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Novel Quick Cell Patterning Using Light-Responsive Gas-Generating Polymer and Fluorescence Microscope. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020320. [PMID: 35208444 PMCID: PMC8875422 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Conventional cell patterning methods are mainly based on hydrophilic/hydrophobic differences or chemical coating for cell adhesion/non-adhesion with wavering strength as it varies with the substrate surface conditions, including the cell type and the extracellular matrix components (ECMs) coating; thus, the versatility and stability of cell patterning methods must be improved. In this study, we propose a new cell patterning method using a light-responsive gas-generating polymer (LGP) and a conventional fluorescence microscope. Herein, cells and cellular tissues are easily released from the substrate surface by the nitrogen gas bubbles generated from LGP by the excitation light for fluorescence observation without harming the cells. The LGP-implanted chip was fabricated by packing LGP into a polystyrene (PS) microarray chip with a concave pattern. HeLa cells were spread on the LGP-implanted chips coated with three different ECMs (fibronectin, collagen, and poly-D-lysine), and all HeLa cells on the three LGP patterns were released. The pattern error between the LGP pattern and the remaining HeLa cells was 8.81 ± 4.24 μm, less than single-cell size. In addition, the LGP-implanted chip method can be applied to millimeter-scale patterns, with less than 30 s required for cell patterning. Therefore, the proposed method is a simple and rapid cell patterning method with high cell patterning accuracy of less than the cell size error, high scalability, versatility, and stability unaffected by the cell type or the ECM coating.
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2
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Doberenz F, Zeng K, Willems C, Zhang K, Groth T. Thermoresponsive polymers and their biomedical application in tissue engineering - a review. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:607-628. [PMID: 31939978 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02052g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive polymers hold great potential in the biomedical field, since they enable the fabrication of cell sheets, in situ drug delivery and 3D-printing under physiological conditions. In this review we provide an overview of several thermoresponsive polymers and their application, with focus on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-surfaces for cell sheet engineering. Basic knowledge of important processes like protein adsorption on surfaces and cell adhesion is provided. For different thermoresponsive polymers, namely PNIPAm, Pluronics, elastin-like polypeptides (ELP) and poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PNVCL), synthesis and basic chemical and physical properties have been described and the mechanism of their thermoresponsive behavior highlighted. Fabrication methods of thermoresponsive surfaces have been discussed, focusing on PNIPAm, and describing several methods in detail. The latter part of this review is dedicated to the application of the thermoresponsive polymers and with regard to cell sheet engineering, the process of temperature-dependent cell sheet detachment is explained. We provide insight into several applications of PNIPAm surfaces in cell sheet engineering. For Pluronics, ELP and PNVCL we show their application in the field of drug delivery and tissue engineering. We conclude, that research of thermoresponsive polymers has made big progress in recent years, especially for PNIPAm since the 1990s. However, manifold research possibilities, e.g. in surface fabrication and 3D-printing and further translational applications are conceivable in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Doberenz
- Department Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Kui Zeng
- Wood Technology and Wood Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Willems
- Department Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Kai Zhang
- Wood Technology and Wood Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Groth
- Department Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany. and Interdisciplinary Center of Material Science, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany and Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 1, 19991, Trubetskaya st. 8, Moscow, Russian Federation
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AKIYAMA Y, OKANO T. Temperature-Responsive Cell Culture Surface for Cell-Sheet Tissue Engineering and Its Design to Express Temperature-Dependent Cell Attachment/Detachment Character. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2018. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.2017-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikatsu AKIYAMA
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women’s Medical University
| | - Teruo OKANO
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women’s Medical University
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4
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Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)-coated surfaces: Investigation of the mechanism of cell detachment. Biointerphases 2017; 12:02C401. [DOI: 10.1116/1.4979920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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5
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Itoga K, Kobayashi J, Yamato M, Okano T. Micropatterning with a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Projector. Methods Cell Biol 2014; 119:141-58. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416742-1.00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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6
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Sivakumar PM, Zhou D, Son TI, Ito Y. Design and Synthesis of Photoreactive Polymers for Biomedical Applications. Biomimetics (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118810408.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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7
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Yang P, Yang W. Surface Chemoselective Phototransformation of C–H Bonds on Organic Polymeric Materials and Related High-Tech Applications. Chem Rev 2013; 113:5547-94. [PMID: 23614481 DOI: 10.1021/cr300246p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory
