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Ali Vistro W, Liu Y, Xu M, Yang P, Haseeb A, Huang Y, Bai X, Yu L, Gandahi NS, Tarique I, Chen Q. Mitochondria-Rich Cells: A Novel Type of Concealed Cell in the Small Intestine of Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtles ( Pelodiscus Sinensis). Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100717. [PMID: 31554287 PMCID: PMC6826939 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although some studies have been conducted over the past few decades, the existence of mitochondria-rich cells (MRCs) in reptiles is still obscure. This is the first study to uncover the presence of MRCs in the small intestine of Chinese soft-shelled turtles. In this study, we investigated the ultrastructural characteristics of MRCs and the secretion of different ion transport proteins in the small intestine of Pelodiscus sinensis. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the ultrastructural features of MRCs are clearly different from those of other cells. The cytoplasmic density of MRCs was higher than absorptive epithelial cells (AECs) and goblet cells (GCs). MRCs possessed abundant heterogeneous mitochondria and an extensive tubular system in the cytoplasm, however, the AECs and GCs completely lacked a tubular system. Statistical analysis showed that the diameter and quantification of mitochondria were highly significant in MRCs. Mitochondrial vacuolization and despoiled mitochondria were closely associated with autophagosomes in MRCs. The multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and the exosome secretion pathway were observed in MRCs. Immunohistochemical staining of ion transport proteins indicated positive immunoreactivity of Na+/K+_ATPase (NKA) and Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC) at the basal region of the mucosal surface. Likewise, the immunofluorescence staining results showed a strong positive localization of NKA, NKCC, and carbonic anhydrase (CA) at the basal and apical region of the mucosal surface of small intestine. Our findings suggest that MRCs provide support and regulate cellular ions for intestinal homeostasis and provide energy for cellular quality control in intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Ali Vistro
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yifei Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Mengdi Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ping Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Abdul Haseeb
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yufei Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xuebing Bai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liang Yu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Noor Samad Gandahi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Imran Tarique
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qiusheng Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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Effects of dietary glucose and sodium chloride on intestinal glucose absorption of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:1948-1955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Árnason SS, Elbrønd VS, Laverty G. Transport characteristics and morphology of the colon and coprodeum in two wild birds of different habitats, the rock ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) and the common murre (Uria aalge). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 187:86-96. [PMID: 25937620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dietary salt intake in domestic fowl affects epithelial transport and morphology of the lower intestine (colon and coprodeum). This study investigated lower intestinal morphology and transport activity in two wild bird species with natural diets containing either low or high salt. Tissues from rock ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) and common murres (Uria aalge) were sampled for histology and electrophysiological analyses. The ptarmigan exists on a low salt diet, while the murre lives on a high protein and high salt diet. The ptarmigan colon and coprodeum had villi/folds and crypts and the epithelium contained absorptive epithelial cells, mitochondria-rich cells and goblet cells. The colon had significant amiloride-inhibitable Isc, 5-15 μA/cm(2), with no glucose-stimulated Isc, and no significant phloridzin inhibition. The coprodeum also had high amiloride-inhibitable Isc. This transport pattern corresponded to that of chickens on low-salt diets. However, the ptarmigan colon also had a significant lysine/leucine-stimulated Isc of 3±1.0 μA/cm(2). The short U. aalge colon was similar to that of ptarmigans, but with no villi. It demonstrated a significant lysine/leucine-stimulated Isc (11±3.5 μA/cm(2)) with no amiloride-inhibitable Isc, similar to the high-salt chicken colon, but with no Na(+)-glucose cotransport. The murre coprodeum was inert to all substances and showed high resistance (1000 Ω·cm(2)), with a multilayered squamous epithelium. Despite some variations possibly associated with dietary protein intake, we conclude that natural high and low salt diets in different avian species are associated with different lower intestinal transport patterns, providing for post-renal adjustments in ion and water excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vibeke S Elbrønd
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gary Laverty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of DE, Newark, USA.
