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Abstract
The major applications for molecular imaging with PET in clinical practice concern cancer imaging. Undoubtedly, 18F-FDG represents the backbone of nuclear oncology as it remains so far the most widely employed positron emitter compound. The acquired knowledge on cancer features, however, allowed the recognition in the last decades of multiple metabolic or pathogenic pathways within the cancer cells, which stimulated the development of novel radiopharmaceuticals. An endless list of PET tracers, substantially covering all hallmarks of cancer, has entered clinical routine or is being investigated in diagnostic trials. Some of them guard significant clinical applications, whereas others mostly bear a huge potential. This chapter summarizes a selected list of non-FDG PET tracers, described based on their introduction into and impact on clinical practice.
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Beaurain M, Salabert AS, Ribeiro MJ, Arlicot N, Damier P, Le Jeune F, Demonet JF, Payoux P. Innovative Molecular Imaging for Clinical Research, Therapeutic Stratification, and Nosography in Neuroscience. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:268. [PMID: 31828073 PMCID: PMC6890558 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, several radiotracers have been developed for neuroimaging applications, especially in PET. Because of their low steric hindrance, PET radionuclides can be used to label molecules that are small enough to cross the blood brain barrier, without modifying their biological properties. As the use of 11C is limited by its short physical half-life (20 min), there has been an increasing focus on developing tracers labeled with 18F for clinical use. The first such tracers allowed cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism to be measured, and the development of molecular imaging has since enabled to focus more closely on specific targets such as receptors, neurotransmitter transporters, and other proteins. Hence, PET and SPECT biomarkers have become indispensable for innovative clinical research. Currently, the treatment options for a number of pathologies, notably neurodegenerative diseases, remain only supportive and symptomatic. Treatments that slow down or reverse disease progression are therefore the subject of numerous studies, in which molecular imaging is proving to be a powerful tool. PET and SPECT biomarkers already make it possible to diagnose several neurological diseases in vivo and at preclinical stages, yielding topographic, and quantitative data about the target. As a result, they can be used for assessing patients' eligibility for new treatments, or for treatment follow-up. The aim of the present review was to map major innovative radiotracers used in neuroscience, and explain their contribution to clinical research. We categorized them according to their target: dopaminergic, cholinergic or serotoninergic systems, β-amyloid plaques, tau protein, neuroinflammation, glutamate or GABA receptors, or α-synuclein. Most neurological disorders, and indeed mental disorders, involve the dysfunction of one or more of these targets. Combinations of molecular imaging biomarkers can afford us a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying disease development over time, and contribute to early detection/screening, diagnosis, therapy delivery/monitoring, and treatment follow-up in both research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Beaurain
- CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Inserm U1214, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Salabert
- CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Inserm U1214, Toulouse, France
| | - Maria Joao Ribeiro
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.,Inserm CIC 1415, University Hospital, Tours, France.,CHRU Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Arlicot
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.,Inserm CIC 1415, University Hospital, Tours, France.,CHRU Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Damier
- Inserm U913, Neurology Department, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | | | - Jean-François Demonet
- Leenards Memory Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Payoux
- CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Inserm U1214, Toulouse, France
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Mencacci NE, Isaias IU, Reich MM, Ganos C, Plagnol V, Polke JM, Bras J, Hersheson J, Stamelou M, Pittman AM, Noyce AJ, Mok KY, Opladen T, Kunstmann E, Hodecker S, Münchau A, Volkmann J, Samnick S, Sidle K, Nanji T, Sweeney MG, Houlden H, Batla A, Zecchinelli AL, Pezzoli G, Marotta G, Lees A, Alegria P, Krack P, Cormier-Dequaire F, Lesage S, Brice A, Heutink P, Gasser T, Lubbe SJ, Morris HR, Taba P, Koks S, Majounie E, Raphael Gibbs J, Singleton A, Hardy J, Klebe S, Bhatia KP, Wood NW. Parkinson's disease in GTP cyclohydrolase 1 mutation carriers. Brain 2014; 137:2480-92. [PMID: 24993959 PMCID: PMC4132650 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
GTP cyclohydrolase 1, encoded by the GCH1 gene, is an essential enzyme for dopamine production in nigrostriatal cells. Loss-of-function mutations in GCH1 result in severe reduction of dopamine synthesis in nigrostriatal cells and are the most common cause of DOPA-responsive dystonia, a rare disease that classically presents in childhood with generalized dystonia and a dramatic long-lasting response to levodopa. We describe clinical, genetic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic imaging ([(123)I]N-ω-fluoropropyl-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl) tropane single photon computed tomography) findings of four unrelated pedigrees with DOPA-responsive dystonia in which pathogenic GCH1 variants were identified in family members with adult-onset parkinsonism. Dopamine transporter imaging was abnormal in all parkinsonian patients, indicating Parkinson's disease-like nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation. We subsequently explored the possibility that pathogenic GCH1 variants could contribute to the risk of developing Parkinson's disease, even in the absence of a family history for DOPA-responsive dystonia. The frequency of GCH1 variants was evaluated in whole-exome sequencing data of 1318 cases with Parkinson's disease and 5935 control subjects. Combining cases and controls, we identified a total of 11 different heterozygous GCH1 variants, all at low frequency. This list includes four pathogenic variants previously associated with DOPA-responsive dystonia (Q110X, V204I, K224R and M230I) and seven of undetermined clinical relevance (Q110E, T112A, A120S, D134G, I154V, R198Q and G217V). The frequency of GCH1 variants was significantly higher (Fisher's exact test P-value 0.0001) in cases (10/1318 = 0.75%) than in controls (6/5935 = 0.1%; odds ratio 7.5; 95% confidence interval 2.4-25.3). Our results show that rare GCH1 variants are associated with an increased risk for Parkinson's disease. These findings expand the clinical and biological relevance of GTP cycloydrolase 1 deficiency, suggesting that it not only leads to biochemical striatal dopamine depletion and DOPA-responsive dystonia, but also predisposes to nigrostriatal cell loss. Further insight into GCH1-associated pathogenetic mechanisms will shed light on the role of dopamine metabolism in nigral degeneration and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò E Mencacci
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK2 IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience - Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Ioannis U Isaias
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital, 97080 Würzburg, Germany4 Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Martin M Reich
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christos Ganos
- 5 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK6 Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany7 Department of Paediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - James M Polke
- 9 Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jose Bras