of Applied Surface
and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Wantai Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of
Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing
100029, China
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8
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Pesirikan N, Chang W, Zhang X, Xu J, Yu X. Characterization of schwann cells in self-assembled sheets from thermoresponsive substrates. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:1601-9. [PMID: 23477904 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells are the vital glial cells in the development and regeneration of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Recently, Schwann cell transplantation has emerged as one of the attractive candidates in treating demyelinating diseases resulting from the PNS and central nervous system injuries. Schwann cells are usually injected as cell suspensions or transplanted after being seeded on extracellular matrix proteins or biodegradable polymeric scaffolds. In these approaches, the adherens junctions between Schwann cells present in vivo are not readily replicated as Schwann cells dispersed as individual cells. Here we describe a procedure to grow a large amount of Schwann cells in a sheet architecture that can be either transplanted or injected and provide some insights into the influence of a sheet-like cell organization on the function of Schwann cells, including their viability, proliferation, alignment, and migration. The Schwann cell sheet was successfully generated through coating the culture plate surfaces by layer-by-layer self-assembly of the thermoresponsive polymer poly-(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM). Further characterization of the Schwann cell sheet showed that Schwann cells in sheet were highly viable, but maintained a lower proliferation rate than individual Schwann cells. The levels of nerve growth factor and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor were also maintained in Schwann cell sheets. The protein level of a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p27, was upregulated in the Schwann cell sheet. Both alignment with axon-like nanofibers and migration of Schwann cells are not significantly different between Schwann cells in a sheet-like organization and as individual cells. We conclude that Schwann cell sheet engineering presents a promising method for cell-based nerve injury therapy, as well as a model to study the control of Schwann cell proliferation in response to intercellular organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norapath Pesirikan
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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9
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Tekin H, Sanchez JG, Tsinman T, Langer R, Khademhosseini A. Thermoresponsive Platforms for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. AIChE J 2011; 57:3249-3258. [PMID: 23105146 DOI: 10.1002/aic.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Halil Tekin
- Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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10
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Zhang C, Vernier PT, Wu YH, Yang W. Surface chemical immobilization of parylene C with thermosensitive block copolymer brushes based on N-isopropylacrylamide and N-tert-butylacrylamide: Synthesis, characterization, and cell adhesion/detachment. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2011; 100:217-29. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Kenda-Ropson N, Lenglois S, Miller AOA. Microsupport with two-dimensional geometry (2D-MS) 4. Temperature-induced detachment of anchorage-dependent CHO-K1 cells from cryoresponsive MicroHex((R)) (CryoHex). Cytotechnology 2011; 39:163-70. [PMID: 19003309 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023949716842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue culture flasks were activated by electron beam irradiation and subsequently treated with N-isopropylacrylamide to make them cryoresponsive. Leaving such 'cryoflasks' unattended for 10 minutes at room temperature sufficed to almost completely detach the anchorage-dependent cells. MicroHex((R)), a polystyrene-based tissue culture microsupport with two-dimensional geometry, was handled in the same way to obtain CryoHex, i.e. a cryoresponsive MicroHex from which anchorage-dependent cells could be detached by exposure to low temperature (4-20 degrees C). Experimental conditions were determined allowing one to detach the cells from small and large microsupport culture volumes. Cells detached from CryoHex by exposure to low temperature displayed a high cell viability and, upon subcultivation on MicroHex((R)), did not show any alteration of their growth kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kenda-Ropson
- 4C Biotech s.a., Rue de la Marlette 14, Seneffe, B-7180, Belgium
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12
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Surface Characterization of Binary Graft Copolymers (PP-g-DMAEMA)-g-NIPAAm and (PP-g-4VP)-g-NIPAAm by Using SEM and AFM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2010-1050.ch008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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13
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Itoga K, Kobayashi J, Yamato M, Okano T. Development of Microfabrication Technology with Maskless Photolithography Device Using LCD Projector. JOURNAL OF ROBOTICS AND MECHATRONICS 2010. [DOI: 10.20965/jrm.2010.p0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The maskless photolithography device we developed requires no photomask, by modifying Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) projector optics from magnified to reduced projection. The second-generation device we developed produces a practical centimeter-scale micropattern by dividing a large mask pattern and divisionally exposing it synchronized with an auto-XY stage, applying it to cellmicropattern and microfluidic device production. Although advantageous in producing maskless micropatterns, problems arise in jagged pattern boundaries due to the liquid crystal panel structure and collapse pattern of the boundary divided on divisional exposure using the auto-XY stage. The third-generation maskless photolithography device we developed had a more accurate auto-XY stage and solved problems caused by hardware through software such as control of the auto-XY stage.
