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Toyo'oka T. Chiral Metabolomics Using Triazine-Based Chiral Labeling Reagents by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1985:57-79. [PMID: 31069729 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The determination of enantiomers of biological molecules is an important issue because a significant difference in the activity of the enantiomers is generally observed in biological systems. Chiral separations can be carried out by direct resolution using a chiral stationary column or by indirect resolution based on the derivatization with a chiral reagent. Many chiral-labeling reagents for ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence detections have been developed for various functional groups, such as amine and carboxylic acid. However, there are hardly any labeling reagents for LC-MS-specific detection. Based on this observation, we have developed several chiral-labeling reagents for LC-MS/MS analysis.This chapter describes methodologies and applications for the indirect LC-MS/MS determination of biological chiral molecules using triazine-based chiral-labeling reagents, i.e., (S and R)-1-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-3-amine (DMT-3(S and R)-Apy) for carboxylic acids and (S and R)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl-1-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate (DMT-(S and R)-Pro-OSu) for amines and amino acids. A reliable method for the non-targeted chiral metabolomics is also described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
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2
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Moldovan RC, Bodoki E, Servais AC, Crommen J, Oprean R, Fillet M. (+) or (-)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate as chiral derivatizing agent: A review. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1513:1-17. [PMID: 28756893 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 30years, (±)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate ((±)-FLEC) was used as a chiral derivatizing agent in various analytical applications involving a wide range of endogenous, pharmaceutical and environmentally relevant molecules. This comprehensive review aims to present all the significant aspects related to the state of the art in FLEC labeling and subsequent chiral separation of the resulting diastereomers using LC, SFC and CE techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu-Cristian Moldovan
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, CIRM, University of Liege,Avenue Hippocrate 15, B36-+3-T4, 4000 Liege, Belgium; Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca,4 Louis Pasteur street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ede Bodoki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca,4 Louis Pasteur street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anne-Catherine Servais
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, CIRM, University of Liege,Avenue Hippocrate 15, B36-+3-T4, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Jacques Crommen
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, CIRM, University of Liege,Avenue Hippocrate 15, B36-+3-T4, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Radu Oprean
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca,4 Louis Pasteur street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marianne Fillet
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, CIRM, University of Liege,Avenue Hippocrate 15, B36-+3-T4, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
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3
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Toyo’oka T. Diagnostic Approach to Disease Using Non-invasive Samples Based on Derivatization and LC-ESI-MS/MS. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:1397-411. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Toyo’oka
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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Cevasco G, Piątek AM, Thea S. HPLC determination of D-3-hydroxybutyric acid by derivatization with a benzofurazan reagent and fluorescent detection: application in the analysis of human plasma. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 429:90-5. [PMID: 24315779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive new method for the determination of D-3-hydroxybutyric acid (D-3-HBA) in human plasma after derivatization is described. The proposed method is based on the reaction of (2S)-2-amino-3-methyl-1-[4-(7-nitro-benzo-2,1,3-oxadiazol-4-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butan-1-one (NBD-PZ-Val) with D-3-HBA in the presence of O-(7-azobenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU) and N-ethyldiisopropylamine (DIEA) to produce a fluorescent derivative. The formed derivative was monitored fluorimetrically at λ(ex)=489 nm and λ(em)=532 nm. The HPLC analysis was carried out by use of a C18 analytical column (Synergy Hydro 150 mm × 3 mm, i.d., 4 μm) with a binary gradient elution program of 0.1% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid versus methanol. The method showed satisfactory linearity (r(2)=0.9997) in the range from 20 to 500 μmol/L. The limit of detection (LOD) of the method was 7.7 μmol/L, while the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 25.8 μmol/L. The analytical method was successfully applied to human plasma samples from normal healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Cevasco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso, 31-16146 Genoa, Italy; CNR, Institute of Chemical Methodologies, Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Piątek
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso, 31-16146 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Sergio Thea
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso, 31-16146 Genoa, Italy.
