The mechanical anisotropic ratio of the shear storage moduli measured by an anisotropic MR elastographic technique can distinguish between healthy muscle and dystrophic muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Qin
- From the Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick, 2031, Australia (E.C.Q., L.J., L.E.B.); University of New South Wales, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Randwick, Australia (E.C.Q., L.E.B.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CRB3, UMR 773, Inserm, Clichy, France (S.A.L.); Department of Pathologic Anatomy, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (V.P.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, England (R.S.)
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Rouillon J, Zocevic A, Leger T, Garcia C, Camadro JM, Udd B, Wong B, Servais L, Voit T, Svinartchouk F. Proteomics profiling of urine reveals specific titin fragments as biomarkers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2014; 24:563-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Barnabei MS, Martindale JM, Townsend D, Metzger JM. Exercise and muscular dystrophy: implications and analysis of effects on musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:1353-63. [PMID: 23733645 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous collection of progressive, inherited diseases of muscle weakness and degeneration. Although these diseases can vary widely in their etiology and presentation, nearly all muscular dystrophies cause exercise intolerance to some degree. Here, we focus on Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most common form of muscular dystrophy, as a paradigm for the effects of muscle disease on exercise capacity. First described in the mid-1800s, DMD is a rapidly progressive and lethal muscular dystrophy caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. Dystrophin is a membrane-associated cytoskeletal protein, the loss of which causes numerous cellular defects including mechanical instability of the sarcolemma, increased influx of extracellular calcium, and cell signaling defects. Here, we discuss the physiological basis for exercise intolerance in DMD, focusing on the molecular and cellular defects caused by loss of dystrophin and how these manifest as organ-level dysfunction and reduced exercise capacity. The main focus of this article is the defects present in dystrophin-deficient striated muscle. However, discussion regarding the effects of dystrophin loss on other tissues, including vascular smooth muscle is also included. Collectively, the goal of this article is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanistic basis for exercise intolerance in DMD, which may serve as an archetype for other muscular dystrophies and diseases of muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Barnabei
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Morales MG, Cabrera D, Céspedes C, Vio CP, Vazquez Y, Brandan E, Cabello-Verrugio C. Inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme decreases skeletal muscle fibrosis in dystrophic mice by a diminution in the expression and activity of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN-2). Cell Tissue Res 2013; 353:173-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1642-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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31
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Kanagawa M, Yu CC, Ito C, Fukada SI, Hozoji-Inada M, Chiyo T, Kuga A, Matsuo M, Sato K, Yamaguchi M, Ito T, Ohtsuka Y, Katanosaka Y, Miyagoe-Suzuki Y, Naruse K, Kobayashi K, Okada T, Takeda S, Toda T. Impaired viability of muscle precursor cells in muscular dystrophy with glycosylation defects and amelioration of its severe phenotype by limited gene expression. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3003-15. [PMID: 23562821 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A group of muscular dystrophies, dystroglycanopathy is caused by abnormalities in post-translational modifications of dystroglycan (DG). To understand better the pathophysiological roles of DG modification and to establish effective clinical treatment for dystroglycanopathy, we here generated two distinct conditional knock-out (cKO) mice for fukutin, the first dystroglycanopathy gene identified for Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy. The first dystroglycanopathy model-myofiber-selective fukutin-cKO [muscle creatine kinase (MCK)-fukutin-cKO] mice-showed mild muscular dystrophy. Forced exercise experiments in presymptomatic MCK-fukutin-cKO mice revealed that myofiber membrane fragility triggered disease manifestation. The second dystroglycanopathy model-muscle precursor cell (MPC)-selective cKO (Myf5-fukutin-cKO) mice-exhibited more severe phenotypes of muscular dystrophy. Using an isolated MPC culture system, we demonstrated, for the first time, that defects in the fukutin-dependent modification of DG lead to impairment of MPC proliferation, differentiation and muscle regeneration. These results suggest that impaired MPC viability contributes to the pathology of dystroglycanopathy. Since our data suggested that frequent cycles of myofiber degeneration/regeneration accelerate substantial and/or functional loss of MPC, we expected that protection from disease-triggering myofiber degeneration provides therapeutic effects even in mouse models with MPC defects; therefore, we restored fukutin expression in myofibers. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated rescue of fukutin expression that was limited in myofibers successfully ameliorated the severe pathology even after disease progression. In addition, compared with other gene therapy studies, considerably low AAV titers were associated with therapeutic effects. Together, our findings indicated that fukutin-deficient dystroglycanopathy is a regeneration-defective disorder, and gene therapy is a feasible treatment for the wide range of dystroglycanopathy even after disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoi Kanagawa