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14
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Chang WH, Chou SH, Lin JJ, Chen WC, Sheng YJ. Thin film morphologies of π-conjugated rod-coil block copolymers with thermoresponsive property: A combined experimental and molecular simulation study. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:214901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3428761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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15
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Cooperstein MA, Canavan HE. Biological cell detachment from poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) and its applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:7695-707. [PMID: 20496955 DOI: 10.1021/la902587p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (pNIPAM) has become widely used for bioengineering applications. In particular, pNIPAM substrates have been used for the nondestructive release of biological cells and proteins. In this feature article, we review the applications for which pNIPAM substrates have been used to release biological cells, including for the study of the extracellular matrix (ECM), for cell sheet engineering and tissue transplantation, the formation of tumorlike spheroids, the study of bioadhesion and bioadsorption, and the manipulation or deformation of individual cells. The articles reviewed include submissions from our own group as well as from those performing research in the field worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Cooperstein
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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16
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Itoga K, Okano T. The high functionalization of temperature-responsive culture dishes for establishing advanced cell sheet engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01064b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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17
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Thermally-responsive surfaces comprising grafted poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) chains: Surface characterisation and reversible capture of dispersed polymer particles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 340:166-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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19
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Loh XJ, Gong J, Sakuragi M, Kitajima T, Liu M, Li J, Ito Y. Surface Coating with a Thermoresponsive Copolymer for the Culture and Non-Enzymatic Recovery of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Macromol Biosci 2009; 9:1069-79. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200900081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Haratake M, Hongoh M, Miyauchi M, Hirakawa R, Ono M, Nakayama M. Albumin-Mediated Selenium Transfer by a Selenotrisulfide Relay Mechanism. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:6273-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ic800310j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Heinz P, Brétagnol F, Mannelli I, Sirghi L, Valsesia A, Ceccone G, Gilliland D, Landfester K, Rauscher H, Rossi F. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) grafted on plasma-activated poly(ethylene oxide): thermal response and interaction with proteins. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:6166-6175. [PMID: 18484752 DOI: 10.1021/la800575f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive polymer layers offer the possibility of preparing smart surfaces with properties that are switchable through a phase transition, usually close to the lower critical solution temperature of the polymer. In particular, poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) has gained a great deal of attention because it has such a phase transition in a physiologically interesting temperature range. We have prepared ultrathin thermoresponsive coatings by grafting pNIPAM on a plasma-CVD-deposited, poly(ethylene oxide)-like polymer substrate that was activated in an Ar plasma discharge to initiate the grafting. The presence and integrity of pNIPAM was verified by XPS and ToF-SIMS, and a dramatic change in the wettability during the phase transition was identified by temperature-dependent contact angle measurements. The transition from the hydrated to the collapsed conformation was analyzed by temperature-dependent QCM measurements and by AFM. An unusual, reversible behavior of the viscoelastic properties was seen directly at the phase transition from the swollen to the collapsed state. The phase transition leads to a switching from protein repulsion to a state that allows the adsorption of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Heinz
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Via E. Fermi, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
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22
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Heinz P, Brétagnol F, Mannelli I, Gillil D, Rauscher H, Rossi F. Phase transition of pNIPAM grafted on plasma-activated PEO monitored in-situ by quartz crystal microbalance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/100/1/012033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Itoga K, Kobayashi J, Tsuda Y, Yamato M, Okano T. Second-generation maskless photolithography device for surface micropatterning and microfluidic channel fabrication. Anal Chem 2008; 80:1323-7. [PMID: 18211096 DOI: 10.1021/ac702208d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported on a maskless photolithography device for surface micropatterning and microfabrication by modifying a commercially available liquid crystal display projector. For the prototype, 10-microm resolution was achieved by downsizing the image on a 0.7-in. liquid crystal display panel to an area of 8 x 6 mm and projecting it on a fixed stage. Here, we report on a second-generation maskless photolithography device having two novel features. First, the sliding lens system with variable focal distances and exchangeable objective lenses achieves a variable resolution of 2-8 mum. Second, the synchronous control of displayed images generated by a personal computer and the movement of a XY-positioning stage allows for the fabrication of micropatterns over a larger area (over 50 x 50 mm). Here, we show examples fabricated with the two novel features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Itoga
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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da Silva RM, Mano JF, Reis RL. Smart thermoresponsive coatings and surfaces for tissue engineering: switching cell-material boundaries. Trends Biotechnol 2007; 25:577-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Hasirci V, Kenar H. Novel surface patterning approaches for tissue engineering and their effect on cell behavior. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2007; 1:73-90. [PMID: 17716211 DOI: 10.2217/17435889.1.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for the creation of specially designed surfaces for use in the preparation of tailor-made tissue constructs with the ultimate aim of tissue engineering are reviewed here. Fundamental aspects of cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation and the parameters involved in these processes are discussed. A survey of recent micro- and nano-technological methods for creating physical and chemical cues on tissue engineering carriers is presented. This overview is supported with data from the literature on various applications of different cells on materials with widely differing chemistries and physical properties. Interactions between different cell types and micro- and nano-fabricated substrates are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasif Hasirci
- Middle East Technical University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Biotechnology Research Unit, Ankara, Turkey.
