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DNA double strand break repair as cellular response to genotoxic asarone isomers considering phase I metabolism. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 142:111484. [PMID: 32526244 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The phenylpropenes α-asarone and β-asarone are widely spread in the marsh plant Acorus calamus. Both isomers are classified as carcinogenic in rodents. However, the respective genotoxic mechanisms are not elucidated so far. The present study gives deeper insights into the genotoxic effects of asarone isomers as well as their known oxidative phase I metabolites, (E)-3'-oxoasarone and asarone epoxide. We show that asarone metabolites highly increase DNA strand breaks after 1 h of incubation, markedly metabolic activation contributes to their carcinogenic mode of action. All test compounds act as aneugens and potently enhance the amounts of micronuclei in binuclear cells. However, a prolonged incubation time of 24 h results in a decrease of DNA damage. This work suggests that asarone metabolites also induce DNA double strand breaks , why we put a strong focus on homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining. The obtained results herein indicate that asarone epoxide-induced DNA strand breaks are repaired via a homologous repair pathway.
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Lipid lowering agents of natural origin: An account of some promising chemotypes. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:331-348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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3
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One-step method for the synthesis of aryl olefins from aryl aldehydes and aliphatic aldehydes. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Wang D, Geng Y, Fang L, Shu X, Liu J, Wang X, Huang L. An efficient combination of supercritical fluid extraction and high-speed counter-current chromatography to extract and purify (E
)- and (Z
)-diastereomers of α-asarone and β-asarone from Acorus tatarinowii
Schott. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3339-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Suanarunsawat T, Devakul Na Ayutthaya W, Songsak T, Thirawarapan S, Poungshompoo S. Antioxidant Activity and Lipid-Lowering Effect of Essential Oils Extracted from Ocimum sanctum L. Leaves in Rats Fed with a High Cholesterol Diet. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2009; 46:52-9. [PMID: 20104265 PMCID: PMC2803133 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.09-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that Ocimum sanctum L. (OS) leaves decrease serum lipid profile in normal and diabetic animals. No experimental evidences support the anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidative actions against hypercholesterolemia. Moreover the identity of the specific chemical ingredients in OS leaves responsible for these pharmacological effects are unknown. Since OS leaves are rich in essential oil (EO). Therefore the present study was conducted to investigate the anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidative activities of EO extracted from OS leaves in rats fed with high cholesterol (HC) diet. EO was extracted by the hydrodistillation method and the chemical constituents were then identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The experiment was performed in Male Wistar rats fed with 2.5 g%(w/w) of cholesterol diet for seven weeks. During the last 3 weeks, rats were daily fed with EO. The results showed that phenyl propanoid compounds including eugenol and methyl eugenol were the major constituents of EO. EO suppressed the high serum lipid profile and atherogenic index as well as serum lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase MB subunit without significant effect on high serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in rats fed with HC diet. In addition, EO was found to decrease the high levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) without impacting catalase (CAT) in the cardiac tissue while in the liver, it decreased high level of TBARS without significantly effecting GPx, SOD and CAT. Histopathological results confirmed that EO preserved the myocardial tissue. It can be concluded that EO extracted from OS leaves has lipid-lowering and antioxidative effects that protect the heart against hypercholesterolemia. Eugenol that is contained in EO likely contribute to these pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamolwan Suanarunsawat
- Physiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Rangsit University, Pathumtani, 12000 Thailand
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Karwicka E, Marczewska J, Anuszewska E, Łozowicka B, Chilmonczyk Z. Genotoxicity of alpha-asarone analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6069-74. [PMID: 18487049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of cholesterol in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions during hypercholesterolemia has been confirmed. alpha-Asarone is a substance of a potent hypolipidemic activity which is isolated from plants. We previously described the synthesis of several alpha-asarone analogues exhibiting hypolipidemic and antiplatelet activity. Genotoxic activity of four selected alpha-asarone analogues was theoretically evaluated based on quantum-mechanical method for calculation of enthalpy of carbocations formation (DeltaH(R)) according to the Testa's method. In the present paper, we evaluated the mutagenic and genotoxic activity of alpha-asarone isomers 2-5 based on the reference Ames test and micronucleus test. Results obtained in the study show that tested isomers were non-mutagenic, however, they exhibited growing cytotoxic activity. Relationship between the heat of formation of their putative metabolic intermediates and mutagenic/genotoxic activity was not confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Karwicka
- National Medicines Institute, Biochemistry and Biopharmaceuticals Department, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warszawa, Poland.
