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APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 Mutations in Asian Patients with Early-Onset Alzheimer Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194757. [PMID: 31557888 PMCID: PMC6801447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rapidly increasing in Asia. Mutations in the amyloid protein precursor (APP), presenilin-1 (PSEN1), and presenilin-2 (PSEN2) genes can cause autosomal dominant forms of early-onset AD (EOAD). Although these genes have been extensively studied, variant classification remains a challenge, highlighting the need to colligate mutations across populations. In this study, we performed a genetic screening for mutations in the APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes in 200 clinically diagnosed EOAD patients across four Asian countries, including Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Korea, between 2009 and 2018. Thirty-two (16%) patients presented pathogenic APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2 variants; eight (25%), 19 (59%), and five (16%) of the 32 patients presented APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 variants, respectively. Among the 21 novel and known non-synonymous variants, five APP variants were found in Korean patients and one APP variant was identified in a Thai patient with EOAD. Nine, two, and one PSEN1 mutation was found in a Korean patient, Malaysian siblings, and a Thai patient, respectively. Unlike PSEN1 mutations, PSEN2 mutations were rare in patients with EOAD; only three variants were found in Korean patients with EOAD. Comparison of AD-causative point mutations in Asian countries; our findings explained only a small fraction of patients, leaving approximately 84% (p = 0.01) of autosomal dominant pedigrees genetically unexplained. We suggest that the use of high-throughput sequencing technologies for EOAD patients can potentially improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of AD.
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Nikolac Perkovic M, Pivac N. Genetic Markers of Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1192:27-52. [PMID: 31705489 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a complex and heterogeneous, severe neurodegenerative disorder and the predominant form of dementia, characterized by cognitive disturbances, behavioral and psychotic symptoms, progressive cognitive decline, disorientation, behavioral changes, and death. Genetic background of Alzheimer's disease differs between early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease, other cases of early-onset Alzheimer's disease, and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Rare cases of early-onset familial Alzheimer's diseases are caused by high-penetrant mutations in genes coding for amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1, and presenilin 2. Late-onset Alzheimer's disease is multifactorial and associated with many different genetic risk loci (>20), with the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele being a major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Genetic and genomic studies offer insight into many additional genetic risk loci involved in the genetically complex nature of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. This review highlights the contributions of individual loci to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and suggests that their exact contribution is still not clear. Therefore, the use of genetic markers of Alzheimer's disease, for monitoring development, time course, treatment response, and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease, is still far away from the clinical application, because the contribution of genetic variations to the relative risk of developing Alzheimer's disease is limited. In the light of prediction and prevention of Alzheimer's disease, a novel approach could be found in the form of additive genetic risk scores, which combine additive effects of numerous susceptibility loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matea Nikolac Perkovic
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia.
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Xu Y, Liu X, Shen J, Tian W, Fang R, Li B, Ma J, Cao L, Chen S, Li G, Tang H. The Whole Exome Sequencing Clarifies the Genotype- Phenotype Correlations in Patients with Early-Onset Dementia. Aging Dis 2018; 9:696-705. [PMID: 30090657 PMCID: PMC6065298 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to identify the underlying causes in patients with early onset dementia by clinical and genetic exploration. We recruited a group of 38 patients with early-onset dementia. Firstly, hexanucleotide repeat expansions in C9ORF72 gene were screened in all subjects to exclude the possibility of copy number variation. Then, the whole exome sequencing (WES) was conducted, and the data were analyzed focusing on 89 dementia-related causing and susceptible genes. The effects of identified variants were classified according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) standards and guidelines. There were no pathogenic expansions in C9ORF72 detected. According to the ACMG standards and guidelines, we identified five known pathogenic mutations, PSEN1 P284L, PSEN1c.857-1G>A, PSEN1 I143T, PSEN1 G209E and MAPT G389R, and one novel pathogenic mutation APP K687N. All these mutations caused dementia with the mean onset age of 38.3 (range from 27 to 51) and rapid progression. Eleven variants with uncertain significance were also detected and needed further verification. The clinical phenotypes of dementia are heterogeneous, with both onset ages and clinical features being influenced by mutation position as well as the causative gene. WES can serve as efficient diagnostic tools for different heterogeneous dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangqi Xu