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26
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Rzaev ZM, Dinçer S, Pişkin E. Functional copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide for bioengineering applications. Prog Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Kokkonen HE, Ilvesaro JM, Morra M, Schols HA, Tuukkanen J. Effect of Modified Pectin Molecules on the Growth of Bone Cells. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:509-15. [PMID: 17291075 DOI: 10.1021/bm060614h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate molecular candidates for bone implant nanocoatings, which could improve biocompatibility of implant materials. Primary rat bone cells and murine preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured on enzymatically modified hairy regions (MHR-A and MHR-B) of apple pectins. MHRs were covalently attached to tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) or glass. Uncoated substrata or bone slices were used as controls. Cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation were investigated with fluorescence and confocal microscopy. Bone cells seem to prefer MHR-B coating to MHR-A coating. On MHR-A samples, the overall numbers as well as proportions of active osteoclasts were diminished compared to those on MHR-B, TCPS, or bone. Focal adhesions indicating attachment of the osteoblastic cells were detected on MHR-B and uncoated controls but not on MHR-A. These results demonstrate the possibility to modify surfaces with pectin nanocoatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E Kokkonen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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28
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Selezneva II, Gorelov AV, Rochev YA. Use of thermosensitive polymer material on the basis of N-isopropylacrylamide and N-tert-butylacrylamide copolymer in cell technologies. Bull Exp Biol Med 2006; 142:538-41. [PMID: 17415456 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-006-0411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We developed thermosensitive polymer substrates on the basis of N-isopropylacrylamide and N-tert-butylacrylamide co-polymer and studied their interaction with cultured substrate-dependent mammalian cells. It was shown that these polymers promote cell adhesion and proliferation at a level comparable to polystyrene treated for cell culturing and provide effective cell detachment after lowering culturing temperature below a critical level determined by phase transition temperature in aqueous solutions of polymers. A dependence of phase transition temperature on the ratio between N-isopropylacrylamide and N-tert-butylacrylamide was demonstrated. Differences in the dynamics of cell detachment from the surface of polymer substrates with various proportions between the components were shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Selezneva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino
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29
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Tada Y, Sumaru K, Kameda M, Ohi K, Takagi T, Kanamori T, Yoshimi Y. Development of a photoresponsive cell culture surface: Regional enhancement of living-cell adhesion induced by local light irradiation. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Smith E, Yang J, McGann L, Sebald W, Uludag H. RGD-grafted thermoreversible polymers to facilitate attachment of BMP-2 responsive C2C12 cells. Biomaterials 2005; 26:7329-38. [PMID: 16019067 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to design thermoreversible biomaterials for enhanced adhesion of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)-responsive cells. Peptides containing the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence were conjugated to N-isopropylacrylamide (NiPAM) polymers via amine-reactive N-acryloxysuccinimide (NASI) groups. In monolayer cultures, the adhesion of BMP-2-responsive C2C12 cells to RGD-grafted NiPAM/NASI surfaces was significantly higher than adhesion on ungrafted NiPAM/NASI surfaces. Although the morphology of cells adhered to RGD-grafted NiPAM/NASI surfaces was comparable to cells adhered on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS), long-term cell growth was limited on the NiPAM/NASI surfaces, even for RGD-grafted surfaces. Treatment of C2C12 cells with recombinant BMP-2 induced dose-dependent osteoblastic differentiation as assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. In the absence of BMP-2, cells cultured on NiPAM/NASI polymers (either grafted with RGD peptide or not) expressed significantly higher levels of ALP activity than the cells cultured on TCPS, indicating that the polymer surfaces induced some osteoblastic activity in C2C12 cells without the need for BMP-2. We conclude that NiPAM-based thermoreversible biomaterials, despite their limited ability to support cell growth, allowed an enhanced expression of the chosen osteogenic marker (ALP) by C2C12 cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G6
