1
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Gao K, Qin Y, Liu S, Wang L, Xing R, Yu H, Chen X, Li P. A review of the preparation, derivatization and functions of glucosamine and N-acetyl-glucosamine from chitin. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2023.100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
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2
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Guo CW, Chen KT, You TY, Lin CC, Cheng WC. Synthesis and Evaluation of Diverse N-Substituted Disaccharide Dipeptides for Human NOD2 Stimulation Activity. Chem Asian J 2021; 17:e202101169. [PMID: 34951523 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy for the preparation of distinct N -substituted muropeptides is described. Different orthogonally N -protected disaccharide thioglycosides were designed and synthesized. Among them, compound 4 , qualified as a key intermediate, was utilized for further chemical transformations to develop a series of diverse N -substituted-glucosaminyl N -substituted-muramyl dipeptides (GMDPs). These unique muropeptides were applied for the study of human NOD2 stimulation. Intriguingly, structural modification of the MurNAc residue to N -non-substituted muramic acid (MurNH 2 ) in GMDP dramatically impaired NOD2 stimulatory activity, but GMDPs possessing the glucosamine residue with a free amino group retained NOD2 stimulation activity. This work is the first study to illustrate the impact of both N -substituents of GMDPs on immunostimulatory activities of human NOD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Guo
- Academia Sinica, Genomics Research Center, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, 11529, Taipei, TAIWAN
| | - Kuo-Ting Chen
- National Dong Hwa University, Department of Chemistry, 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, 974301, Hualien, TAIWAN
| | - Ting-Yun You
- Academia Sinica, Genomics Research Center, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, 11529, Taipei, TAIWAN
| | - Chun-Cheng Lin
- National Tsing Hua University, Department of Chemistry, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, 300044, Hsinchu, TAIWAN
| | - Wei-Chieh Cheng
- Academia sinica, Genomics research center, 128, Academia road, sec 2,, 115, Taipei, TAIWAN
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3
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Richardson MB, Gabriel KN, Garcia JA, Ashby SN, Dyer RP, Kim JK, Lau CJ, Hong J, Le Tourneau RJ, Sen S, Narel DL, Katz BB, Ziller JW, Majumdar S, Collins PG, Weiss GA. Pyrocinchonimides Conjugate to Amine Groups on Proteins via Imide Transfer. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1449-1462. [PMID: 32302483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advances in bioconjugation, the ability to link biomolecules to each other, small molecules, surfaces, and more, can spur the development of advanced materials and therapeutics. We have discovered that pyrocinchonimide, the dimethylated analogue of maleimide, undergoes a surprising transformation with biomolecules. The reaction targets amines and involves an imide transfer, which has not been previously reported for bioconjugation purposes. Despite their similarity to maleimides, pyrocinchonimides do not react with free thiols. Though both lysine residues and the N-termini of proteins can receive the transferred imide, the reaction also exhibits a marked preference for certain amines that cannot solely be ascribed to solvent accessibility. This property is peculiar among amine-targeting reactions and can reduce combinatorial diversity when many available reactive amines are available, such as in the formation of antibody-drug conjugates. Unlike amides, the modification undergoes very slow reversion under high pH conditions. The reaction offers a thermodynamically controlled route to single or multiple modifications of proteins for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Richardson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Kristin N Gabriel
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Joseph A Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Shareen N Ashby
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Rebekah P Dyer
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Joshua K Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Calvin J Lau
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - John Hong
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ryan J Le Tourneau
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sanjana Sen
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - David L Narel
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Benjamin B Katz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sudipta Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Philip G Collins
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Gregory A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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4
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Tomoshige S. Chemical Syntheses of Peptidoglycan Fragments and Their Applications in Chemical Biology. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2019. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.77.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Tomoshige
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science
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5
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Das P, Panda SK, Agarwal B, Behera S, Ali SM, Pulse ME, Solomkin JS, Opal SM, Bhandari V, Acharya S. Novel Chitohexaose Analog Protects Young and Aged mice from CLP Induced Polymicrobial Sepsis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2904. [PMID: 30814582 PMCID: PMC6393422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In Gram-negative bacterial sepsis, production of excess pro-inflammatory cytokines results in hyperinflammation and tissue injury. Anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 inhibit inflammation and enhance tissue healing. Here, we report a novel approach to treat septicemia associated with intra-abdominal infection in a murine model by delicately balancing pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. A novel oligosaccharide compound AVR-25 selectively binds to the TLR4 protein (IC50 = 0.15 µM) in human peripheral blood monocytes and stimulates IL-10 production. Following the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) procedure, intravenous dosing of AVR-25 (10 mg/kg, 6-12 h post-CLP) alone and in combination with antibiotic imipenem protected both young adult (10-12 week old) and aged (16-18 month old) mice against polymicrobial infection, organ dysfunction, and death. Proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, MIP-1, i-NOS) were decreased significantly and restoration of tissue damage was observed in all organs. A decrease in serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and bacterial colony forming unit (CFU) confirmed improved bacterial clearance. Together, these findings demonstrate the therapeutic ability of AVR-25 to mitigate the storm of inflammation and minimize tissue injury with high potential for adjunctive therapy in intra-abdominal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragnya Das
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Santosh K Panda
- School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | - Sumita Behera
- AyuVis Research Inc, 1120 South Freeway, Fort Worth, TX, 76104, USA.,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Syed M Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mark E Pulse
- Preclinical Service, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, USA
| | - Joseph S Solomkin
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Steven M Opal
- The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Vineet Bhandari
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Suchismita Acharya
- AyuVis Research Inc, 1120 South Freeway, Fort Worth, TX, 76104, USA. .,Acceleration laboratory, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, USA.
