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Lian S, Lin H, Zhang W, Lei H, Cao M, Mao J, Li T, Chen S, Yang L. Effects of the Addition of Amino-Terminated Highly Branched Polyurea on Curing Properties of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103620. [PMID: 37241247 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a highly branched polyurea (HBP-NH2) similar to urea structure was introduced to phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin to accelerate itscuring speed The results of gel time and bonding strength were combined to obtain a good modified additional stage and amount of HBP-NH2. The relative molar mass changes of HBP-NH2-modified PF resin were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The effects of HBP-NH2 on the curing of PF resin were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The effect of HBP-NH2 on the structure of PF resin was also investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance carbon spectroscopy (13C-NMR). The test results show that the gel time of the modified PF resin was reduced by 32% and 51% at 110 °C and 130 °C, respectively. Meanwhile, the addition of HBP-NH2 increased the relative molar mass of PF resin. The bonding strength test showed that the bonding strength of modified PF resin increased by 22% after soaking in boiling water (93 °C ± 2) for 3 h. The DSC and DMA analysis indicated that the curing peak temperature decreased from 137 °C to 102 °C, and the curing rate of the modified PF resin was also faster than that of the pure PF resin. The 13C-NMR results showed that HBP-NH2 in the PF resin reacted to produce a co-condensation structure. Finally, the possible reaction mechanism of HBP-NH2 for the modification of PF resin was given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiguan Lian
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Ministry of Science and Technology, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Huali Lin
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Ministry of Science and Technology, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Ministry of Science and Technology, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Hong Lei
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Ming Cao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Ministry of Science and Technology, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Jianrong Mao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Ministry of Science and Technology, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Taohong Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Ministry of Science and Technology, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Long Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Ministry of Science and Technology, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
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Pizzi A, Papadopoulos AN, Policardi F. Wood Composites and Their Polymer Binders. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051115. [PMID: 32414198 PMCID: PMC7285055 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents first, rather succinctly, what are the important points to look out for when preparing good wood composites, the main types of wood composites manufactured industrially, and the mainly oil-derived wood composite adhesives and binders that dominate and have been dominating this industry. Also briefly described are the most characteristic biosourced, renewable-derived adhesives that are actively researched as substitutes. For all these adhesives, synthetic and biosourced, the reviews expose the considerable progresses which have occurred relatively recently, with a host of new approaches and ideas having been proposed and tested, some even implemented, but with even many more already appearing on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pizzi
- LERMAB-ENSTIB, University of Lorraine, 88000 Epinal, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonios N. Papadopoulos
- Department of Forestry and Natural Environment, International Hellenic University, 66100 Drama, Greece;
| | - Franco Policardi
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška cesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Cao M, Li T, Liang J, Wu Z, Zhou X, Du G. A 13C-NMR Study on the 1,3-Dimethylolurea-Phenol Co-Condensation Reaction: A Model for Amino-Phenolic Co-Condensed Resin Synthesis. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E391. [PMID: 30974669 PMCID: PMC6432414 DOI: 10.3390/polym8110391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactions of di-hydroxymethylurea with phenol under alkaline (pH = 10), weak (pH = 6) and strong acidic (pH = 2) conditions were investigated via the 13C-NMR method. Based on the proposed reaction mechanisms, the variations of the structures of different condensed products were analyzed and the competitive relationship between self- and co-condensation reactions was elucidated. The required experimental conditions for co-condensations were clearly pointed out. The main conclusions include: (1) the self-condensation between urea formaldehyde (UF) or phenol formaldehyde (PF) monomers were dominant while the co-condensations were very limited under alkaline conditions. This is because the intermediates produced from urea, methylolurea and phenol are less reactive in co-condensations with respect to self-condensations; (2) under weak acidic conditions, the self-condensations occurred exclusively among the UF monomers. The co-condensation structures were not observed; and (3) the co-condensations became much more competitive under strong acidic conditions as the relative content of the co-condensed methylenic carbon accounts for 53.3%. This result can be rationalized by the high reactivity of the methylolphenol carbocation intermediate toward urea and methylolurea. The revealed reaction selectivity and mechanisms may also be applied to the synthesis of those more complex co-condensed adhesives based on natural phenolic and amino compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cao
- The Yunnan Province Key Lab of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Taohong Li
- The Yunnan Province Key Lab of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Jiankun Liang
- The Yunnan Province Key Lab of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Zhigang Wu
- The Yunnan Province Key Lab of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Xiaojian Zhou
- The Yunnan Province Key Lab of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Guanben Du
- The Yunnan Province Key Lab of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Chai Y, Liu J, Zhao Y, Yan N. Characterization of Modified Phenol Formaldehyde Resole Resins Synthesized in Situ with Various Boron Compounds. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Chai
- Research
Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China 100091
- Faculty
of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B3
| | - Junliang Liu
- Research
Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China 100091
| | - Yong Zhao
- Faculty
of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B3
| | - Ning Yan
- Faculty
of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B3
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Zhao W, Gao H, Fan M. Synthesis of novel monolithic activated carbons from phenol–urea–formaldehyde resin. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20736c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenol–urea–formaldehyde (PUF) organic foams have been firstly synthesized from phenol–urea–formaldehyde resin under alkaline conditions, which can be used as precursor to produce cellular activated carbon foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Zhao
- College of Material Engineering
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
- Fuzhou 350002
- PR China
| | - H. Gao
- College of Material Engineering
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
- Fuzhou 350002
- PR China
| | - M. Fan
- College of Engineering Design and Physical Sciences
- Brunel University
- UK
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Synthesis and Structure Characterization of Phenol-Urea-Formaldehyde Resins in the Presence of Magnesium Oxide as Catalyst. Polymers (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/polym6082221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Muirhead K, Earnshaw S, Easton CJ, Philbrook A. Incorporation of guanidine and ethylguanidine into thermosetting resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Jadhao MM, Kumar S, Paliwal LJ, Bhave NS, Alam S. Resin-V: Synthesis and physicochemical studies of a biphenol-guanidine-formaldehyde terpolymer resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Essawy HA, Moustafa AAB, Elsayed NH. Improving the performance of urea-formaldehyde wood adhesive system using dendritic poly(amidoamine)s and their corresponding half generations. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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On the structure and cure acceleration of phenol–urea–formaldehyde resins with different catalysts. Eur Polym J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fan D, Chang J, Li J, Mao A, Zhang L. 13C-NMR study on the structure of phenol-urea-formaldehyde resins prepared by methylolureas and phenol. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Du G, Lei H, Pizzi A, Pasch H. Synthesis-structure-performance relationship of cocondensed phenol-urea-formaldehyde resins by MALDI-ToF and13C NMR. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lei H, Pizzi A, Du G, Despres A. Variation of MUF and PMUF resins mass fractions during preparation. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lei H, Pizzi A, Despres A, Pasch H, Du G. Ester acceleration mechanisms in phenol–formaldehyde resin adhesives. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Schrod M, Rode K, Braun D, Pasch H. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of synthetic polymers. VI. Analysis of phenol-urea-formaldehyde cocondensates. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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