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,3Department of Neurology, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyi Shen
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wotu Tian
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Fang
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,4Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital North, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Binyin Li
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfang Ma
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Cao
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanjun Li
- 2Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huidong Tang
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Bagyinszky E, Youn YC, An SSA, Kim S. Mutations, associated with early-onset Alzheimer's disease, discovered in Asian countries. Clin Interv Aging 2016; 11:1467-1488. [PMID: 27799753 PMCID: PMC5074729 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s116218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of senile dementia, is a genetically complex disorder. In most Asian countries, the population and the number of AD patients are growing rapidly, and the genetics of AD has been extensively studied, except in Japan. However, recent studies have been started to investigate the genes and mutations associated with AD in Korea, the People's Republic of China, and Malaysia. This review describes all of the known mutations in three early-onset AD (EOAD) causative genes (APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2) that were discovered in Asian countries. Most of the EOAD-associated mutations have been detected in PSEN1, and several novel PSEN1 mutations were recently identified in patients from various parts of the world, including Asia. Until 2014, no PSEN2 mutations were found in Asian patients; however, emerging studies from Korea and the People's Republic of China discovered probably pathogenic PSEN2 mutations. Since several novel mutations were discovered in these three genes, we also discuss the predictions on their pathogenic nature. This review briefly summarizes genome-wide association studies of late-onset AD and the genes that might be associated with AD in Asian countries. Standard sequencing is a widely used method, but it has limitations in terms of time, cost, and efficacy. Next-generation sequencing strategies could facilitate genetic analysis and association studies. Genetic testing is important for the accurate diagnosis and for understanding disease-associated pathways and might also improve disease therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Budang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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An SSA, Bagyinszky E, Kim HR, Seok JW, Shin HW, Bae S, Kim S, Youn YC. Novel PSEN1 G209A mutation in early-onset Alzheimer dementia supported by structural prediction. BMC Neurol 2016; 16:71. [PMID: 27206484 PMCID: PMC4875656 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-016-0591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Three main genes are described as causative genes for early-onset Alzheimer dementia (EOAD): APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2. We describe a woman with EOAD had a novel PSEN1 mutation. Case report A 54-year-old right-handed woman presented 12-year history of progressive memory decline. She was clinically diagnosed as familial Alzheimer's disease due to a PSEN1 mutation. One of two daughters also has the same mutation, G209A in the TM-IV of PS1 protein. Her mother had unspecified dementia that began at the age of 40s. PolyPhen2 and SIFT prediction suggested that G209A might be a damaging variant with high scores. 3D modeling revealed that G209A exchange could result significant changes in the PS1 protein.
Conclusion We report a case of EOAD having probable novel PSEN1 (G209A) mutation verified with structural prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Soo A An
- College of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Eva Bagyinszky
- College of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Hye Ryoun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju-Won Seok
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hae-Won Shin
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, 224-1 Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06973, South Korea
| | - SeunOh Bae
- College of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neuology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, 300 Gumidong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, , Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, South Korea.
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, 224-1 Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06973, South Korea.