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6
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Skarbek K, Milewska MJ. Biosynthetic and synthetic access to amino sugars. Carbohydr Res 2016; 434:44-71. [PMID: 27592039 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Amino sugars are important constituents of a number of biomacromolecules and products of microbial secondary metabolism, including antibiotics. For most of them, the amino group is located at the positions C1, C2 or C3 of the hexose or pentose ring. In biological systems, amino sugars are formed due to the catalytic activity of specific aminotransferases or amidotransferases by introducing an amino functionality derived from L-glutamate or L-glutamine to the keto forms of sugar phosphates or sugar nucleotides. The synthetic introduction of amino functionalities in a regio- and stereoselective manner onto sugar scaffolds represents a substantial challenge. Most of the modern methods of for the preparation of 1-, 2- and 3-amino sugars are those starting from "an active ester" of carbohydrate derivatives, glycals, alcohols, carbonyl compounds and amino acids. A substantial progress in the development of region- and stereoselective methods of amino sugar synthesis has been made in the recent years, due to the application of metal-based catalysts and tethered approaches. A comprehensive review on the current state of knowledge on biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of amino sugars is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Skarbek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maria J Milewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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7
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Ryzhov IM, Korchagina EY, Popova IS, Tyrtysh TV, Paramonov AS, Bovin NV. Block synthesis of A (type 2) and B (type 2) tetrasaccharides related to the human ABO blood group system. Carbohydr Res 2016; 430:59-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Ali SP, Jalsa NK. Synthesis of a 2-N,N-dibenzylamino glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate glycosyl donor and evaluation of its utility in stereoselective glycosylation. Carbohydr Res 2016; 420:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Aly MRES, El Ashry ESH. Recent Advances Toward Robust N-Protecting Groups for Glucosamine as Required for Glycosylation Strategies. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2016; 73:117-224. [PMID: 27816106 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
2-Amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose (d-glucosamine) is among the most abundant monosaccharides found in natural products. This constituent, recognized for its ubiquity, is presented in most instances as its N-acetyl derivative 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose (N-acetylglucosamine, GlcNAc, NAG). It occurs as the β-linked pyranosyl group in polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, and sometimes as the monosaccharide itself, either in its native state or as a glycoconjugate. The compound's acylation profile and other aspects of its structure are important elements in determining the variety of reactivities and functions of the molecule as a whole. Methods elaborated to investigate these challenges have been intensively reviewed; however, a relatively more comprehensive reviewing of this subject is introduced here to cover some aspects that have not been sufficiently covered. This might enable those who are beginners in this field to be aware of the subject in a more comprehensive context. 2-Amino-2-deoxy-d-glucosylation strategies demand robust amino-protecting groups that survive under a variety of chemical conditions, yet provide groups that can be deprotected under relatively mild conditions. At the end of this review, a table that includes all the N-protecting groups that have been used for glucosamine is provided to introduce them at a glance to aid in constructing building blocks that will act as useful 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucosyl donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ramadan El Sayed Aly
- Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - El Sayed H El Ashry
- Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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10
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Wipf P, Eyer BR, Yamaguchi Y, Zhang F, Neal MD, Sodhi CP, Good M, Branca M, Prindle T, Lu P, Brodsky JL, Hackam DJ. Synthesis of anti-inflammatory α-and β-linked acetamidopyranosides as inhibitors of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Tetrahedron Lett 2015; 56:3097-3100. [PMID: 26236050 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The low-molecular weight isopropyl 2-acetamido-α-glucoside 16 (C34) inhibits toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in enterocytes and macrophages in vitro, and reduces systemic inflammation in mouse models of endotoxemia and necrotizing enterocolitis. We used a copper(II)-mediated solvolysis of anomeric oxazolines and an acid-mediated conversion of β-glucosamine and β-galactosamine pentaacetates to generate analogs of 16 at the anomeric carbon and at C-4 of the pyranose ring. These compounds were evaluated for their influence on TLR4-mediated inflammatory signaling in cultured enterocytes and monocytes. Their efficacy was confirmed using a NF-kB-luciferase reporter mouse, thus establishing the first structure-activity relationship (SAR) study in this series and identifying the more efficacious isopropyl 2-acetamido-α-galactoside 17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Benjamin R Eyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Yukihiro Yamaguchi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15224, USA ; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Matthew D Neal