- Division of Neurology/Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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Brereton D, Plochocki J, An D, Costas J, Simons E. The effects of glucocorticoid and voluntary exercise treatment on the development of thoracolumbar kyphosis in dystrophin-deficient mice. PLOS CURRENTS 2012; 4:e4ffdff160de8b. [PMID: 23145353 PMCID: PMC3493061 DOI: 10.1371/4ffdff160de8b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of spinal curvature deformities is a hallmark of muscular dystrophy. While glucocorticoid treatment has been shown to prolong muscle function in dystrophic mice, its effects on the development of dystrophinopathic spinal deformation are poorly understood. In this study, we test the effects of glucocorticoid treatment on the onset of thoracolumbar kyphosis in the dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse using voluntary running exercise to exacerbate muscle fibrosis. We measure the kyphotic index, erector spinae muscle fibrosis, and vertebral bone histomorphometry in 4-month-old mdx mice in four groups: sedentary control, exercise-treated (continuous voluntary access to an activity wheel), glucocorticoid-treated, and glucocorticoid + exercise-treated. Exercise treated mice were found to have significantly lower kyphotic index (i.e., greater kyphosis) and greater muscle fibrosis relative to controls (p < 0.05). However, the deleterious effect of exercise on KI and muscle fibrosis was prevented by glucocorticoid treatment. Some differences in bone histological parameters were observed between treatment groups, suggesting there is a complex relationship between dystrophic muscular changes and vertebral bone mass. Our findings indicate glucocorticoid treatment delays the onset of thoracodorsal spinal deformation in mdx mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brereton
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University
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Desguerre I, Arnold L, Vignaud A, Cuvellier S, Yacoub-youssef H, Gherardi RK, Chelly J, Chretien F, Mounier RÉ, Ferry A, Chazaud BÉ. A new model of experimental fibrosis in hindlimb skeletal muscle of adult mdx mouse mimicking muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 2012; 45:803-14. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.23341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Barnabei MS, Metzger JM. Ex vivo stretch reveals altered mechanical properties of isolated dystrophin-deficient hearts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32880. [PMID: 22427904 PMCID: PMC3298453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive and fatal disease of muscle wasting caused by loss of the cytoskeletal protein dystrophin. In the heart, DMD results in progressive cardiomyopathy and dilation of the left ventricle through mechanisms that are not fully understood. Previous reports have shown that loss of dystrophin causes sarcolemmal instability and reduced mechanical compliance of isolated cardiac myocytes. To expand upon these findings, here we have subjected the left ventricles of dystrophin-deficient mdx hearts to mechanical stretch. Unexpectedly, isolated mdx hearts showed increased left ventricular (LV) compliance compared to controls during stretch as LV volume was increased above normal end diastolic volume. During LV chamber distention, sarcomere lengths increased similarly in mdx and WT hearts despite greater excursions in volume of mdx hearts. This suggests that the mechanical properties of the intact heart cannot be modeled as a simple extrapolation of findings in single cardiac myocytes. To explain these findings, a model is proposed in which disruption of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex perturbs cell-extracellular matrix contacts and promotes the apparent slippage of myocytes past each other during LV distension. In comparison, similar increases in LV compliance were obtained in isolated hearts from β-sarcoglycan-null and laminin-α2 mutant mice, but not in dysferlin-null mice, suggesting that increased whole-organ compliance in mdx mice is a specific effect of disrupted cell-extracellular matrix contacts and not a general consequence of cardiomyopathy via membrane defect processes. Collectively, these findings suggest a novel and cell-death independent mechanism for the progressive pathological LV dilation that occurs in DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph M. Metzger
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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Poliachik SL, Friedman SD, Carter GT, Parnell SE, Shaw DW. Skeletal Muscle Edema in Muscular Dystrophy: Clinical and Diagnostic Implications. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2012; 23:107-22, xi. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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36
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Sakakibara H, Suzuki A, Kobayashi A, Motoyama K, Matsui A, Sayama K, Kato A, Ohashi N, Akimoto M, Nakayama T, Shimoi K. Social isolation stress induces hepatic hypertrophy in C57BL/6J mice. J Toxicol Sci 2012; 37:1071-6. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.37.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sakakibara
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Present address: University of Miyazaki
| | - Atsumi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Akio Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Keiko Motoyama
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Asako Matsui
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Kazutoshi Sayama
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University
| | - Ayako Kato
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Prima Meat Packers, Ltd
| | - Norio Ohashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Global COE program, University of Shizuoka
| | | | - Tsutomu Nakayama
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Global COE program, University of Shizuoka
| | - Kayoko Shimoi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Global COE program, University of Shizuoka
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37
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Wooddell CI, Radley‐Crabb HG, Griffin JB, Zhang G. Myofiber Damage Evaluation by Evans Blue Dye Injection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 1:463-88. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470942390.mo110141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah G. Radley‐Crabb