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Canavan HE, Cheng X, Graham DJ, Ratner BD, Castner DG. Cell sheet detachment affects the extracellular matrix: A surface science study comparing thermal liftoff, enzymatic, and mechanical methods. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005; 75:1-13. [PMID: 16086418 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This work compares the removal of bovine aortic endothelial cell (BAEC) monolayers via 1) low-temperature liftoff from a "smart polymer," plasma polymerized poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (ppNIPAM), 2) enzymatic digestion, and 3) mechanical dissociation from ppNIPAM surfaces. We examine the surfaces after cell removal by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), immunostaining, and cell adhesion assay. Immunoassay results indicate that low-temperature liftoff nondestructively harvests the cell sheet and most of the underlying extracellular matrix (ECM), whereas enzymatic digestion and mechanical dissociation are damaging to both the cells and ECM. XPS results indicate that amide and alcohol groups attributed to proteins in the ECM are present on postliftoff surfaces. Principal component analysis (PCA) of ToF-SIMS data indicates that molecular ion fragments of amino acids are present on postliftoff surfaces. Finally, a cell adhesion assay seeding new cells on surfaces from which an initial layer of cells was removed via each of the three methods indicates that liftoff and mechanical dissociation leave behind surfaces that better promote cell adhesion. We conclude that the removal of BAEC cells via low-temperature liftoff from ppNIPAM-treated surfaces is less damaging to the ECM proteins remaining at the surface than the other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Canavan
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Box 351750, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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32
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Duan L, Wang Y, Li SSC, Wan Z, Zhai J. Rapid and simultaneous detection of human hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus antibodies based on a protein chip assay using nano-gold immunological amplification and silver staining method. BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5:53. [PMID: 15998472 PMCID: PMC1182366 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-5-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Viral hepatitis due to hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus are major public health problems all over the world. Traditional detection methods including polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are expensive and time-consuming. In our assay, a protein chip assay using Nano-gold Immunological Amplification and Silver Staining (NIASS) method was applied to detect HBV and HCV antibodies rapidly and simultaneously. Methods Chemically modified glass slides were used as solid supports (named chip), on which several antigens, including HBsAg, HBeAg, HBcAg and HCVAg (a mixture of NS3, NS5 and core antigens) were immobilized respectively. Colloidal nano-gold labelled staphylococcal protein A (SPA) was used as an indicator and immunogold silver staining enhancement technique was applied to amplify the detection signals, producing black image on array spots, which were visible with naked eyes. To determine the detection limit of the protein chip assay, a set of model arrays in which human IgG was spotted were structured and the model arrays were incubated with different concentrations of anti-IgG. A total of 305 serum samples previously characterized with commercial ELISA were divided into 4 groups and tested in this assay. Results We prepared mono-dispersed, spherical nano-gold particles with an average diameter of 15 ± 2 nm. Colloidal nano-gold-SPA particles observed by TEM were well-distributed, maintaining uniform and stable. The optimum silver enhancement time ranged from 8 to 12 minutes. In our assay, the protein chips could detect serum antibodies against HBsAg, HBeAg, HBcAg and HCVAg with the absence of the cross reaction. In the model arrays, the anti-IgG as low as 3 ng/ml could be detected. The data for comparing the protein chip assay with ELISA indicated that no distinct difference (P > 0.05) existed between the results determined by our assay and ELISA respectively. Conclusion Results showed that our assay can be applied with serology for the detection of HBV and HCV antibodies rapidly and simultaneously in clinical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianlian Duan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yefu Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shawn Shun-cheng Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Zhixiang Wan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Zhai
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Biosurface Organic Chemistry: Interfacial Chemical Reactions for Applications to Nanobiotechnology and Biomedical Sciences. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2005. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2005.26.3.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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de Las Heras Alarcon C, Pennadam S, Alexander C. Stimuli responsive polymers for biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2005; 34:276-85. [PMID: 15726163 DOI: 10.1039/b406727d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1170] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymers that can respond to external stimuli are of great interest in medicine, especially as controlled drug release vehicles. In this critical review, we consider the types of stimulus response used in therapeutic applications and the main classes of responsive materials developed to date. Particular emphasis is placed on the wide-ranging possibilities for the biomedical use of these polymers, ranging from drug delivery systems and cell adhesion mediators to controllers of enzyme function and gene expression (134 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina de Las Heras Alarcon
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St. Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, UKPO1 2DT
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35