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Joshua Hersheson
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Maria Stamelou
- 5 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK10 Neurology Clinic, Attiko Hospital, University of Athens, 126 42 Haidari, Athens, Greece11 Neurology Clinic, Philipps University, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alan M Pittman
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK12 Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Alastair J Noyce
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK12 Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Kin Y Mok
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Thomas Opladen
- 13 Division of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Erdmute Kunstmann
- 14 Institut of Human Genetics, Julius-Maximilian-University, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sybille Hodecker
- 6 Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Münchau
- 7 Department of Paediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- 4 Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Samuel Samnick
- 15 Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katie Sidle
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tina Nanji
- 9 Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Mary G Sweeney
- 9 Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Amit Batla
- 5 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Anna L Zecchinelli
- 4 Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianni Pezzoli
- 4 Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Marotta
- 16 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrew Lees
- 12 Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Paulo Alegria
- 17 Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, 2674-514 Loures, Portugal
| | - Paul Krack
- 18 Movement Disorder Unit, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, and INSERM U836, Grenoble Institute Neuroscience, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Florence Cormier-Dequaire
- 19 Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975; Inserm, U975, Cnrs, UMR 7225, Paris, France20 Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC-9503), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétriêre, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- 19 Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975; Inserm, U975, Cnrs, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- 19 Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975; Inserm, U975, Cnrs, UMR 7225, Paris, France21 Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Peter Heutink
- 22 DZNE-Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- 22 DZNE-Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Steven J Lubbe
- 23 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Huw R Morris
- 23 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Pille Taba
- 24 Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sulev Koks
- 25 Department of Pathophysiology, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Elisa Majounie
- 26 Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J Raphael Gibbs
- 26 Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew Singleton
- 26 Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John Hardy
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK12 Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Stephan Klebe
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- 5 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Martínez-Valle Torres M, Ortega Lozano S, Gómez Heredia M, Amrani Raissouni T, Ramos Moreno E, Moya Espinosa P, Jiménez-Hoyuela J. Longitudinal evaluation using FP-CIT in patients with parkinsonism. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Martínez-Valle Torres MD, Ortega Lozano SJ, Gómez Heredia MJ, Amrani Raissouni T, Ramos Moreno E, Moya Espinosa P, Jiménez-Hoyuela JM. Longitudinal evaluation using FP-CIT in patients with parkinsonism. Neurologia 2013; 29:327-33. [PMID: 24139386 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess a group of patients with parkinsonism using serial studies with FP-CIT, basically the initial false negative results. METHODS Restrospective study of 92 patients (55 men and 37 women) who had undergone 2 different FP-CIT studies because of discrepancies between study results and clinical progression. The mean elapsed time between the studies was 26 months (SD: 6). We performed a semi-quantitative study using the patient's clinical history and the available literature to analyse discrepant cases with a normal initial study and subsequent pathological findings. RESULTS A total of 184 studies were completed for 92 patients; 11 of those 92 showed discrepancies between initial and subsequent studies. Among the 11 discrepant cases, 7 showed a normal initial study and pathological findings at a later date. Analysis of the predominant clinical features that might explain this behaviour revealed that 4 of these 7 subjects presented tremor-dominant parkinsonism. Regarding the rest, 1 presented early stage parkinsonism and was treated with antidopaminergic agents; 1 was classified as probable multisystem atrophy type C, and the third showed clinical signs of atypical parkinsonism without any causes of those signs being identified. CONCLUSIONS Serial FP-CIT studies are unnecessary in the large majority of cases, but they may be justifiable in certain clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S J Ortega Lozano
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario «San Cecilio», Granada, España
| | - M J Gómez Heredia
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario «Virgen de la Victoria», Málaga, España
| | - T Amrani Raissouni
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario «Virgen de la Victoria», Málaga, España
| | - E Ramos Moreno
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario «Virgen de la Victoria», Málaga, España
| | - P Moya Espinosa
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario «Virgen de la Victoria», Málaga, España
| | - J M Jiménez-Hoyuela
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario «Virgen de la Victoria», Málaga, España
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In-vivo measurement of LDOPA uptake, dopamine reserve and turnover in the rat brain using [18F]FDOPA PET. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:59-66. [PMID: 22929441 PMCID: PMC3597374 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal measurements of dopamine (DA) uptake and turnover in transgenic rodents may be critical when developing disease-modifying therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD). We demonstrate methodology for such measurements using [(18)F]fluoro-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine ([(18)F]FDOPA) positron emission tomography (PET). The method was applied to 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats, providing the first PET-derived estimates of DA turnover for this species. Control (n=4) and unilaterally lesioned (n=11) rats were imaged multiple times. Kinetic modeling was performed using extended Patlak, incorporating a k(loss) term for metabolite washout, and modified Logan methods. Dopaminergic terminal loss was measured via [(11)C]-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) PET. Clear striatal [(18)F]FDOPA uptake was observed. In the lesioned striatum the effective DA turnover increased, shown by a reduced effective distribution volume ratio (EDVR) for [(18)F]FDOPA. Effective distribution volume ratio correlated (r>0.9) with the [(11)C]DTBZ binding potential (BP(ND)). The uptake and trapping rate (k(ref)) decreased after lesioning, but relatively less so than [(11)C]DTBZ BP(ND). For normal controls, striatal estimates were k(ref)=0.037±0.005 per minute, EDVR=1.07±0.22 and k(loss)=0.024±0.003 per minute (30 minutes turnover half-time), with repeatability (coefficient of variation) ≤11%. [(18)F]fluoro-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine PET enables measurements of DA turnover in the rat, which is useful for developing novel therapies for PD.