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5
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Kuwabara T, Takayama T, Todoroki K, Inoue K, Min JZ, Toyo’oka T. Evaluation of a series of prolylamidepyridines as the chiral derivatization reagents for enantioseparation of carboxylic acids by LC–ESI–MS/MS and the application to human saliva. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2641-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7637-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Toyo'oka T. Chiral benzofurazan-derived derivatization reagents for indirect enantioseparations by HPLC. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 970:233-248. [PMID: 23283781 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-263-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The separation of enantiomers of biologically important molecules, such as chiral pharmaceuticals and amino acids, is an important issue because a significant difference in the activity of the enantiomers is usually observed in biological systems. Chiral separations can be carried out by so-called direct methods or by indirect methods following derivatization with a chiral reagent. Many such chiral labeling reagents have been developed for various functional groups, such as amino groups, carboxyl groups, thiols, and hydroxyl groups. This chapter describes methodologies for the indirect HPLC determination of chiral molecules, based upon diastereomer formation. The derivatization, separation, and detection procedures with the chiral benzofurazan-bearing reagents, i.e., 4-(3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-APy) and 4-(3-isothiocyanatopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-PyNCS), are described as representative examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Tsutsui H, Fujii S, Sakamoto T, Min JZ, Todoroki K, Toyo'oka T. Chiral amines as reagents for HPLC-MS enantioseparation of chiral carboxylic acids. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1551-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Suruga-ku Shizuoka Japan
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Application of an unusual ninhydrin-based reaction for the indirect chiral resolution of d,l-penicillamine. Talanta 2011; 85:1783-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Ullrich T, Wesenberg D, Bleuel C, Krauss GJ, Schmid MG, Weiss M, Gübitz G. Chiral separation of the β2-sympathomimetic fenoterol by HPLC and capillary zone electrophoresis for pharmacokinetic studies. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:1125-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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10
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Péter M, Fülöp F. INDIRECT HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC ENANTIOSEPARATION OF RECEMIC AMINO ALCOHOLS WITH 1,3-DIACETOXY-1-(4-NITROPHENYL)-2-PROPYL ISOTHIOCYANATE AS DERIVATIZING AGENT. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Péter
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged , P. O. Box 121, Szeged, 6701, Hungary
| | - F. Fülöp
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged , P. O. Box 121, Szeged, 6701, Hungary
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11
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Gübitz G, Schmid MG. Chiral separation principles in chromatographic and electromigration techniques. Mol Biotechnol 2006; 32:159-80. [PMID: 16444017 DOI: 10.1385/mb:32:2:159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Almost half of the drugs in use today are chiral. It is well established that the pharmacological activity is mostly restricted to one of the enantiomers (eutomer). There can be qualitative and quantitative differences in the activity of the enantiomers. In many cases, the inactive enantiomer (distomer) shows unwanted side effects or even toxic effects. Even if the side effects are not that drastic, the distomer has to be metabolized and this represents an unnecessary burden for the organism. Therefore, the development of methods for the separation of enantiomers, both on analytical and preparative scale, has become increasingly important. Chromatographic techniques such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), and above all high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have been used for enantiomer separation for about two decades. More recently, electromigration techniques, such as capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography, have been shown to be powerful alternatives to chromatographic methods. This review gives a short overview of different chiral separation principles and their application. Several new developments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Gübitz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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12
