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Bhattacharya SK, Alabiad CR, Kishor K. Appropriate patient population for future visual system axon regeneration therapies. WIREs Mech Dis 2024; 16:e1637. [PMID: 38093604 PMCID: PMC10939871 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2024]
Abstract
A number of blinding diseases caused by damage to the optic nerve result in progressive vision loss or loss of visual acuity. Secondary glaucoma results from traumatic injuries, pseudoexfoliation or pigmentary dispersion syndrome. Progressive peripheral vision loss is common to all secondary glaucoma irrespective of the initial event. Axon regeneration is a potential therapeutic avenue to restore lost vision in these patients. In contrast to the usual approach of having the worst possible patient population for initial therapies, axon regeneration may require consideration of appropriate patient population even for initial treatment trials. The current state of axon regeneration therapies, their potential future and suitable patient population when ready is discussed in this perspective. The selection of patients are important for adoption of axon regeneration specifically in the areas of central nervous system regenerative medicine. This article is categorized under: Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Biomedical Engineering Metabolic Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Krishna Kishor
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, 1638 NW 10 Avenue, Miami, Florida, 33136
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Photoreceptor replacement therapy: Challenges presented by the diseased recipient retinal environment. Vis Neurosci 2014; 31:333-44. [DOI: 10.1017/s0952523814000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractVision loss caused by the death of photoreceptors is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the developed world. Rapid advances in stem cell biology and techniques in cell transplantation have made photoreceptor replacement by transplantation a very plausible therapeutic strategy. These advances include the demonstration of restoration of vision following photoreceptor transplantation and the generation of transplantable populations of donor cells from stem cells. In this review, we present a brief overview of the recent progress in photoreceptor transplantation. We then consider in more detail some of the challenges presented by the degenerating retinal environment that must play host to these transplanted cells, how these may influence transplanted photoreceptor cell integration and survival, and some of the progress in developing strategies to circumnavigate these issues.
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Kang EJ, Lee YH, Kim MJ, Lee YM, Kumar BM, Jeon BG, Ock SA, Kim HJ, Rho GJ. Transplantation of porcine umbilical cord matrix mesenchymal stem cells in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 7:169-82. [PMID: 22081626 DOI: 10.1002/term.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study compared mesenchymal stem cells derived from umbilical cord matrix (UCM-MSCs) with bone marrow (BM-MSCs) of miniature pigs on their phenotypic profiles and ability to differentiate in vitro into osteocytes, adipocytes and neuron-like cells. This study further evaluated the therapeutic potential of UCM-MSCs in a mouse Parkinson's disease (PD) model. Differences in expression of some cell surface and cytoplasm specific markers were evident between UCM-MSCs and BM-MSCs. However, the expression profile indicated the primitive nature of UCM-MSCs, along with their less or non-immunogenic features, compared with BM-MSCs. In vitro differentiation results showed that BM-MSCs had a higher tendency to form osteocytes and adipocytes, whereas UCM-MSCs possessed an increased potential to transform into immature or mature neuron-like cells. Based on these findings, UCM-MSCs were transplanted into the right substantia nigra (SN) of a mouse PD model. Transplantation of UCM-MSCs partially recovered the mouse PD model by showing an improvement in basic motor behaviour, as assessed by rotarod and bridge tests. These observations were further supported by the expression of markers, including nestin, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuronal growth factor (NGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), at the site of cell transplantation. Our findings of xenotransplantation have collectively suggested the potential utility of UCM-MSCs in developing viable therapeutic strategies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Kang
- OBS/Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Kang EJ, Lee YH, Kim MJ, Lee YM, Mohana Kumar B, Jeon BG, Ock SA, Kim HJ, Rho GJ. Transplantation of porcine umbilical cord matrix mesenchymal stem cells in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/term.504 [epub ahead of print]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Young-Hyurk Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju; Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Kim
- OBS/Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju; Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Mi Lee
- OBS/Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju; Republic of Korea
| | | | - Byeong-Gyun Jeon
- OBS/Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju; Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hyun-Joon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju; Republic of Korea