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Abstract
The major application for PET imaging in clinical practice is represented by cancer imaging and (18)F-FDG is the most widely employed positron emitter compound. However, some diseases cannot be properly evaluated with this tracer and thus there is the necessity to develop more specific compounds. The last decades were a continuous factory for new radiopharmaceuticals leading to an endless list of PET tracers; however, just some of them guard diagnostic relevance in routine medical practice. This chapter describes a selected list of non-FDG PET tracers, basing on their introduction into and impact on clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egesta Lopci
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, Rozzano, MI, Italy
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Isaias IU, Marotta G, Pezzoli G, Sabri O, Hesse S. [123I]FP-CIT SPECT in atypical degenerative parkinsonism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/iim.12.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kyono K, Takashima T, Katayama Y, Kawasaki T, Zochi R, Gouda M, Kuwahara Y, Takahashi K, Wada Y, Onoe H, Watanabe Y. Use of [18F]FDOPA-PET for in vivo evaluation of dopaminergic dysfunction in unilaterally 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. EJNMMI Res 2011; 1:25. [PMID: 22214344 PMCID: PMC3251329 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-1-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We evaluated the utility of L-3,4-dihydroxy-6-[18F]fluoro-phenylalanine ([18F]FDOPA) positron emission tomography (PET) as a method for assessing the severity of dopaminergic dysfunction in unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats by comparing it with quantitative biochemical, immunohistochemical, and behavioral measurements. Methods Different doses of 6-OHDA (0, 7, 14, and 28 μg) were unilaterally injected into the right striatum of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Dopaminergic functional activity in the striatum was assessed by [18F]FDOPA-PET, measurement of striatal dopamine (DA) and DA metabolite levels, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining, and methamphetamine-induced rotational testing. Results Accumulation of [18F]FDOPA in the bilateral striatum was observed in rats pretreated with both aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors. Unilateral intrastriatal injection of 6-OHDA produced a significant site-specific reduction in [18F]FDOPA accumulation. The topological distribution pattern of [18F]FDOPA accumulation in the ipsilateral striatum agreed well with the pattern in TH-stained corresponding sections. A significant positive relationship was found between Patlak plot Ki values and striatal levels of DA and its metabolites (r = 0.958). A significant negative correlation was found between both Ki values (r = -0.639) and levels of DA and its metabolites (r = -0.719) and the number of methamphetamine-induced rotations. Conclusions Ki values determined using [18F]FDOPA-PET correlated significantly with the severity of dopaminergic dysfunction. [18F]FDOPA-PET makes it possible to perform longitudinal evaluation of dopaminergic function in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, which is useful in the development of new drugs and therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Kyono
- RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science, Hyogo, Japan.
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Zhang X, Andren PE, Glennon RA, Svenningsson P. Distribution, level, pharmacology, regulation, and signaling of 5-HT6 receptors in rats and marmosets with special reference to an experimental model of parkinsonism. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:1816-27. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Masilamoni G, Votaw J, Howell L, Villalba RM, Goodman M, Voll RJ, Stehouwer J, Wichmann T, Smith Y. (18)F-FECNT: validation as PET dopamine transporter ligand in parkinsonism. Exp Neurol 2010; 226:265-73. [PMID: 20832405 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The positron emission tomography (PET) tracer 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-(2-[18F]-fluoroethyl)-nortropane ((18)F-FECNT) is a highly specific ligand for dopamine transporter (DAT) that yields higher peak striatum-to-cerebellum ratios and offers more favorable kinetics than most (18)F-radiolabeled DAT ligands currently available. The goal of this study is to validate the use of (18)F-FECNT as a PET radiotracer to assess the degree of striatal dopamine terminals denervation and midbrain dopaminergic cell loss in MPTP-treated parkinsonian monkeys. Three rhesus monkeys received weekly injections of MPTP (0.2-0.5 mg/kg) for 21 weeks, which resulted in the progressive development of a moderate level of parkinsonism. We carried out (18)F-FECNT PET at baseline (twice; 10 weeks apart) and at week 21 post-MPTP injections. Postmortem stereological cell counts of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain, and intensity measurements of DAT and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in the striatum were performed and correlated with striatal and ventral midbrain PET data. Three additional monkeys were used as controls for midbrain dopaminergic cell counts, and striatal DAT or TH immunoreactivity measurements. The correlation and coefficient of variance between (18)F-FECNT test-retest specific uptake ratios were 0.99 (R²) and 2.65%, respectively. The (18)F-FECNT binding potential of the ventral midbrain and striatal regions was tightly correlated with postmortem stereological cell counts of nigral dopaminergic neurons (R²=0.91), and striatal DAT (R²=0.83) or TH (R²=0.88) immunoreactivity intensity measurements. These findings demonstrate that (18)F-FECNT is a highly sensitive PET imaging ligand to quantify both striatal dopamine denervation and midbrain dopaminergic cell loss associated with parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunasingh Masilamoni