- School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia Crawley Australia
| | | | - Guofeng Zhang
- School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia Crawley Australia
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38
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Radley-Crabb H, Terrill J, Shavlakadze T, Tonkin J, Arthur P, Grounds M. A single 30 min treadmill exercise session is suitable for 'proof-of concept studies' in adult mdx mice: a comparison of the early consequences of two different treadmill protocols. Neuromuscul Disord 2011; 22:170-82. [PMID: 21835619 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The extent of muscle pathology in sedentary adult mdx mice is very low and treadmill exercise is often used to increase myofibre necrosis; however, the early events in dystrophic muscle and blood in response to treadmill exercise (leading to myofibre necrosis) are unknown. This study describes in detail two standardised protocols for the treadmill exercise of mdx mice and profiles changes in molecular and cellular events after a single 30 min treadmill session (Protocol A) or after 4 weeks of (twice weekly) treadmill exercise (Protocol B). Both treadmill protocols increased multiple markers of muscle damage. We conclude that a single 30 min treadmill exercise session is a sufficient and conveniently fast screening test and could be used in 'proof-of-concept' studies to evaluate the benefits of pre-clinical drugs in vivo. Myofibre necrosis, blood serum CK and oxidative stress (specifically the ratio of oxidised to reduced protein thiols) are reliable markers of muscle damage after exercise; many parameters demonstrated high biological variation including changes in mRNA levels for key inflammatory cytokines in muscle. The sampling (sacrifice and tissue collection) time after exercise for these parameters is critical. A more precise understanding of the changes in dystrophic muscle after exercise aims to identify biomarkers and new potential therapeutic drug targets for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Radley-Crabb
- School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
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39
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Markert CD, Ambrosio F, Call JA, Grange RW. Exercise and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: toward evidence-based exercise prescription. Muscle Nerve 2011; 43:464-78. [PMID: 21404285 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To develop a rational framework for answering questions about the role of exercise in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), we focused on five pathophysiological mechanisms and offer brief hypotheses regarding how exercise may beneficially modulate pertinent cellular and molecular pathways. We aimed to provide an integrative overview of mechanisms of DMD pathology that may improve or worsen as a result of exercise. We also sought to stimulate discussion of what outcomes/dependent variables most appropriately measure these mechanisms, with the purpose of defining criteria for well-designed, controlled studies of exercise in DMD. The five mechanisms include pathways that are both intrinsic and extrinsic to the diseased muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Markert
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
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40
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Mathur S, Vohra RS, Germain SA, Forbes S, Bryant ND, Vandenborne K, Walter GA. Changes in muscle T2 and tissue damage after downhill running in mdx mice. Muscle Nerve 2011; 43:878-86. [PMID: 21488051 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study we compared the effects of downhill or horizontal treadmill running on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) transverse relaxation time constant (T(2)) in mdx mice. METHODS Mice underwent either downhill (n = 11 mdx, n = 6 controls) or horizontal running (n = 9, mdx only) on a treadmill. MRI was conducted prior to exercise, immediately afterward (∽20 minutes), and then 24 and 48 hours after exercise. RESULTS A higher percentage of pixels with elevated T(2) in the lower hindlimb muscles was observed in the mdx mice compared with controls both pre-exercise (P < 0.001) and at each time-point after downhill running (P < 0.05), but not with horizontal running. The medial compartment muscles appeared to be the most susceptible to increased T(2). CONCLUSIONS Downhill running provides a stimulus for inducing acute changes in muscle T(2) in mdx mice. MRI is a non-invasive approach for examining acute muscle damage and recovery in multiple muscle groups simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Mathur
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Stevens-Lapsley JE, Kramer LR, Balter JE, Jirikowic J, Boucek D, Taylor M. Functional performance and muscle strength phenotypes in men and women with Danon disease. Muscle Nerve 2011; 42:908-14. [PMID: 21104865 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Danon disease is a rare X-linked myopathy that is characterized clinically by a triad of cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, and cognitive impairment. The purpose of this investigation was to quantify functional performance, muscle weakness, and quadriceps activation in individuals with Danon disease as compared with healthy individuals. Four males (ages 10-34 years) and 4 females (ages 16-50 years), with the genetic markers of Danon disease, were compared with 8 healthy males (ages 22-34 years) and 8 healthy females (ages 23-41 years) and previously reported norms. Affected males and females had decreased functional performance, significant generalized muscle weakness, and decreased quadriceps strength and activation when compared with healthy individuals. Affected males had larger deficits in function, strength, and activation when compared with affected females. The results indicate that, although the presentation of Danon disease is variable and is typically only described in males, muscle weakness patterns exist in both affected males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Stevens-Lapsley