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Magdziarz T, Lozowicka B, Gieleciak R, Bak A, Polański J, Chilmonczyk Z. 3D QSAR study of hypolipidemic asarones by comparative molecular surface analysis. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:1630-43. [PMID: 16275105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D QSAR) modeled for alpha-asarone derivatives using the comparative molecular surface analysis (CoMSA) allowed us to reveal a correlation between the activity of these compounds and the electrostatic potential at the molecular surface. The grid formalism (s-CoMSA) allowed us to indicate a pharmacophore that is of key importance for compound activity. The CoMSA formalism coupled with the iterative variable elimination method gives a highly predictive model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Magdziarz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Gieleciak R, Magdziarz T, Bak A, Polanski J. Modeling robust QSAR. 1. Coding molecules in 3D-QSAR--from a point to surface sectors and molecular volumes. J Chem Inf Model 2005; 45:1447-55. [PMID: 16180922 DOI: 10.1021/ci0501488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Shape analysis is a powerful tool in chemistry and drug design. In the current work, we compare the results of CoMFA and Comparative Molecular Surface Analysis (CoMSA), the 3D-QSAR method, for a series of hypolipidemic and antiplatelet asarones and antifungal N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors. In this publication we show that a sector CoMSA formalism enables an analysis of the biological activity that is more directly related to the molecular shape and individual molecular functionalities than the traditional uniform and directionless CoMFA field. Iterative Variable Elimination allowed us to identify the potential pharmacophoric sites. We modeled QSARs for both series and demonstrate that sector-based molecular descriptors give very predictive models and allow one to generate a spatial interpretation of the QSAR models. In particular, we identified the central aromatic ring and carbonyl functions as the moieties determining the activity of the asarones series, while the pattern of substitution of the aromatic ring determines the activity of N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Gieleciak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, PL-40-006 Katowice, Poland
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Zúñiga C, Garduño L, del Carmen Cruz M, Salazar M, Pérez-Pastén R, Chamorro G, Labarrios F, Tamariz J. Design of new potent hypolipidemic agents with the synergistic structural properties of α-asarone and fibrates. Drug Dev Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sharma A, Joshi BP, Sinha AK. An Effective System to Synthesize Hypolipidemic Active α-Asarone and Related Methoxylated (E)-Arylalkenes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.77.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Ogoshi T, Chujo Y. Synthesis of Photosensitive Organic−Inorganic Polymer Hybrids by Utilizing Caged Photoactivatable Alkoxysilane. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0400057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Ogoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Chujo
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Hernández D, Bernal P, Cruz A, Garciafigueroa Y, Garduño L, Salazar M, Díaz F, Chamorro G, Tamariz J. Potent hypolipidemic activity of mimetic amides of fibrates based on the 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenoxyacetic scaffold. Drug Dev Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Cruz MDC, Salazar M, Garciafigueroa Y, Hernández D, Díaz F, Chamorro G, Tamariz J. Hypolipidemic Activity of New Phenoxyacetic Derivatives Related to α-Asarone with Minimal Pharmacophore Features. Drug Dev Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Cho J, Kim YH, Kong JY, Yang CH, Park CG. Protection of cultured rat cortical neurons from excitotoxicity by asarone, a major essential oil component in the rhizomes of Acorus gramineus. Life Sci 2002; 71:591-9. [PMID: 12052443 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that the methanol extract and the essential oil from Acori graminei Rhizoma (AGR) inhibited excitotoxic neuronal cell death in primary cultured rat cortical cells. In the present study, an active principle was isolated from the methanol extract by biological activity-guided fractionations and identified as asarone. We evaluated neuroprotective actions and action mechanisms of the isolated asarone as well as the alpha- and the beta-asarone obtained commercially. The isolated asarone inhibited the excitotoxicity induced by the exposure of cortical cultures for 15 min to 300 microM NMDA in a concentration-dependent manner, with the IC50 of 56.1 microg/ml. The commercially obtained alpha- and beta-asarone exhibited more potent inhibitions of the NMDA-induced excitotoxicity than the isolated asarone. Their respective IC50 values were 18.2 and 26.5 microg/ml. The excitotoxicity induced by glutamate (Glu) was also inhibited, but with much less potency than the toxicity induced by NMDA. The IC50 values for the alpha-, beta-, and the isolated asarone were 89.7, 121.7, and 279.5 microg/ml, respectively. Based on the receptor-ligand binding studies using a use-dependent NMDA receptor-channel blocker [3H]MK-801, asarone inhibited the specific bindings in a concentration-dependent fashion. These results indicate that asarone, the major essential oil component in AGR, exhibits neuroprotective action against the NMDA- or Glu-induced excitotoxicity through the blockade of NMDA receptor function. The alpha-asarone was found to exhibit more potent inhibition of [3H]MK-801 bindings, which is consistent with its more potent neuroprotective action than the beta- or the isolated asarone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungsook Cho
- College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Dongguk University, Kyongju, Kyongbuk 780-714, South Korea.
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Labarrios F, Garduño L, Vidal MR, Garcia R, Salazar M, Martinez E, Diaz F, Chamorro G, Tamariz J. Synthesis and hypolipidaemic evaluation of a series of alpha-asarone analogues related to clofibrate in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 1999; 51:1-7. [PMID: 10197410 DOI: 10.1211/0022357991772015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
A series of alpha-asarone analogues related to clofibrate, containing an acetic acid group at C-2 of the aromatic ring, has been prepared as the acids or as the ethyl and methyl esters. The corresponding alcohols were also synthesized by reduction of the ethyl esters. The compounds were examined in hyperlipidaemic male mice to evaluate their ability to modify serum lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides after oral administration of 40 and 80 mg kg(-1) for 6 days. Except for methyl 2-methoxy-5-nitro-4-(2-propenyl)phenoxyacetate at either dose, these clofibrate-related phenoxyacetic acid derivatives were found to have significant hypocholesterolaemic activity. Levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly reduced and those of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were elevated. 2-Methoxy-5-nitro-4-(2-propenyl)phenoxyacetic acid was active at both doses in all the tests. Clofibrate (150 mg kg(-1)) was more potent at reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. No activity was detected for the alcohol derivatives. These preliminary results suggest that this class of compound might have more promise as potential hypolipidaemic agents than other alpha-asarone derivatives. Further investigation and characterization should be performed to determine the mode of action of these agents on lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Labarrios
- Department of Organic Chemistry, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, México, DF, México
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