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Fakayode SO, Busch MA, Bellert DJ, Busch KW. Determination of the enantiomeric composition of phenylalanine samples by chemometric analysis of the fluorescence spectra of cyclodextrin guest–host complexes. Analyst 2005; 130:233-41. [PMID: 15665979 DOI: 10.1039/b405478d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy for determining the enantiomeric composition of phenylalanine samples that combines ordinary fluorescence spectroscopy, guest-host cyclodextrin chemistry, and multivariate regression modeling is investigated. Partial-least-squares regression (PLS-1) models were developed from fluorescence spectral data obtained with a series of samples containing cyclodextrin guest-host complexes of phenylalanine with different known enantiomeric compositions. The regression models were subsequently validated by determining the enantiomeric composition of a set of independently prepared phenylalanine samples. The ability of the models to correctly predict the enantiomeric compositions of future samples was evaluated in terms of the root-mean-square percent relative error (RMS%RE). The RMS%RE in the mol fraction of D-phenylalanine ranged from 1.3% to 3.0% when beta-cyclodextrin was used as the host molecule for different guest-host concentrations. The RMS%RE in the mol fraction of D-phenylalanine obtained in a similar validation study conducted with gamma-cyclodextrin ranged between 1.8% and 4.0% for different guest-host concentrations. Compared with previous studies done in absorption, fluorescence data were found to be more sensitive and the spectral differences observed as a function of enantiomeric composition were more uniformly spaced, making regression modeling more reliable. As a result, good regression models could be made at lower concentrations than were possible previously when absorption measurements were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayo O Fakayode
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798, USA. K
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13
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Min JZ, Toyo'oka T, Kato M, Fukushima T. Synthesis of ?uorescent label, DBD-?-proline, and the resolution ef?ciency for chiral amines by reversed-phase chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2005; 19:43-50. [PMID: 15470702 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
DBD-d(and l)-beta-proline, new fluorescent chiral derivatization reagents, were synthesized from the reaction of 4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7- fl uoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-F) with beta-proline. The racemic mixture synthesized was separated by a chiral stationary phase (CSP) column, Chiralpak AD-H, with n-hexane-EtOH-TFA-diethylamine (70:30:0.1:0.1) as the mobile phase. The dl-forms were decided according to the results obtained from a circular dichroism (CD) detector after separation by the CSP column. The fractionated enantiomers reacted with chiral amine to produce a couple of diastereomers. The labeling proceeded in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and pyridine as the activation reagents. The reaction conditions were mild and no racemization occurred during the diastereomer formation. The resulting diastereomers fluoresced at around 570 nm (excitation at around 460 nm). Good linearity of the calibration curves was obtained in the range 1-75 pmol and the detection limits on chromatogram were less than 1 pmol. The separability of the diastereomers was compared with the diastereomers derived from DBD-d(or l)-proline. The resolution values (Rs) obtained from the diastereomers of three chiral amines with DBD-d(or l)-beta-proline were higher than those derived from DBD-d(or l)-proline, e.g. dl-phenylalanine methylester (dl-PAME), 2.23 vs 1.37; (R)(S)-1-phenylethylamine [(R)(S)-PEA], 2.09 vs 1.13; and (R)(S)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamines [(R)(S)-NEA], 5.19 vs 1.23. The results suggest that the position of COOH group on pyrrolidine moiety in the structures is one of the important factors for the efficient separation of a couple of the diastereomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhe Min
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Katoh A, Yamamoto R, Fujimoto T, Saito R. High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Enantioseparation Based on Diastereomer Formation with New Fluorescent Chiral Quinoxalines. HETEROCYCLES 2005. [DOI: 10.3987/com-05-10346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Min JZ, Toyo’oka T, Fukushima T, Kato M. Synthesis and evaluation of new fluorescent derivatization reagents for resolution of chiral amines by RP-HPLC. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Misl'anová C, Hutta M. Role of biological matrices during the analysis of chiral drugs by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 797:91-109. [PMID: 14630145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The review article covers advances of chiral drugs analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods achieved during last 10 years. Emphasis is given to various aspects of influence of biological matrix in pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, HPLC analysis. Discussed is composition of main biological matrices from the point of view of potential interferences to above-mentioned fields of study. Beside typical analytical approaches to chiral recognition in HPLC, sample pretreatment and/or clean-up by conventional extraction procedures, column switching (CSW) techniques using restricted access materials (RAMs), microdialysis (MCD) is discussed. Measurement of unbound drug concentration and discussion of column maintenance and remedy is an additional source of information and field where knowledge on complex properties and interactions of biological matrix is usefully applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Misl'anová
- Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Limbová 14, SK-833 01 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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17