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Liu L, Wang Y, Li B, Jia J, Sun Z, Zhang J, Tian J, Wang X. Evaluation of nigrostriatal damage and its change over weeks in a rat model of Parkinson's disease: small animal positron emission tomography studies with [11C]β-CFT. Nucl Med Biol 2009; 36:941-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Revised: 06/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hesse S, Ballaschke O, Barthel H, Sabri O. Dopamine transporter imaging in adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 2009; 171:120-8. [PMID: 19176281 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide in vivo evidence for the hypothesis that dopaminergic neurotransmission is altered in adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We used high-resolution brain-dedicated single-photon emission computed tomography and the dopamine transporter (DAT) marker [(123)I]FP-CIT in 17 adult treatment-naïve ADHD patients and 14 age-matched controls. Magnetic resonance imaging-based region of interest analysis was performed to quantify the DAT availability (expressed as a ratio of specific to non-displaceable binding, V(3)'') in the striatum. Additionally, the specific radiotracer binding was assessed in the thalamus and the midbrain/brainstem regions (reflecting also the availability of the serotonin transporter to which [(123)I]FP-CIT binds with moderate affinity). In the striatal areas of the ADHD patients, a significantly reduced specific tracer binding was found (V(3)'': 5.18+/-0.98; controls 6.36+/-1.34). In contrast, the specific [(123)I]FP-CIT binding did not differ from controls in the thalamus and midbrain/brainstem areas. These data indicate a reduced dopaminergic but not serotonergic transmitter reuptake function in adult ADHD. Further studies will have to deal with the question of whether these findings have the potential to influence treatment decisions in this complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swen Hesse
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Eshuis SA, Jager PL, Maguire RP, Jonkman S, Dierckx RA, Leenders KL. Direct comparison of FP-CIT SPECT and F-DOPA PET in patients with Parkinson's disease and healthy controls. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008; 36:454-62. [PMID: 19037637 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-008-0989-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diagnosing Parkinson's disease (PD) on clinical grounds may be difficult, especially in the early stages of the disease. F-DOPA PET and FP-CIT SPECT scans are able to determine presynaptic dopaminergic activity in different ways. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the sensitivity and specificity of the two methods in the detection of striatal dopaminergic deficits in the same cohort of PD patients and healthy controls. METHODS Movement disorder specialists recruited 11 patients with early-stage PD and 17 patients with advanced PD. The patients underwent both an FP-CIT SPECT scan and an F-DOPA PET scan. In addition, 10 FP-CIT SPECT scans or 10 F-DOPA PET scans were performed in 20 healthy controls. A template with regions of interest was used to sample tracer activity of the caudate, putamen and a reference region in the brain. The outcome parameter was the striatooccipital ratio (SOR). Normal SOR values were determined in the controls. The sensitivity and specificity of both scanning methods were calculated. RESULTS FP-CIT SPECT and F-DOPA PET scans were both able to discriminate PD patients from healthy controls. For the early phases of the disease, sensitivity and specificity of the contralateral striatal and putaminal uptake of FP-CIT and F-DOPA was 100%. When only caudate uptake was considered, the specificities were 100% and 90% for FP-CIT and F-DOPA, respectively, while the sensitivity was 91% for both scanning techniques. CONCLUSION FP-CIT SPECT and F-DOPA PET scans are both able to diagnose presynaptic dopaminergic deficits in early phases of PD with excellent sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Eshuis
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Walker RH, Koch RJ, Moore C, Meshul CK. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation and lesioning have distinct state-dependent effects upon striatal dopamine metabolism. Synapse 2008; 63:136-46. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Bouchez G, Sensebé L, Vourc'h P, Garreau L, Bodard S, Rico A, Guilloteau D, Charbord P, Besnard JC, Chalon S. Partial recovery of dopaminergic pathway after graft of adult mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2008; 52:1332-42. [PMID: 18372079 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellular therapy with adult stem cells appears as an opportunity for treatment of Parkinson's disease. To validate this approach, we studied the effects of transplantation of rat adult bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Animals were unilaterally lesioned in the striatum with 6-hydroxydopamine. Two weeks later, group I did not undergo grafting, group II underwent sham grafting, group III was intra-striatal grafted with cells cultured in an enriched medium and group IV was intra-striatal grafted with cells cultured in a standard medium. Rotational amphetamine-induced behavior was measured weekly until animals were killed 6 weeks later. One week after graft, the number of rotations/min was stably decreased by 50% in groups III and IV as compared with groups I and II. At 8 weeks post-lesion, the density of dopaminergic markers in the nerve terminals and cell bodies, i.e. immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase, membrane dopamine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter-2 was significantly higher in group III as compared with group I. Moreover, using microdialysis studies, we observed that while the rate of pharmacologically induced release of dopamine was significantly reduced in lesioned versus intact striatum in no grafted rats, it was similar in both sides in animals transplanted with mesemchymal stem cells. These data demonstrate that graft of adult mesemchymal stem cells reduces behavioral effects induced by 6-hydroxydopamine lesion and partially restores the dopaminergic markers and vesicular striatal pool of dopamine. This cellular approach might be a restorative therapy in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Bouchez
- INSERM U930, Laboratory Biophysique médicale & pharmaceutique, UFR Pharmacie, 31 avenue Monge, Tours, France