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Formation of Thermoresponsive Surfaces by Surface-Initiated, Aqueous Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization of N-Isopropylacrylamide: Application to Cell Culture. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2004. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2004.25.11.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Griffin MA, Engler AJ, Barber TA, Healy KE, Sweeney HL, Discher DE. Patterning, prestress, and peeling dynamics of myocytes. Biophys J 2004; 86:1209-22. [PMID: 14747355 PMCID: PMC1303913 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(04)74195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As typical anchorage-dependent cells myocytes must balance contractility against adequate adhesion. Skeletal myotubes grown as isolated strips from myoblasts on micropatterned glass exhibited spontaneous peeling after one end of the myotube was mechanically detached. Such results indicate the development of a prestress in the cells. To assess this prestress and study the dynamic adhesion strength of single myocytes, the shear stress of fluid aspirated into a large-bore micropipette was then used to forcibly peel myotubes. The velocity at which cells peeled from the surface, V(peel), was measured as a continuously increasing function of the imposed tension, T(peel), which ranges from approximately 0 to 50 nN/ micro m. For each cell, peeling proved highly heterogeneous, with V(peel) fluctuating between 0 micro m/s ( approximately 80% of time) and approximately 10 micro m/s. Parallel studies of smooth muscle cells expressing GFP-paxillin also exhibited a discontinuous peeling in which focal adhesions fractured above sites of strong attachment (when pressure peeled using a small-bore pipette). The peeling approaches described here lend insight into the contractile-adhesion balance and can be used to study the real-time dynamics of stressed adhesions through both physical detection and the use of GFP markers; the methods should prove useful in comparing normal versus dystrophic muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A Griffin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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37
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Cheng X, Wang Y, Hanein Y, Böhringer KF, Ratner BD. Novel cell patterning using microheater-controlled thermoresponsive plasma films. J Biomed Mater Res A 2004; 70:159-68. [PMID: 15227660 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach is reported for cell patterning based on addressable microheaters and a poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (pNIPAM) themoresponsive coating. This thermoresponsive coating is created by a radio frequency NIPAM plasma and is denoted as plasma polymerized NIPAM (ppNIPAM). Films of ppNIPAM with a good retention of monomer side-chain functionality are produced using low-power continuous plasma deposition. Cell adhesion and cell detachment tests indicate that the surface switches between adhesive and nonadhesive behaviors as a function of temperature. The use of a photolithographically fabricated microheater array allows the ppNIPAM transition to occur spatially under the control of individual heaters. This localized change in the surface adhesive behavior is used to direct site-specific cell attachment. Patterned adhesion of two types of cells has been visualized on the array through fluorescent markers. Applications for diagnostic devices, cell-based sensors, tissue engineering, and cell transfection are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhong Cheng
- Bioengineering Department, University of Washington Engineered Biomaterials, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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38
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Itoga K, Yamato M, Kobayashi J, Kikuchi A, Okano T. Cell micropatterning using photopolymerization with a liquid crystal device commercial projector. Biomaterials 2004; 25:2047-53. [PMID: 14741619 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Photopolymerization has been widely used for surface micropatterning. The technique often requires photomasks and light sources with appropriate energies or filters. For rapid prototyping of surface photo-micropatterning, we have developed a novel device by modifying a commercially available liquid crystal device projector. In place of the image expansion unit of the projector, we attached an image reduction unit, an adjustable stage, and an optical monitoring unit. The device projected computer-generated images onto surfaces and subjected these patterns to photopolymerization. Micropatterned images can be easily prepared with various software run on personal computers. With the developed photopolymerization device, micropatterning of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was achieved with PEG-diacrylate and a visible light photopolymerization initiator, camphorquinone. Selective cell adhesion control was also achieved on the micropatterned surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Itoga
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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39
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Gümüşderelioğlu M, Müftüoğlu O, Gönen Karakeçili A. Biomodification of thermosensitive copolymer of ethylene glycol vinyl ether by RGD and insulin. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2003.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Uptake of polystyrene beads bearing functional groups by macrophages and fibroblasts. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2003.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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41