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Vugler A, Lawrence J, Walsh J, Carr A, Gias C, Semo M, Ahmado A, da Cruz L, Andrews P, Coffey P. Embryonic stem cells and retinal repair. Mech Dev 2007; 124:807-29. [PMID: 17881192 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this review we examine the potential of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) for use in the treatment of retinal diseases involving photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We outline the ontogenesis of target retinal cell types (RPE, rods and cones) and discuss how an understanding of developmental processes can inform our manipulation of ESCs in vitro. Due to their potential for cellular therapy, special emphasis is placed upon the derivation and culture of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) and their differentiation towards a retinal phenotype. In terms of achieving this goal, we suggest that much of the success to date reflects permissive in vitro environments provided by established protocols for HESC derivation, propagation and neural differentiation. In addition, we summarise key factors that may be important for enhancing efficiency of retinal cell-type derivation from HESCs. The retina is an amenable component of the central nervous system (CNS) and as such, diseases of this structure provide a realistic target for the application of HESC-derived cellular therapy to the CNS. In order to further this goal, the second component of our review focuses on the cellular and molecular cues within retinal environments that may influence the survival and behaviour of transplanted cells. Our analysis considers both the potential barriers to transplant integration in the retina itself together with the remodelling in host visual centres that is known to accompany retinal dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Vugler
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V9EL, UK.
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Zhang N, Zhang C, Wen X. Fabrication of semipermeable hollow fiber membranes with highly aligned texture for nerve guidance. J Biomed Mater Res A 2006; 75:941-9. [PMID: 16123975 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the guidance potential of a nerve entubulation bridging device, highly aligned textures were formed on the inner surface of semipermeable hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) during the wet phase inversion process. By precisely controlling the fabrication parameters, such as polymer solution flow rate, coagulant solution flow rate, and the air-gap distance, also called drop height, different-sized aligned grooves can be fabricated on the inner surface of HFMs. Preliminary studies using in vitro dorsal root ganglion (DRG) regeneration assay showed that both the alignment and outgrowth rate of regenerating axons increased significantly on HFMs with aligned textures compared to those on HFMs with a smooth inner surface. Studies in progress are evaluating axonal outgrowth and regeneration using in vivo sciatic-nerve and spinal-cord-injury models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Clemson-MUSC Bioengineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Schwartz PH, Nethercott H, Kirov II, Ziaeian B, Young MJ, Klassen H. Expression of Neurodevelopmental Markers by Cultured Porcine Neural Precursor Cells. Stem Cells 2005; 23:1286-94. [PMID: 16100001 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the increasing importance of the pig as a large animal model, little is known about porcine neural precursor cells. To evaluate the markers expressed by these cells, brains were dissected from 60-day fetuses, enzymatically dissociated, and grown in the presence of epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor. Porcine neural precursors could be grown as suspended spheres or adherent monolayers, depending on culture conditions. Expanded populations were banked or harvested for analysis using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunocytochemistry, microarrays, and flow cytometry, and results compared with data from analogous human forebrain progenitor cells. Cultured porcine neural precursors widely expressed neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), polysialic acid (PSA)-NCAM, vimentin, Ki-67, and Sox2. Minority subpopulations of cells expressed doublecortin, beta-III tubulin, synapsin I, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) consistent with increased lineage restriction. A human microarray detected porcine transcripts for nogoA (RTN4) and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1), possibly cyclin D2 and Pbx1, but not CD133, Ki-67, nestin, or nucleostemin. Subsequent RT-PCR showed pig forebrain precursors to be positive for cyclin D2, nucleostemin, nogoA, Pbx1, vimentin, and a faint band for SDF1, whereas no signal was detected for CD133, fatty acid binding protein 7 (FABP7), or Ki-67. Human forebrain progenitor cells were positive for all the genes mentioned. This study shows that porcine neural precursors share many characteristics with their human counterparts and, thus, may be useful in porcine cell transplantation studies potentially leading to the application of this strategy in the setting of nervous system disease and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip H Schwartz