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Liu Z, Yan SF, Walker JR, Zwingman TA, Jiang T, Li J, Zhou Y. Study of gene function based on spatial co-expression in a high-resolution mouse brain atlas. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2007; 1:19. [PMID: 17437647 PMCID: PMC1863433 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-1-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background The Allen Brain Atlas (ABA) project systematically profiles three-dimensional high-resolution gene expression in postnatal mouse brains for thousands of genes. By unveiling gene behaviors at both the cellular and molecular levels, ABA is becoming a unique and comprehensive neuroscience data source for decoding enigmatic biological processes in the brain. Given the unprecedented volume and complexity of the in situ hybridization image data, data mining in this area is extremely challenging. Currently, the ABA database mainly serves as an online reference for visual inspection of individual genes; the underlying rich information of this large data set is yet to be explored by novel computational tools. In this proof-of-concept study, we studied the hypothesis that genes sharing similar three-dimensional expression profiles in the mouse brain are likely to share similar biological functions. Results In order to address the pattern comparison challenge when analyzing the ABA database, we developed a robust image filtering method, dubbed histogram-row-column (HRC) algorithm. We demonstrated how the HRC algorithm offers the sensitivity of identifying a manageable number of gene pairs based on automatic pattern searching from an original large brain image collection. This tool enables us to quickly identify genes of similar in situ hybridization patterns in a semi-automatic fashion and consequently allows us to discover several gene expression patterns with expression neighborhoods containing genes of similar functional categories. Conclusion Given a query brain image, HRC is a fully automated algorithm that is able to quickly mine vast number of brain images and identify a manageable subset of genes that potentially shares similar spatial co-distribution patterns for further visual inspection. A three-dimensional in situ hybridization pattern, if statistically significant, could serve as a fingerprint of certain gene function. Databases such as ABA provide valuable data source for characterizing brain-related gene functions when armed with powerful image querying tools like HRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - S Frank Yan
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - John R Walker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Theresa A Zwingman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th Street, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Yingyao Zhou
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Inaji M, Okauchi T, Ando K, Maeda J, Nagai Y, Yoshizaki T, Okano H, Nariai T, Ohno K, Obayashi S, Higuchi M, Suhara T. Correlation between quantitative imaging and behavior in unilaterally 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Brain Res 2005; 1064:136-45. [PMID: 16298352 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Revised: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated correlation between neurochemical and functional alterations of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in rat brains lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), that model hemi-Parkinson's disease (PD), by using three different quantitative in vivo and in vitro methods. Rats unilaterally lesioned with different doses of 6-OHDA underwent two types of in vivo experiments: (1) a rotational behavioral study with methamphetamine (MAP) or apomorphine (APO); and (2) a positron emission tomography (PET) study with [11C]PE2I (radioligand for dopamine transporters) or [11C]raclopride (radioligand for dopamine D2 receptors). An in vitro autoradiographic study with the same radioligands was also conducted. The number of rotations after the MAP or APO injection increased with increased doses of 6-OHDA. The in vitro and in vivo binding of [11C]PE2I dose-dependently decreased in response to the 6-OHDA injections, while that of [11C]raclopride dose-dependently increased. There was a significant negative hyperbolic correlation between the number of rotations after MAP injection and the binding of [11C]PE2I. In contrast, there was a significant positive linear correlation between the number of rotations after APO injections and the binding of [11C]raclopride. These results robustly reveal a molecular pharmacological basis of parkinsonian symptoms in animal models of PD, and indicate the utility and validity of in vivo PET measurements in assessing pre- and post-synaptic dopaminergic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Inaji
- Brain Imaging Project, National Institute of Radiological Science, 4-9-1 Aragawa, Inage, Chiba 305-8555, Japan
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Eshuis SA, Maguire RP, Leenders KL, Jonkman S, Jager PL. Comparison of FP-CIT SPECT with F-DOPA PET in patients with de novo and advanced Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005; 33:200-9. [PMID: 16228235 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-005-1904-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) can be difficult. F-DOPA PET is able to quantify striatal dopa decarboxylase activity and storage capacity of F-dopamine, but is expensive and not generally available. FP-CIT binds to the dopamine transporter, and FP-CIT SPECT is cheaper and more widely available, but has a lower resolution. The aim of this study was to compare these two methods in the same patients with different stages of PD to assess their power in demonstrating deficits of the striatal dopaminergic system. METHODS Thirteen patients with de novo PD and 17 patients with advanced PD underwent FP-CIT SPECT and static F-DOPA PET. After data transfer to standard stereotactic space, a template with regions of interest was used to sample values of the caudate, putamen and an occipital reference region. The outcome value was striato-occipital ratios. Patients were clinically examined in the "off state" (UPDRS-III and H&Y stage). RESULTS Good correlations were found between striatal F-DOPA uptake and striatal FP-CIT uptake (r = 0.78) and between putaminal F-DOPA uptake and putaminal FP-CIT uptake (r = 0.84, both p < 0.0001). Both striatal uptake of FP-CIT and that of F-DOPA correlated moderately with H&Y stage (rho = -0.52 for both techniques), UPDRS-III (rho = -0.38 for F-DOPA; rho = -0.45 for FP-CIT) and disease duration (rho = -0.59 for F-DOPA; rho = -0.49 for FP-CIT, all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION FP-CIT values correlate well with F-DOPA values. Both methods correlate moderately with motor scores and are equally able to distinguish patients with advanced PD from patients with de novo PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Eshuis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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García Solís D. Imagen de neurotransmisión dopaminérgica en los síndromes parkinsonianos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 24:255-76. [PMID: 16122412 DOI: 10.1157/13076646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D García Solís
- U.D. de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain.