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Smith E, Bai J, Oxenford C, Yang J, Somayaji R, Uludag H. Conjugation of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptides to thermoreversibleN-isopropylacrylamide polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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42
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Liu H, Ito Y. Gradient micropattern immobilization of a thermo‐responsive polymer to investigate its effect on cell behavior. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003; 67:1424-9. [PMID: 14624531 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.20004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A gradient micropattern immobilization technique using a photomask was developed to investigate by microscopic observation the effect of the surface concentration of an immobilized thermo-responsive polymer. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) was chosen as the thermo-responsive polymer, and was conjugated with 4-azidoaniline to form a photo-reactive thermo-responsive polymer (PIA-Az). The PIA-Az was coated onto a polystyrene plate, and immobilized using UV irradiation in the presence of a gradient micropattern photomask. The immobilization was performed with and without gelatin. Mouse fibroblast STO cells cultured on the plate did not adhere to the surface when PIA-Az had a high surface density, and no cell detachment was observed in any region when the temperature was lowered. However, on the gelatin coimmobilized surfaces, the cells adhered to all surfaces independent of the PIA-Az density, and detached from the high PIA-Az surface density areas when the temperature was lowered. The present technique demonstrates the effect of the surface concentration-dependent immobilization of the molecules. We show that cell detachment can be regulated by perturbating a small part of the cell-immobilized polymer interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchun Liu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
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43
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Yamato M, Konno C, Koike S, Isoi Y, Shimizu T, Kikuchi A, Makino K, Okano T. Nanofabrication for micropatterned cell arrays by combining electron beam‐irradiated polymer grafting and localized laser ablation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003; 67:1065-71. [PMID: 14666924 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.10078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Most methods reported for cell-surface patterning are generally based on photolithography and use of silicon or glass substrates with processing analogous to semiconductor manufacturing. Herein, we report a novel method to prepare patterned plastic surfaces to achieve cell arrays by combining homogeneous polymer grafting by electron beam irradiation and localized laser ablation of the grafted polymer. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm) was covalently grafted to surfaces of tissue culture-grade polystyrene dishes. Subsequent ultraviolet ArF excimer laser exposure to limited square areas (sides of 30 or 50 microm) produced patterned ablative photodecomposition of only the surface region (approximately 100-nm depth). Three-dimensional surface profiles showed that these ablated surfaces were as smooth and flat as the original tissue culture-grade polystyrene surfaces. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the ablated domains exposed basal polystyrene and were surrounded with PIPAAm-grafted chemistry. Before cell seeding, fibronectin was adsorbed selectively onto ablated domains at 20 degrees C, a condition in which the non-ablated grafted PIPAAm matrix remains highly hydrated. Hepatocytes seeded specifically adhered onto the ablated domains adsorbed with fibronectin. Because PIPAAm, inhibits cell adhesion and migration even at 37 degrees C when the grafted density is > 3 microg/cm2, all the cells were confined within the ablated domains. A 100-cell domain array was achieved by this method. This surface modification technique can be utilized for fabrication of cell-based biosensors as well as tissue-engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Yamato
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan.
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44
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Abstract
One major obstacle toward the creation and survival of larger, three-dimensional tissues is the lack of a vascular network that provides transport of oxygen, nutrients, and metabolic byproducts. Although attempts to create microvasculature in vitro have been described previously (Microcirculation 2 (1995), 377; Tissue Eng. 6 (2000), 105; Ann. NY Accd. Sci. 944 (2001), 443), these methods depend on vascularization of void spaces within the tissue-construct or on the utilization of empty capillary networks by host vessels. In the present study, we examined the possibility of creating perfused microvessels in vitro that can be included in an artificial tissue. First, strands of nylon line with their ends fit into microtubing were positioned within small perfusion chambers. Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were then seeded onto the nylon strands and tubing. The cells multiplied to form concentric layers. Layer thickness was approximately 100 microm after 21 days and 150 microm after 28 days of culture. The lines were then extracted and the chambers connected to a perfusion system. The vessels were continuously perfused with culture medium over 7 days without failure. Artificial microvessels may prove useful in tissue engineering and as models for vascular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Neumann
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 357962, Seattle, WA 98195-7962, USA.