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Wang K, Cui H, Peng X, Zuo Z, Fang J, Deng J, Deng Y, Cui W, Wu B. Effect of dietary vanadium on small intestinal morphology in broilers. Health (London) 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2012.49105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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NH4+ secretion in the avian colon. An actively regulated barrier to ammonium permeation of the colon mucosa. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009; 153:258-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ultrastructure and electrolyte transport of the epithelium of coprodeum, colon and the proctodeal diverticulum of Rhea americana. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009; 152:357-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Laverty G, Skadhauge E. Adaptive strategies for post-renal handling of urine in birds. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 149:246-54. [PMID: 18276178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Birds are a diverse vertebrate class in terms of diet and habitat, but they share several common physiological features, including the use of uric acid as the major nitrogenous waste product and the lack of a urinary bladder. Instead, ureteral urine refluxes from the urodeum into the more proximal coprodeum and portions of the hindgut (colon or rectum and ceca). This presents a potential problem in that hyperosmotic ureteral urine in contact with the permeable epithelia of these tissues would counteract renal osmotic work. This review describes and provides examples of different strategies used by avian species to balance renal and post-renal changes in urine composition. The strategies described include: 1. a "reptilian" mode, with moderate renal concentrating ability, but high rates of post-renal salt and water resorption; 2. the "mammalian" strategy, in which the coprodeum effectively functions like a mammalian urinary bladder, preserving the osmotic concentrating work of the kidney; 3. an interaction strategy, in which post-renal transport processes are hormonally regulated in order to optimize renal function under varying conditions of salt or water stress; 4. the salt gland strategy seen in marine or estuarine birds with functional salt glands, in which post-renal transport mechanisms are used to conserve urinary water and to recycle excess NaCl to the nasal salt glands. Finally, we also describe some features of an as-yet unstudied group of birds, the birds of prey. At least some species in this group are relatively good renal concentrators, and would be predicted to have post-renal mechanisms to preserve this work. This new synthesis illustrates the marked diversity of adaptive mechanisms used by avian species to maintain osmotic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Laverty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Laverty G, Elbrønd VS, Arnason SS, Skadhauge E. Endocrine regulation of ion transport in the avian lower intestine. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006; 147:70-7. [PMID: 16494879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Revised: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The lower intestine (colon and coprodeum) of the domestic fowl maintains a very active, transporting epithelium, with a microvillus brush border, columnar epithelial cells, and a variety of transport systems. The colon of normal or high salt-acclimated hens expresses sodium-linked glucose and amino acid cotransporters, while the coprodeum is relatively inactive. Following acclimation to low salt diets, however, both colon and coprodeum shift to a pattern of high expression of electrogenic sodium channels, and the colonic cotransporter activity is simultaneously downregulated. These changes in the transport patterns seem to be regulated, at least in part, by aldosterone. Our recent work with this tissue has focused on whether aldosterone alone can account for the low salt pattern of transport. Other work has looked at the changes in morphology and in proportions of cell types that occur during chronic acclimation to high or low salt diets, and on a cAMP-activated chloride secretion pathway. Recent findings suggesting effects of other hormones on lower intestinal transport are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Laverty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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Elbrønd VS, Jones CJP, Skadhauge E. Localization, morphology and function of the mitochondria-rich cells in relation to transepithelial Na(+)-transport in chicken lower intestine (coprodeum). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004; 137:683-96. [PMID: 15123176 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2003] [Revised: 01/07/2004] [Accepted: 02/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The correlation between morphology of the mitochondria-rich cells (MR cells) in chicken lower intestine, coprodeum, and dietary sodium levels, has been investigated, using hens with differing dietary intake of NaCl and plasma aldosterone levels. Additionally, the function of the MR cells was evaluated in relation to proton secretion/exchange. Epithelium from the coprodeum was examined by optical, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and Na(+)-transport across the coprodeal epithelium was measured electrophysiologically in Ussing-chambers. To investigate the function of MR cells, lectin-, enzyme- and immunohistochemistry methods were used. The MR cells were generally located in the epithelium on the upper parts of the sides of mucosal folds. Long microvilli, high but variable toluidine blue affinity/electrondensity and numerous mitochondria were the main features distinguishing them from the surrounding epithelial cells. Two main MR cell types were observed, differing in microvillous morphology, diameter and toluidine blue affinity/electrondensity. This probably reflected differences in maturity and activity. The MR cells expressed a positive carbonic anhydrase reaction and a proton exchange similar to the absorptive intestinal epithelial cells, but exhibited no specific demonstrable proton secretion. A close correlation between the ultrastructure of the MR-cells, dietary sodium levels, plasma aldosterone and transepithelial Na-transport was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Sødring Elbrønd
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Grønnegårdsvej 7, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Laverty G, Bjarnadóttir S, Elbrønd VS, Arnason SS. Aldosterone suppresses expression of an avian colonic sodium-glucose cotransporter. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 281:R1041-50. [PMID: 11557609 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.4.r1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transport in the colon of the domestic fowl switches from sodium-linked hexose and amino acid cotransport on high-salt intake to amiloride-sensitive sodium channel expression on low-salt (LS) diets. The present experiments were designed to investigate the role of aldosterone in suppression of the colonic sodium-glucose luminal cotransporter (SGLT). LS-adapted hens were resalinated with or without simultaneous aldosterone treatment. Changes in the electrophysiological responses and SGLT protein expression levels were examined at 1, 3, and 7 days of treatment. Serum aldosterone levels fell from approximately 400 pmol/l in LS-adapted hens to values below the detection limit (<44 pmol/l) after 1 day of resalination. At the same time, glucose-stimulated short circuit current (I(SC)) increased from 20.9 +/- 8.7 to 56.3 +/- 15.5 microA/cm(2), whereas amiloride-sensitive I(SC) decreased from -68.9 +/- 12.7 microA/cm(2) on LS to +0.6 +/- 12.0 microA/cm(2). Glucose-stimulated I(SC) increased further at 3 and 7 days of resalination, whereas amiloride-sensitive I(SC) remained suppressed. When resalinated birds were simultaneously treated with aldosterone, the LS pattern of high amiloride-sensitive I(SC) and low glucose-stimulated I(SC) was maintained. Immunoblotting results from the same tissues demonstrated that SGLT-like protein expression increased following resalination. Aldosterone treatment completely blocked this effect. These results demonstrate that aldosterone suppresses both activity and protein expression of hen colonic SGLT. Resalination either through decreased aldosterone or other factors may be able to activate SGLT activity independently of increases in protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Laverty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
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