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Hansard MJ, Smith LA, Jackson MJ, Cheetham SC, Jenner P. The monoamine reuptake inhibitor BTS 74 398 fails to evoke established dyskinesia but does not synergise with levodopa in MPTP-treated primates. Mov Disord 2004; 19:15-21. [PMID: 14743355 DOI: 10.1002/mds.10596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) with levodopa (L-dopa) induces dyskinesia that, once established, is provoked by each dose of L-dopa or a dopamine (DA) agonist. In contrast, monoamine reuptake inhibitors may reverse motor deficits in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated primates without provoking established involuntary movements. We now examine whether the potent monoamine reuptake blocker BTS 74 398 induces established dyskinesia in MPTP-treated common marmosets primed previously with L-dopa and whether co-administration of BTS 74 398 with L-dopa potentiates motor behaviour and dyskinesia induced by acute L-dopa treatment. Administration of BTS 74 398 (2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg, p.o.) in MPTP-treated common marmosets increased locomotor activity and reduced motor disability in a dose-related manner but did not provoke involuntary movements. BTS 74 398 (2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg p.o.) co-administered with a threshold dose of L-dopa (2.5 mg/kg p.o.) did not evoke a motor response or induce dyskinesia. Similarly, concomitant administration of BTS 74 398 (5.0 mg/kg p.o.) with a submaximal L-dopa dose (12.5 mg/kg p.o.) did not potentiate the motor response produced by L-dopa alone and there was no alteration in the dyskinesia provoked by L-dopa challenge. BTS 74 398 reverses motor abnormalities in MPTP-treated marmosets without evoking established dyskinesia but no additive improvement occurs when administered in combination with L-dopa. The lack of synergy with L-dopa may suggest different sites of drug action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Hansard
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Centre, Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Forsback S, Niemi R, Marjamäki P, Eskola O, Bergman J, Grönroos T, Haaparanta M, Haapalinna A, Rinne J, Solin O. Uptake of 6-[18F]fluoro-L-dopa and [18F]CFT reflect nigral neuronal loss in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Synapse 2003; 51:119-27. [PMID: 14618679 DOI: 10.1002/syn.10293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In order to characterize the sensitivity of an analog of levodopa and a dopamine transporter ligand to detect defects in nigrostriatal function, the uptake of [(18)F]FDOPA and [(18)F]CFT was studied ex vivo in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. The brains of these rats were unilaterally lesioned with an intranigral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. The lesioned animals were divided into three groups subject to their behavior after pharmacological challenges. Circling behavior was recorded after amphetamine, apomorphine, and L-DOPA challenge in order to predict lesion size. The spatial distribution of radioactivity after [(18)F]FDOPA or [(18)F]CFT injection in brain sections was determined with digital autoradiography. Regions of interest were left/right striatum, left/right substantia nigra, and cerebellum. The degree of unilateral lesion for each animal was confirmed by counting of nigral tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cell bodies. With both tracers the uptake in the lesioned side was lower than in the intact side in the striatum and in the substantia nigra. In conclusion, both tracers clearly demonstrated nigrostriatal dopaminergic hypofunction and correlated with the number of nigral dopaminergic neurons. However, [(18)F]FDOPA showed a much higher unspecific uptake of radioactivity, due to extensive metabolism; therefore, this tracer was less sensitive than the transporter tracer [(18)F]CFT to detect these defects.