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Denver, MS C244, 13121 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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42
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Rousseau J, Dumont N, Lebel C, Quenneville SP, Côté CH, Frenette J, Tremblay JP. Dystrophin expression following the transplantation of normal muscle precursor cells protects mdx muscle from contraction-induced damage. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:589-96. [PMID: 20650035 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x4863235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most frequent muscular dystrophy. Currently, there is no cure for the disease. The transplantation of muscle precursor cells (MPCs) is one of the possible treatments, because it can restore the expression of dystrophin in DMD muscles. In this study, we investigated the effects of myoblasts injected with cardiotoxin on the contractile properties and resistance to eccentric contractions of transplanted and nontransplanted muscles. We used the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) as a model for our study. We conclude that the sole presence of dystrophin in a high percentage of muscle fibers is not sufficient by itself to increase the absolute or the specific force in the EDL of transplanted mdx muscle. This lack of strength increase may be due to the extensive damage that was produced by the cardiotoxin, which was coinjected with the myoblasts. However, the dystrophin presence is sufficient to protect muscle from eccentric damage as indicated by the force drop results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Rousseau
- Centre de recherche de CHUL, CHUQ, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada
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Guido AN, Campos GER, Neto HS, Marques MJ, Minatel E. Fiber type composition of the sternomastoid and diaphragm muscles of dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:1722-8. [PMID: 20730859 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The muscle fiber phenotype is mainly determined by motoneuron innervation and changes in neuromuscular interaction alter the muscle fiber type. In dystrophin-deficient mdx mice, changes in the molecular assembly of the neuromuscular junction and in nerve terminal sprouting occur in the sternomastoid (STN) muscle during early stages of the disease. In this study, we were interested to see whether early changes in neuromuscular assembly are correlated with alterations in fiber type in dystrophic STN at 2 months of age. A predominance of hybrid fast myofibers (about 52% type IIDB) was observed in control (C57Bl/10) STN. In mdx muscle, the lack of dystrophin did not change this profile (about 54% hybrid type IIDB). Pure fast type IID fibers predominated in normal and dystrophic diaphragm (DIA; about 39% in control and 30% in mdx muscle) and a population of slow Type I fibers was also present (about 10% in control and 13% in mdx muscle). In conclusion, early changes in neuromuscular assembly do not affect the fiber type composition of dystrophic STN. In contrast to the pure fast fibers of the more affected DIA, the hybrid phenotype of the STN may permit dynamic adaptations during progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Neri Guido
- Departamento de Anatomia, Biologia Celular, Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Barton ER, Wang BJ, Brisson BK, Sweeney HL. Diaphragm displays early and progressive functional deficits in dysferlin-deficient mice. Muscle Nerve 2010; 42:22-9. [PMID: 20544921 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mouse lines with dysferlin deficiency are accepted animal models for limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2B and Miyoshi myopathy, yet slow progression of pathology prevents rapid screening of potential therapies for this disease. Our goal was to define a functional signature for skeletal muscles that lack dysferlin. Force generation and susceptibility to eccentric contractile injury measurements were performed in isolated limb muscles and the diaphragm from 10- and 36-week-old A/J and age-matched control mice. Limb muscles had normal specific force at both 10 and 36 weeks, whereas the diaphragm had significant deficits in both specific force and susceptibility to eccentric contractile injury. Membrane ruptures in the diaphragm during eccentric contractions occurred predominantly in myosin heavy chain 2A-expressing fibers. Dysferlin content did not vary significantly between wildtype muscles, suggesting that there was no correlation between disease severity and normal endogenous levels of the protein. These studies show that, unlike limb muscles, the diaphragm from the A/J mouse displays early deficits in function that may lower the age needed for evaluating potential therapies for dysferlinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth R Barton
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, 441A Levy Building, 240 S. 40th Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Wooddell CI, Zhang G, Griffin JB, Hegge JO, Huss T, Wolff JA. Use of Evans blue dye to compare limb muscles in exercised young and old mdx mice. Muscle Nerve 2010; 41:487-99. [PMID: 19813196 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Evans blue dye (EBD) is used to mark damaged and permeable muscle fibers in mouse models of muscular dystrophy and as an endpoint in therapeutic trials. We counted EBD-positive muscle fibers and extracted EBD from muscles sampled throughout the hindlimbs in young adult and old mdx mice to determine if the natural variability in morphology would allow measurement of a functional improvement in one limb compared to the contralateral limb. Following one bout of rotarod or treadmill exercise that greatly increased serum creatine kinase levels, the number of EBD(+) muscle fibers in 12-19-month-old mdx mice increased 3-fold, EBD in the muscles increased, and, importantly, contralateral pairs of muscles contained similar amounts of EBD. In contrast, the intra- and interlimb amounts of EBD in 2-7-month-old mdx mice were much too variable. A therapeutic effect can more readily be measured in old mdx mice. These results will be useful in the design of therapy protocols using the mdx mouse.