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Toyo'oka T. Resolution of chiral drugs by liquid chromatography based upon diastereomer formation with chiral derivatization reagents. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 2002; 54:25-56. [PMID: 12543490 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(02)00127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chiral derivatization reagents for resolution of biologically important compounds, such as chiral drugs by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), based upon pre-column derivatization and diastereomer formation, are reviewed. The derivatization reagents for various functional groups, i.e., amine, carboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl and thiol, are evaluated in terms of reactivity, stability, wavelength, handling, versatility, sensitivity, and selectivity. The applicability of the reagents to the analyses of drugs and bioactive compounds are included in the text.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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18
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Comparison of isothiocyanate chiral derivatizing reagents for high-performance liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02497681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Toyo’oka T. Fluorescent tagging of physiologically important carboxylic acids, including fatty acids, for their detection in liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00398-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Vékes E, Török G, Péter A, Sapi J, Tourwé D. Indirect high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of stereoisomers of beta-alkyl-substituted amino acids by the application of (S)-N-(4-nitrophenoxycarbonyl)phenylalanine methoxyethyl ester as chiral derivatizing agent. J Chromatogr A 2002; 949:125-39. [PMID: 11999729 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The indirect high-performance liquid chromatographic enantioresolution of beta-alkyl-substituted analogues of tyrosine, phenylalanine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid and tryptophan is reported. (S)-N-(4-Nitrophenoxycarbonyl)phenylalanine methoxyethyl ester, a recently developed chiral derivatizing agent, was used for pre-column derivatization of the investigated analytes. The diastereoisomers formed were analysed under reversed-phase conditions. The effects of parameters such as the amount and type of the organic modifier and the type of the stationary phase on the resolution and retention of the derivatives were investigated. Chromatographic conditions were found for the separation of all four stereoisomers of each analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vékes
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary
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21
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Haginaka J. Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of enantioseparations using liquid chromatographic techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 27:357-72. [PMID: 11755739 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The chiral separation methods using liquid chromatographic techniques can be divided into two categories: one is a direct method, which is based on a diastereomer formation on stationary phase or in mobile phase. The other is an indirect method, which is based on a diasteromer formation by reaction with a homochiral reagent. The enantiomer separation on a chiral stationary phases followed by derivatization with an achiral reagent is also dealt with this review article as the indirect method. The pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of enantioseparations using the direct and indirect methods have been considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Haginaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68, Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan.
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22
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Gübitz G, Schmid MG. Chiral separation by chromatographic and electromigration techniques. A review. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2001; 22:291-336. [PMID: 11835252 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This review gives a survey of different chiral separation principles and their use in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) highlighting new developments and innovative techniques. The mechanisms of the different separation principles are briefly discussed and some selected applications are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gübitz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens University, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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23
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Sun XX, Sun LZ, Aboul-Enein HY. Chiral derivatization reagents for drug enantioseparation by high-performance liquid chromatography based upon pre-column derivatization and formation of diastereomers: enantioselectivity and related structure. Biomed Chromatogr 2001; 15:116-32. [PMID: 11268052 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Structures and related enantioselectivities of the respective chiral derivatization reagents (CDRs) for drug enantioseparation by high-performance chromatography based upon pre-column derivatization and diastereomeric formation are reviewed. The elution order of diastereomers caused reaction of some CDRs with enantiomeric amino acids and carboxylic acids. The development of new CDRs available for indirect HPLC methods is also discussed. (c) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- X X Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Changzhou 213016, People's Republic of China
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24