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23
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Nurmi E, Bergman J, Eskola O, Solin O, Vahlberg T, Sonninen P, Rinne JO. Progression of dopaminergic hypofunction in striatal subregions in Parkinson's disease using [18F]CFT PET. Synapse 2003; 48:109-15. [PMID: 12645035 DOI: 10.1002/syn.10192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the progression of dopaminergic hypofunction in striatal subregions in Parkinson's disease (PD). We studied 12 patients with early PD and 11 healthy controls with a dopamine transporter ligand 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-[(18)F]-fluorophenyl)tropane ([(18)F]CFT) positron emission tomography (PET). The PET scan was carried out twice with an average interval of 2.2 years. The regions of interest (anterior and posterior putamen, caudate nucleus, and cerebellum) were drawn on individual magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images, matched with the PET images, and copied onto the PET images. At the first PET scan in PD patients, the [(18)F]CFT uptake in the anterior putamen was 1.92 +/- 0.67, which was 45% of the control mean, and in the posterior putamen 1.02 +/- 0.55, being only 27% of the control mean. For the caudate nucleus the corresponding figure was 2.55 +/- 0.58 (71% of the control mean). The uptake ratios had declined significantly by the time of the second PET scan and the absolute annual rate of decline of the tracer uptake was 0.23 +/- 0.14 (P < 0.001) in the anterior putamen, 0.13 +/- 0.13 (P = 0.005) in the posterior putamen, and 0.20 +/- 0.15 (P < 0.001) in the caudate nucleus. There was a statistically significant difference of the decline in the tracer uptake between the anterior and posterior putamen (P = 0.033). When the rate of progression was calculated compared to the normal control mean, the rate of annual decline was 5.3% in the anterior putamen, 3.3% in the posterior putamen, and 5.6% in the caudate nucleus, without significant changes among striatal subregions (P = 0.10). When ipsi- and contralateral sides were analyzed separately, the absolute decline of [(18)F]CFT uptake in the putamen was higher in the side ipsilateral to the predominant symptoms than in the contralateral side (P = 0.035 for anterior putamen and P = 0.026 for posterior putamen). In the caudate nucleus the absolute decline was not different between ipsi- and contralateral sides (P = 0.76). In healthy controls, no significant decline of [(18)F]CFT uptake was detected. The results are suggestive of slower progression in the posterior putamen, where the disease is more advanced, but studies to follow up the same patient at several time points are needed to resolve this question. Synapse 48:109-115, 2003.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Nurmi
- Department of Neurology, University of Turku, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
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Abstract
Imaging presynaptic dopaminergic markers provides key insights into the pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease (PD) and is becoming an important endpoint in clinical trials of potential disease-modifying therapies for PD. The further development of this area includes work to optimize targets for accurate and reliable measurement of disease progression. Ultimately, it may be possible to elaborate these markers to fine-tune our understanding of those patients who might be enrolled in a trial. For example, PD patients may be characterized as slow vs. fast progressors based on imaging measures, providing the opportunity to optimize the trial recruitment to demonstrate the greatest impact in Phase 2 evaluations of neuroprotective agents. Further, while dopamine degeneration is a crucial feature of PD, it is clear that there is widespread degeneration in the brain in PD and that many clinical manifestations of PD are likely not due to dopamine deficiency. It is reasonable to imagine that the characterization of additional targets outside the dopamine system could aid in both the molecular basis for disease characterization and ultimately optimization of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Seibyl
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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25
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Winogrodzka A, Bergmans P, Booij J, van Royen EA, Stoof JC, Wolters EC. [(123)I]beta-CIT SPECT is a useful method for monitoring dopaminergic degeneration in early stage Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74:294-8. [PMID: 12588911 PMCID: PMC1738309 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.74.3.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the validity of [(123)I]beta-CIT SPECT for monitoring the progression of dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson's disease; to investigate the influence of short term treatment with D(2)receptor agonists on striatal [(123)I]beta-CIT binding; and to determine the sample size and frequency of SPECT imaging required to demonstrate a significant effect of a putative neuroprotective agent. METHODS A group of 50 early stage Parkinson's disease patients was examined. Two SPECT imaging series were obtained, 12 months apart. The mean annual change in the ratio of specific to non-specific [(123)I]beta-CIT binding to the striatum, putamen, and caudate nucleus was used as the outcome measure. RESULTS A decrease in [(123)I]beta-CIT binding ratios between the two images was found in all regions of interest. The average decrease in [(123)I]beta-CIT binding ratios was about 8% in the whole striatum, 8% in the putaminal region, and 4% in the caudate region. Comparison of scans done in nine patients under two different conditions-in the off state and while on drug treatment-showed no significant alterations in the expression of striatal dopamine transporters as measured using [(123)I]beta-CIT SPECT. Power analysis indicated that to detect a significant (p < 0.05) effect of a neuroprotective agent with 0.80 power and 30% of predicted protection within two years, 216 patients are required in each group when the effects are measured in the whole putamen. CONCLUSIONS [(123)I]beta-CIT SPECT seems to be a useful tool to investigate the progression of dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson's disease and may provide an objective method of measuring the effectiveness of neuroprotective treatments. Short term treatment with a D(2)agonist does not have a significant influence on [(123)I]beta-CIT binding to dopamine transporters. If the latter finding is replicated in larger groups of patients, it supports the suitability of [(123)I]beta-CIT SPECT for examining the progression of neurodegeneration in patients being treated with D(2)receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Winogrodzka
- Department of Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
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Chen YK, Liu RS, Huang WS, Wey SP, Ting G, Liu JC, Shen YY, Wan FJ. The role of dopamine transporter imaging agent [99mTc]TRODAT-1 in hemi-parkinsonism rat brain. Nucl Med Biol 2001; 28:923-8. [PMID: 11711311 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(01)00255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the relationship between the determination of dopamine level by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection (ECD) and the detection of dopamine transporter (DAT) counts using autoradiography with DAT image agent [99mTc]TRODAT-1. For striatal lesions, pretreatment of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in the medial forebrain bundle shows that autoradiogaphic labeling of striatum region is reduced to near-background level. Using HPLC with ECD, unilateral 6-OHDA treatment is associated with significant (p < 0. 0002) reductions of dopamine levels. For the striatum of the 6-OHDA-lesioned side, dopamine content and DAT counts are reduced to 97% and 90%, respectively. Thus, our observation indicates a potential of using [99mTc]TRODAT-1 for the evaluation of animal DAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taiwan, ROC