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Shea YF, Chu LW, Chan AOK, Ha J, Li Y, Song YQ. A systematic review of familial Alzheimer's disease: Differences in presentation of clinical features among three mutated genes and potential ethnic differences. J Formos Med Assoc 2015; 115:67-75. [PMID: 26337232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There are great diversities of clinical phenotypes among the various familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) families. We aimed to systematically review all the previously reported cases of FAD and to perform comparisons between Asian and white patients. In this regard, we collected individual-level data from 658 pedigrees. We found that patients with presenilin 1 (PSEN1) mutations had the earliest age of onset (AOO; 43.3 ± 8.6 years, p < 0.001) and were more commonly affected by seizures, spastic paraparesis, myoclonus, and cerebellar signs (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.003, and p = 0.002, respectively). Patients with PSEN2 mutations have a delayed AOO with longest disease duration and presented more frequently with disorientation (p = 0.03). Patients with amyloid precursor protein (APP) mutations presented more frequently with aggression (p = 0.02) and those with APP duplication presented more frequently with apraxia (p = 0.03). PSEN1 mutations before codon 200 had an earlier AOO than those having mutations after codon 200 (41.4 ± 8.0 years vs. 44.7 ± 8.7 years, p < 0.001). Because 42.9% of the mutations reported are novel, the mutation spectrum and clinical features in Asian FAD families could be different from that of whites. Asian patients with PSEN1 mutations presented more frequently with disorientation (p = 0.02) and personality change (p = 0.01) but less frequently with atypical clinical features. Asian patients with APP mutations presented less frequently with aphasia (p = 0.02). Thus, clinical features could be modified by underlying mutations, and Asian FAD patients may have different clinical features when compared with whites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yat-Fung Shea
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Leung-Wing Chu
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Alzheimer's Disease Research Network, Strategic Research Theme on Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Angel On-Kei Chan
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Pathology and Clinical Biochemistry, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Joyce Ha
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Transport Phenomena, Energy Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Qiang Song
- Department of Biochemistry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex and heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder, classified as either early onset (under 65 years of age), or late onset (over 65 years of age). Three main genes are involved in early onset AD: amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2). The apolipoprotein E (APOE) E4 allele has been found to be a main risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Additionally, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified several genes that might be potential risk factors for AD, including clusterin (CLU), complement receptor 1 (CR1), phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM), and sortilin-related receptor (SORL1). Recent studies have discovered additional novel genes that might be involved in late-onset AD, such as triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and cluster of differentiation 33 (CD33). Identification of new AD-related genes is important for better understanding of the pathomechanisms leading to neurodegeneration. Since the differential diagnoses of neurodegenerative disorders are difficult, especially in the early stages, genetic testing is essential for diagnostic processes. Next-generation sequencing studies have been successfully used for detecting mutations, monitoring the epigenetic changes, and analyzing transcriptomes. These studies may be a promising approach toward understanding the complete genetic mechanisms of diverse genetic disorders such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of BioNano Technology Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BioNano Technology Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Budang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Papassotiropoulos A, Fountoulakis M, Dunckley T, Stephan DA, Reiman EM. Genetics, transcriptomics, and proteomics of Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:652-70. [PMID: 16669732 PMCID: PMC2259384 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.v67n0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide an updated overview of the methods used in genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies in Alzheimer's disease and to demonstrate the importance of those methods for the improvement of the current diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE-based search of 233 peer-reviewed articles published between 1975 and 2006. DATA SYNTHESIS Alzheimer's disease is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. Rare mutations in the amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1, and presenilin 2 genes have shown the importance of the amyloid metabolism for its development. In addition, converging evidence from population-based genetic studies, gene expression studies, and protein profile studies in the brain and in the cerebrospinal fluid suggest the existence of several pathogenetic pathways such as amyloid precursor protein processing, beta-amyloid degradation, tau phosphorylation, proteolysis, protein misfolding, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS The development of high-throughput genotyping methods and of elaborated statistical analyses will contribute to the identification of genetic risk profiles related to the development and course of this devastating disease. The integration of knowledge derived from genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies will greatly advance our understanding of the causes of Alzheimer's disease, improve our capability of establishing an early diagnosis, help define disease subgroups, and ultimately help to pave the road toward improved and tailored treatments.
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Larner AJ, Doran M. Clinical phenotypic heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease associated with mutations of the presenilin-1 gene. J Neurol 2005; 253:139-58. [PMID: 16267640 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-005-0019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Revised: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It is now 10 years since the first report of mutations in the presenilin genes that were deterministic for familial autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. The most common of these mutations occurs in the presenilin-1 gene (PSEN1) located on chromosome 14. In the ensuing decade, more than 100 PSEN1 mutations have been described. The emphasis of these reports has largely been on the novelty of the mutations and their potential pathogenic consequences rather than detailed clinical, neuropsychological, neuroimaging and neuropathological accounts of patients with the mutation. This article reviews the clinical phenotypes of reported PSEN1 mutations, emphasizing their heterogeneity, and suggesting that other factors, both genetic and epigenetic,must contribute to disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Larner
- Cognitive Function Clinic, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery Fazakerley, Liverpool, UK.
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