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15224, USA
| | - Chhinder P Sodhi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15224, USA ; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Misty Good
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Maria Branca
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15224, USA
| | - Thomas Prindle
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15224, USA
| | - Peng Lu
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15224, USA ; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - David J Hackam
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15224, USA ; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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11
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Arihara R, Kakita K, Suzuki N, Nakamura S, Hashimoto S. Glycosylation with 2-Acetamido-2-deoxyglycosyl Donors at a Low Temperature: Scope of the Non-Oxazoline Method. J Org Chem 2015; 80:4259-77. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Arihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kakita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Seiichi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shunichi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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12
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13
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Enugala R, Carvalho LCR, Dias Pires MJ, Marques MMB. Stereoselective Glycosylation of Glucosamine: The Role of the
N
‐Protecting Group. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:2482-501. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramu Enugala
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica 2829‐516 Caparica (Portugal), Fax: (+351) 21‐294‐8550
| | - Luísa C. R. Carvalho
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica 2829‐516 Caparica (Portugal), Fax: (+351) 21‐294‐8550
| | - Marina J. Dias Pires
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica 2829‐516 Caparica (Portugal), Fax: (+351) 21‐294‐8550
| | - M. Manuel B. Marques
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica 2829‐516 Caparica (Portugal), Fax: (+351) 21‐294‐8550
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14
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Dere RT, Kumar A, Kumar V, Zhu X, Schmidt RR. Synthesis of Glycosylthiols and Reactivity Studies. J Org Chem 2011; 76:7539-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200624e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra T. Dere
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Fach 725, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Amit Kumar
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Fach 725, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Fach 725, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Xiangming Zhu
- College of Chemistry & Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Richard R. Schmidt
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Fach 725, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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15
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Production of chitooligosaccharides and their potential applications in medicine. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1482-517. [PMID: 20559485 PMCID: PMC2885077 DOI: 10.3390/md8051482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (CHOS) are homo- or heterooligomers of N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucosamine. CHOS can be produced using chitin or chitosan as a starting material, using enzymatic conversions, chemical methods or combinations thereof. Production of well-defined CHOS-mixtures, or even pure CHOS, is of great interest since these oligosaccharides are thought to have several interesting bioactivities. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these bioactivities is of major importance. However, so far in-depth knowledge on the mode-of-action of CHOS is scarce, one major reason being that most published studies are done with badly characterized heterogeneous mixtures of CHOS. Production of CHOS that are well-defined in terms of length, degree of N-acetylation, and sequence is not straightforward. Here we provide an overview of techniques that may be used to produce and characterize reasonably well-defined CHOS fractions. We also present possible medical applications of CHOS, including tumor growth inhibition and inhibition of T(H)2-induced inflammation in asthma, as well as use as a bone-strengthener in osteoporosis, a vector for gene delivery, an antibacterial agent, an antifungal agent, an anti-malaria agent, or a hemostatic agent in wound-dressings. By using well-defined CHOS-mixtures it will become possible to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying these bioactivities.