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45
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Abstract
The ability to culture cells in vitro has revolutionized hypothesis testing in basic cell and molecular biology research and has become a standard methodology in drug screening and toxicology assays. However, the traditional cell culture methodology--consisting essentially of the immersion of a large population of cells in a homogeneous fluid medium--has become increasingly limiting, both from a fundamental point of view (cells in vivo are surrounded by complex spatiotemporal microenvironments) and from a practical perspective (scaling up the number of fluid handling steps and cell manipulations for high-throughput studies in vitro is prohibitively expensive). Microfabrication technologies have enabled researchers to design, with micrometer control, the biochemical composition and topology of the substrate, the medium composition, as well as the type of neighboring cells surrounding the microenvironment of the cell. In addition, microtechnology is conceptually well suited for the development of fast, low-cost in vitro systems that allow for high-throughput culturing and analysis of cells under large numbers of conditions. Here we review a variety of applications of microfabrication in cell culture studies, with an emphasis on the biology of various cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianzhen Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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46
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Pan YV, Wesley RA, Luginbuhl R, Denton DD, Ratner BD. Plasma polymerized N-isopropylacrylamide: synthesis and characterization of a smart thermally responsive coating. Biomacromolecules 2002; 2:32-6. [PMID: 11749152 DOI: 10.1021/bm0000642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in an aqueous environment has been observed with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) deposited onto solid surfaces from a plasma glow discharge of NIPAM vapor. The synthesis and spectroscopic data (ESCA, FTIR) for the plasma polymerized NIPAM (ppNIPAM) shows a remarkable retention of the monomer structure. The phase transition at 29 degrees C was measured by a novel AFM method. The phase transition was surprising because of the expectation that the plasma environment would destroy the specific NIPAM structure associated with the thermal responsiveness. The phase change of ppNIPAM is also responsible for the changes in the level of the meniscus when coated capillaries are placed in warm and cold water. Plasma polymerization of NIPAM represents a one-step method to fabricate thermally responsive coatings on real-world biomaterials without the need for specially prepared substrates and functionalized polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y V Pan
- University of Washington Engineered Biomaterials (UWEB), Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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47
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Rackaitis M, Strawhecker K, Manias E. Water-soluble polymers with tunable temperature sensitivity: Solution behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.10284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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48
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Liu H, Ito Y. Cell attachment and detachment on micropattern-immobilized poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) with gelatin. LAB ON A CHIP 2002; 2:175-178. [PMID: 15100830 DOI: 10.1039/b204944a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To investigate by microscopic observation the effects on cell behaviour of immobilized polymers, a micropattern-immobilization technique using a photo-mask was employed. Poly(acrylic acid) or poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) was coupled with azidophenyl groups to form a photo-reactive polymer. The photo-reactive polymer was coated, with or without gelatin, on a cell-culture polystyrene plate and photo-irradiated through a micropatterned photo-mask. Mouse fibroblast STO cells were cultured on the micropattern-immobilized plate. The surface wettability of the immobilized plate was examined by measurement of the contact angle in the cell culture medium. The attachment of cells on the plate was significantly affected by the surface properties. Although the poly(acrylic acid) has the same effect on cell adhesion as a bare polystyrene surface, co-immobilization with gelatin significantly enhanced cell adhesion, while poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) reduced it. However, co-immobilization with gelatin enhanced cell adhesion, and, on the co-immobilized surface, cell detachment was observed by lowering the temperature. Micropattern immobilization was useful for comparing the effects of materials on cell behavior and for constructing biochips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchun Liu
- Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, KSP East 309, Sakado 3-2-1, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, 213-0012, Japan
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49
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Seong SY. Microimmunoassay using a protein chip: optimizing conditions for protein immobilization. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 9:927-30. [PMID: 12093699 PMCID: PMC120026 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.9.4.927-930.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Optimizing conditions for the microarraying of protein antigens onto glass slides were studied. Various vendors, surface functional groups, buffers, and fixatives were evaluated to enhance protein binding. A total of 125 pg of human immunoglobulin was detectable with this assay system, suggesting that protein microarray can be applied for routine immunodiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yong Seong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea.
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50
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Hirose M, Kwon OH, Yamato M, Kikuchi A, Okano T. Creation of designed shape cell sheets that are noninvasively harvested and moved onto another surface. Biomacromolecules 2002; 1:377-81. [PMID: 11710126 DOI: 10.1021/bm0002961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel method to obtain designed shape cell sheets for tissue engineering. Shaping of cell sheets were achieved by the use of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm) and poly(N,N'-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAAm) for temperature-responsive cell adhesive and cell nonadhesive domains, respectively. These polymers were covalently grafted onto tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) dish surfaces by electron beam irradiation with mask patterns. At 37 degrees C, human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) attached, spread, and proliferated to make a monolayer only on PIPAAm-grafted domains. HAECs did not adhere on PDMAAm-grafted domains for more than 1 month even under the serum-supplemented condition. By reducing the culture temperature below 32 degrees C, PIPAAm changed to hydrophilic and HAEC sheets were detached from PIPAAm-grafted surfaces without any need of an enzyme such as trypsin. Cell-cell junctions were retained in the recovered cell sheets and easily moved to virgin TCPS dishes with the aid of hydrophilically modified polyvinylidenefluoride membranes as a supporter during the transfer. Moved cell sheets rapidly adhered onto the dish surfaces, and the supporter was easily peeled off from the cell layers. HAEC sheets transferred to new dishes revealed the identical shape and size to those before transfer. This novel technique is the only way to create, harvest, and transfer designed shape cell sheets and would have promising applications in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hirose
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawada-cho 8-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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