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A 3 months mild functional test regime does not affect disease parameters in young mdx mice. Neuromuscul Disord 2010; 20:273-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Garrood P, Hollingsworth KG, Eagle M, Aribisala BS, Birchall D, Bushby K, Straub V. MR imaging in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Quantification of T1-weighted signal, contrast uptake, and the effects of exercise. J Magn Reson Imaging 2009; 30:1130-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Spurney CF, Gordish-Dressman H, Guerron AD, Sali A, Pandey GS, Rawat R, Van Der Meulen JH, Cha HJ, Pistilli EE, Partridge TA, Hoffman EP, Nagaraju K. Preclinical drug trials in the mdx mouse: assessment of reliable and sensitive outcome measures. Muscle Nerve 2009; 39:591-602. [PMID: 19260102 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The availability of animal models for Duchenne muscular dystrophy has led to extensive preclinical research on potential therapeutics. Few studies have focused on reliability and sensitivity of endpoints for mdx mouse drug trials. Therefore, we sought to compare a wide variety of reported and novel endpoint measures in exercised mdx and normal control mice at 10, 20, and 40 weeks of age. Statistical analysis as well as power calculations for expected effect sizes in mdx preclinical drug trials across different ages showed that body weight, normalized grip strength, horizontal activity, rest time, cardiac function measurements, blood pressure, total central/peripheral nuclei per fiber, and serum creatine kinase are the most effective measurements for detecting drug-induced changes. These data provide an experimental basis upon which standardization of preclinical drug testing can be developed. Muscle Nerve, 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Spurney
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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Willmann R, Possekel S, Dubach-Powell J, Meier T, Ruegg MA. Mammalian animal models for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2009; 19:241-9. [PMID: 19217290 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal neuromuscular disease that affects boys and leads to early death. In the quest for new treatments that improve the quality of life and in the search for a possible definitive cure, the use of animal models plays undoubtedly an important role. Therefore, a number of different mammalian models for DMD have been described. Much knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease has arisen from studies in these animals. However, the use of different models does not often allow a direct comparison of results obtained in preclinical trials and therefore hinders a straightforward translational research. In the frame of "TREAT-NMD", a European Network of Excellence addressing the fragmentation in the assessment and treatment of neuromuscular diseases, we compare here the currently used mammalian animal models for DMD with the aim of selecting and recommending the most appropriate ones for preclinical efficacy testing of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Willmann
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Hypernitrosylated ryanodine receptor calcium release channels are leaky in dystrophic muscle. Nat Med 2009; 15:325-30. [PMID: 19198614 PMCID: PMC2910579 DOI: 10.1038/nm.1916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by progressive muscle weakness and early death resulting from dystrophin deficiency. Loss of dystrophin results in disruption of a large dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC) leading to pathologic calcium (Ca2+)-dependent signals that damage muscle cells 1–5. We have identified a structural and functional defect in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release channel/ryanodine receptor (RyR1) in the mdx mouse model of muscular dystrophy that may contribute to altered Ca2+ homeostasis in dystrophic muscles. RyR1 isolated from mdx skeletal muscle exhibited an age-dependent increase in S-nitrosylation coincident with dystrophic changes in the muscle. RyR1 S-nitrosylation depleted the channel complex of FKBP12 (or “calstabin1” for calcium channel stabilizing binding protein) resulting in “leaky” channels. Preventing calstabin1 depletion from RyR1 using S107, a compound that binds to the RyR1 channel and enhances the binding affinity of calstabin1 to the nitrosylated channel, inhibited SR Ca2+ leak, reduced biochemical and histologic evidence of muscle damage, improved muscle function and increased exercise performance in mdx mice. Thus, SR Ca2+ leak via RyR1 due to S-nitrosylation of the channel and calstabin1 depletion likely contributes to muscle weakness in muscular dystrophy and preventing the RyR1-mediated SR Ca2+ leak may provide a novel therapeutic approach.
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