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Péter M, Gyéresi A, Fülöp F. Liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of beta-blocking agents with (1R,2R)-1,3-diacetoxy-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propyl isothiocyanate as chiral derivatizing agent. J Chromatogr A 2001; 910:247-53. [PMID: 11261719 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)01229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of (1R,2R)-1,3-diacetoxy-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propyl isothiocyanate [(R,R)-DANI] as a recently developed chiral derivatizing agent for the enantioseparation of a series of beta-blockers is described. The thiourea diastereomers formed were analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, mixtures of water and methanol or acetonitrile being used for elution. Conditions of derivatizations (temperature, reagent excess and reaction time) were optimized, and the effects of organic modifiers on the retention and separation were investigated; the diastereomers could readily be baseline separated with methanol-containing mobile phases with resolutions between 1.58 and 2.72.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Péter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary
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Abstract
The chromatographic and electrophoretic enantiomeric separation and analysis of several clinically used cardiovascular drugs have been reviewed. Several examples of recently reported applications of enantioselective analysis and various cardiovascular agents are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bojarski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Jin D, Nagakura K, Murofushi S, Miyahara T, Toyo'oka T. Total resolution of 17 DL-amino acids labelled with a fluorescent chiral reagent, R(-)-4-(3-isothiocyanatopyrrolidin-1-y1)-7-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)- 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole, by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1998; 822:215-24. [PMID: 9809444 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Total resolution of 17 DL-amino acids after derivatization with a fluorescent chiral tagging reagent, 4-(3-isothiocyanatopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfony l)-2,1,3- benzoxadiazole [R(-)-DBD-PyNCS], was studied by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The reaction of the reagent with amino acids proceeds effectively at 55 degrees C for 20 min in the presence of 1% TEA to produce the corresponding fluorescent diastereomers (excitation at 460 nm, emission at 550 nm). Each pair of the resulting derivatives was efficiently separated with water-acetonitrile containing 1% acetic acid as the mobile phase. Peak resolution was in the range of 0.92 (DL-Arg)-9.8 (DL-Cys). Although mutual separation of some DL-amino acids was possible using the elution solvent, simultaneous resolution of 17 DL-amino acids was difficult with a single chromatographic run, even if some gradient elutions were adopted. Therefore, both gradient and isocratic elution systems were used for total resolution of the DL-amino acids. Thus, 17 DL-amino acids were well resolved by a gradient and an isocratic elution systems. The proposed derivatization and elution methods were applied to the determination of DL-amino acids in yogurt. The results showed that some of the L-amino acids, i.e., Glu, Asp, Ser, Gly, Ala, Thr, Pro, Lys, Phe and Met, were found in the methanol extracts of yogurt. On the other hand, the D-amino acids that were identified in the extracts were D-Glu, D-Asp and D-Ala, and the mean % to each L-amino acid were 11.9% (D-Glu), 27.6% (D-Asp) and 56.7% (D-Ala), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan
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27
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Santa T, Luo J, Lim CK, Imai K. Enantiomeric separation and detection by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of 2-arylpropionic acids derivatized with benzofurazan fluorescent reagents. Biomed Chromatogr 1998; 12:73-7. [PMID: 9568274 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0801(199803/04)12:2<73::aid-bmc725>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The enantiomneric separation and the detection of 2-arylpropionic acids after derivatization with the fluorescent reagents with a benzofurazan structure, (S)-(+)-4-(N,N- dimethylaminosulphonyl)-7-(3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl)-2,1,3-ben zoxadiazole ((S)-DBD-Apy), (R)-(-)-4-nitro-7-(3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl)-2,1,3- benzoxadiazole ((R)-NBD-Apy), 4-N,N-dimethylaminosulphonyl-7-piperazino-2,1,3-benzoxadi zole (DBD-PZ) and N-hydrazinoformylmethyl-N-methylamino-4,4- N,N-dimethylaminosulphonyl-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-CO-Hz) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) were examined. The diastereomeric derivatization with (S)-DBD-Apy or (R)-NBD-Apy and the separation on the reversed phase column afforded the high sensitivity. The separation on chiral stationary phase after non-chiral derivatization with DBD-PZ or DBD-CO-Hz provided less sensitivity. The signal-to-noise ratio of (S)-DBD-Apy-(S)-ketoprofen of 200:1 was observed for 12.5 picomole (pmol) injection and selected ion monitoring (SIM) of the quasi-molecular ion after splitting 1:7 before entering into the electrospray ion sources. As a result, the usefulness of these reagents for MS detection has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Santa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Indirect separation of chiral proteinogenic α-amino acids using the fluorescence active (1R,2R)-N-[(2-isothiocyanato)cyclohexyl]-6-methoxy-4-quinolinylamide) as chiral derivatizing agent. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00869-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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