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16
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Hesek D, Lee M, Zhang W, Noll BC, Mobashery S. Total synthesis of N-acetylglucosamine-1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramylpentapeptide and evaluation of its turnover by AmpD from Escherichia coli. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:5187-93. [PMID: 19309146 DOI: 10.1021/ja808498m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial cell wall is recycled extensively during the course of cell growth. The first recycling event involves the catalytic action of the lytic transglycosylase enzymes, which produce an uncommon 1,6-anhydropyranose moiety during separation of the muramyl residues from the peptidoglycan, the major constituent of the cell wall. This product, an N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine-(1-->4)-1,6-anhydro-N-acetyl-beta-D-muramylpeptide, is either internalized to initiate the recycling process or diffuses into the milieu to cause stimulation of the pro-inflammatory responses by the host. We report the total syntheses of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine-(1-->4)-1,6-anhydro-N-acetyl-beta-D-muramyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-meso-DAP-D-Ala-D-Ala (compound 1, the product of lytic transglycosylase action on the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine-(1-->4)-1,6-anhydro-N-acetyl-beta-D-muramyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala (compound 2, from lytic transglycosylase action on the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria). The syntheses were accomplished in 15 linear steps. Compound 1 is shown to be a substrate of the AmpD enzyme of the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, an enzyme that removes the peptide from the disaccharide scaffold in the early cytoplasmic phase of cell wall turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Hesek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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17
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Jin X, Zhang X, Wu Z, Teng D, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wang Z, Li C. Amphiphilic Random Glycopolymer Based on Phenylboronic Acid: Synthesis, Characterization, and Potential as Glucose-Sensitive Matrix. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1337-45. [PMID: 19397257 DOI: 10.1021/bm8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingju Jin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, and Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xinge Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, and Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zhongming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, and Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Dayong Teng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, and Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, and Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yanxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, and Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, and Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Chaoxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, and Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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Bohn ML, Colombo MI, Pisano PL, Stortz CA, Rúveda EA. Differential O-3/O-4 regioselectivity in the glycosylation of α and β anomers of 6-O-substituted N-dimethylmaleoyl-protected d-glucosamine acceptors. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:2522-36. [PMID: 17880931 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An assessment of the relative O-3/O-4 reactivities of both methyl alpha- and beta-d-glycosides of N-dimethylmaleoyl (DMM) d-glucosamine acceptors protected at O-6 with benzoyl (Bz), benzyl (Bn), and tert-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS) groups is presented using per-O-benzoylated beta-d-galactofuranosyl and per-O-acetylated alpha-d-galactopyranosyl trichloroacetimidates as glycosyl donors. Using the former donor, the alpha anomer of the 6-O-benzoylated compound gave exclusive substitution at O-3, whereas the other two compounds with alpha-configuration kept this site as preferential. The beta anomer of the 6-O-benzoylated compound gave the same amounts of reaction products on O-3 and O-4, whereas the other beta analogs carried a more reactive O-4. The same reactions were carried out using as donor the less-reactive per-O-acetylated alpha-d-galactopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate. Although the same trend was found to occur, the O-4 was always relatively more reactive with the pyranosyl donor than with the furanosyl donor, when keeping the remaining factors constant. Furthermore, the beta anomers of the acceptor gave almost exclusive substitution at O-4. These observations confirm and extend the utility of these 'matching' donor and acceptor reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Bohn
- Instituto de Química Orgánica y de Síntesis (CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
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Abstract
The structural diversity as well as the biological significance of N-acetylglucosamine-containing glycans are exemplified. The problem of forming the respective glycosidic bonds of synthetic targets is addressed. Special emphasis has been given to human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), in view of their biological relevance, and synthetic approaches of selected examples are reported.
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Arihara R, Nakamura S, Hashimoto S. Direct and Stereoselective Synthesis of 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-?-D-glycopyranosides by Using the Phosphite Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:2245-9. [PMID: 15747388 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Arihara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Arihara R, Nakamura S, Hashimoto S. Direct and Stereoselective Synthesis of 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-?-D-glycopyranosides by Using the Phosphite Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Tsuda T, Nakamura S, Hashimoto S. A highly stereoselective construction of 1,2-trans-β-glycosidic linkages capitalizing on 2-azido-2-deoxy-d-glycosyl diphenyl phosphates as glycosyl donors. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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A stereocontrolled construction of 2-azido-2-deoxy-1,2-trans-β-glycosidic linkages utilizing 2-azido-2-deoxyglycopyranosyl diphenyl phosphates. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)01557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Takano Y, Habiro M, Someya M, Hojo H, Nakahara Y. Preparation of core 2 type tetrasaccharide carrying decapeptide by benzyl protection-based solid-phase synthesis strategy. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)01947-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wittmann V, Lennartz D. Copper(II)‐Mediated Activation of Sugar Oxazolines: Mild and Efficient Synthesis of β‐Glycosides of
N
‐Acetylglucosamine. European J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200204)2002:8<1363::aid-ejoc1363>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Wittmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe‐Universität, Marie‐Curie‐Str. 11, 60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Fax: (internat.) + 49‐(0)69/798‐29148
| | - Dirk Lennartz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe‐Universität, Marie‐Curie‐Str. 11, 60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Fax: (internat.) + 49‐(0)69/798‐29148
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Weingart R, Schmidt RR. Can preferential β-mannopyranoside formation with 4,6-O-benzylidene protected mannopyranosyl sulfoxides be reached with trichloroacetimidates? Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)01497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Roussel F, Knerr L, Grathwohl M, Schmidt RR. O-Glycosyl trichloroacetimidates bearing Fmoc as temporary hydroxy protecting group: a new access to solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis. Org Lett 2000; 2:3043-6. [PMID: 11009341 DOI: 10.1021/ol006081l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Different O-glycosyl trichloroacetimidates bearing base sensitive Fmoc protected hydroxy groups were efficiently prepared with CCl(3)CN using a catalytic amount of sodium hydride. The resulting glycosyl donors were engaged in glycosylation reactions both in solution and on solid support with a new ester-type linker with good results. In both approaches, Fmoc groups were afterward quantitatively cleaved using mild basic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Roussel
- Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Fach M 725, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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