- National Human Neural Stem Cell Resource, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Research Institute, 455 South Main Street, Orange, California 92868-3874, USA
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Zhang N, Yan H, Wen X. Tissue-engineering approaches for axonal guidance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 49:48-64. [PMID: 15960986 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2004] [Revised: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the profound impact of nervous system damage, extensive studies have been carried out aimed at facilitating axonal regeneration following injury. Tissue engineering, as an emerging and rapidly growing field, has received extensive attention for nervous system axonal guidance. Numerous engineered substrates containing oriented extracellular matrix molecules, cells or channels have displayed potential of supporting axonal regeneration and functional recovery. Most attempts are focused on seeking new biomaterials, new cell sources, as well as novel designs of tissue-engineered neuronal bridging devices, to generate safer and more efficacious neuronal tissue repairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, BSB# 303, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Willan PL, Humpherson JR. Profiles of applicants for junior faculty posts to teach anatomy in the UK: changing populations of candidates. Clin Anat 1999; 12:272-6. [PMID: 10398387 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2353(1999)12:4<272::aid-ca6>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to document the popularity of appointments as temporary lecturer in anatomy (TLA) at the University of Manchester during the period 1991-1998, and to profile the applicants for the posts. Data concerning 465 applicants were collated from departmental records and application forms. Prior to 1996, there were about seven applicants per post and most were men who intended to pursue surgical careers. The mean age of the applicants was 26 years, range 22-61 years. Graduates of Manchester University formed 28% of applicants, non-UK graduates 11%, and 52% possessed qualifications additional to their medical degrees. After 1996, there were fewer applicants, about three per post, who were somewhat older, mean age 30 years, range 21-52 years, and from more diverse backgrounds; 40% were non-UK graduates. The probable reasons for the decline in popularity of the appointments are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Willan
- Department of Anatomy, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Auchincloss H. Literature update 1998, part 3. Xenotransplantation 1999; 6:66-71. [PMID: 10355734 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3089.1999.00013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Auchincloss
- Transplantation Unit, Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA
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Mayer-Pröschel M. Cell differentiation in the embryonic mammalian spinal cord. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 1999; 55:1-8. [PMID: 10335488 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6369-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of cell type specific properties in the spinal cord is a process of a sequential restriction in developmental potential. Multipotent neuroepithelial stem cells (NEP cells) can give rise to all the major cell types in the central nervous system. The generation of these multiple cell types occurs via the generation of intermediate precursor cells, which are restricted in their differentiation potential, but are still able to give rise to more than one cell type. These intermediate precursor cells are different from NEP cells and are different from each other. We have identified neuronal restricted precursor cells (NRP's) which can only generate neurons but no longer glial cells and glial restricted precursor cells (GRP's), which give rise to glial cells but not to neurons. These intermediate precursor cells can be purified and expanded in vitro and might offer a new tool for gene discovery, drug screening and transplantation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mayer-Pröschel
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Department of Oncological Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
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Abstract
Acquisition of cell type specific properties in the spinal cord is a process of sequential restriction in developmental potential. A multipotent stem cell of the nervous system, the neuroepithelial cell, generates central nervous system and peripheral nervous system derivatives via the generation of intermediate lineage restricted precursors that differ from each other and from neuroepithelial cells. Intermediate lineage restricted neuronal and glial precursors termed neuronal restricted precursors and glial restricted precursors, respectively, have been identified. Differentiation is influenced by extrinsic environmental signals that are stage and cell type specific. Analysis in multiple species illustrates similarities between chick, rat, mouse, and human cell differentiation. The utility of obtaining these precursor cell types for gene discovery, drug screening, and therapeutic applications is discussed.Key words: stem cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, neurons, spinal cord.
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