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Rinne OJ, Nurmi E, Ruottinen HM, Bergman J, Eskola O, Solin O. [(18)F]FDOPA and [(18)F]CFT are both sensitive PET markers to detect presynaptic dopaminergic hypofunction in early Parkinson's disease. Synapse 2001; 40:193-200. [PMID: 11304757 DOI: 10.1002/syn.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare two PET ligands, 6-[(18)F]fluoro-L-dopa ([(18)F]FDOPA) and (18)F-labeled CFT, 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-[(18)F]-fluorophenyl)tropane ([(18)F]CFT), in detecting presynaptic dopaminergic hypofunction in early Parkinson's disease (PD). These ligands reflect different aspects of presynaptic dopaminergic function, since [(18)F]FDOPA mainly reflects 6-[(18)F]fluorodopamine (fluorodopamine) synthesis and storage whereas [(18)F]CFT uptake is related to dopamine transporter function. Eight de novo patients with PD who had never been on antiparkinsonian medication were investigated with [(18)F]FDOPA and [(18)F]CFT PET. Five healthy volunteers were studied as controls. In PD patients, both [(18)F]FDOPA and [(18)F]CFT uptakes were significantly reduced both in the contralateral and ipsilateral anterior and posterior putamen. The reduction was greatest in the contralateral posterior putamen (to 28% of control mean for [(18)F]FDOPA, P < 0.0001 and to 16% for [(18)F]CFT, P < 0.0001). Individually, all patients' [(18)F]FDOPA and [(18)F]CFT uptake values in the contralateral anterior and posterior putamen were below 3 SD of the control mean. In the caudate nucleus, the mean uptake of both tracers was significantly reduced both ipsilaterally and contralaterally, but less severely than in the putamen (to 69% of the control mean for [(18)F]FDOPA, P = 0.003 and to 60% for [(18)F]CFT, P = 0.001 contralaterally). Our results show that both [(18)F]FDOPA as well as [(18)F]CFT sensitively detect presynaptic dopaminergic hypofunction in early PD. They demonstrate a considerable reduction of tracer uptake that is greatest in the posterior putamen, followed by the anterior putamen and the caudate nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Rinne
- Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Booij J, Bergmans P, Winogrodzka A, Speelman JD, Wolters EC. Imaging of dopamine transporters with [123I]FP-CIT SPECT does not suggest a significant effect of age on the symptomatic threshold of disease in Parkinson's disease. Synapse 2001; 39:101-8. [PMID: 11180497 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2396(200102)39:2<101::aid-syn1>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized neuropathologically by degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. With natural aging there is loss of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra and, consequently, loss of dopamine transporters in the striatum. It has been suggested that PD is caused by an accelerated rate of cell death. Conceptually, symptoms in idiopathic PD become apparent after a critical level of cell loss, the "symptom threshold." It has been suggested that this symptom threshold is independent of age. In this study, [123I]FP-CIT SPECT was used to assess the effect of aging on the density of striatal dopamine transporters in vivo in controls (n = 36) and early, drug-naive, patients with PD (n = 32). We found a significant age-associated decline of [123I]FP-CIT binding to striatal dopamine transporters in controls, but not in parkinsonian patients. This finding might give further support for the existence of an age-independent threshold in PD. In a subgroup of patients with hemi-PD, we found a significant loss of dopamine transporters bilaterally in the caudate nucleus and putamen. This loss was more pronounced in the putamen than in the caudate nucleus and the contralateral binding was significantly lower than the ipsilateral binding. By using age-corrected data, we estimated that in our particular patient group motor signs started when the loss of [123I]FP-CIT binding ratios in the putamen was 46-64%.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Booij
- Graduate School of Neurosciences, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Lee CS, Samii A, Sossi V, Ruth TJ, Schulzer M, Holden JE, Wudel J, Pal PK, De La Fuente-Fernandez R, Calne DB, Stoessl AJ. In vivo positron emission tomographic evidence for compensatory changes in presynaptic dopaminergic nerve terminals in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1531-8249(200004)47:4<493::aid-ana13>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Stoof JC, Winogrodzka A, van Muiswinkel FL, Wolters EC, Voorn P, Groenewegen HJ, Booij J, Drukarch B. Leads for the development of neuroprotective treatment in Parkinson's disease and brain imaging methods for estimating treatment efficacy. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 375:75-86. [PMID: 10443566 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering from Parkinson's disease display severe and progressive deficits in motor behavior, predominantly as a consequence of the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, located in the mesencephalon and projecting to striatal regions. The cause of Parkinson's disease is still an enigma. Consequently, the pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's disease consists of symptomatic treatment, with in particular L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and/or dopamine receptor agonists. These induce a dramatic initial improvement. However, serious problems gradually develop during long-term treatment. Therefore, a more rational, c.q. causal treatment is needed which requires the introduction of compounds ameliorating the disease process itself. The development of such compounds necessitates (1) more information on the etiopathogenesis, i.e., the cascade of events that ultimately leads to degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons, and (2) brain imaging methods, to estimate the extent of the degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the living patient. This is not only important for the early diagnosis, but will also allow to monitor the effectiveness of alleged neuroprotective compounds on a longitudinal base. In this paper, etiopathogenic mechanisms are highlighted along the line of the oxidative stress hypothesis and within this framework, attention is mainly focused on the putative role of glutathione, dopamine auto-oxidation and phase II biotransformation enzymes. Especially, drugs able to increase the activity of phase II biotransformation enzymes seem to elicit a broad-spectrum (neuro)protective response and look very promising leads for the development of neuroprotective treatment strategies in Parkinson's disease. New developments in brain imaging methods (single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET)) to visualize the integrity of the striatal dopaminergic neurons in humans are highlighted as well. Especially, the introduction of radioligands that bind selectively to the dopamine transporter seems to be a significant step forward for the early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Performing these brain imaging studies with fixed time intervals does not only create the possibility to follow the degeneration rate of the dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease but also provides the opportunity to estimate therapeutic effects of putative neuroprotective agents in the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Stoof
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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