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de Almada Vilhena AO, Lima KMM, de Azevedo LFC, Rissino JD, de Souza ACP, Nagamachi CY, Pieczarka JC. The synthetic dye malachite green found in food induces cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in four different mammalian cell lines from distinct tissuesw. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:693-701. [PMID: 37663817 PMCID: PMC10470350 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Malachite green (MG) is a synthetic dye that uses ranges from its application as a tissue dye to that as an antiparasitic in aquaculture. Several studies have reported the presence of this compound in food dyes and in the meat of fish raised in captivity for human consumption, suggesting risks both for the end user and for as those who handle these products because of MG toxic properties described in the literature. Here we evaluated the cytotoxic and genotoxic profiles of MG in four different cell lines (ACP02, L929, MNP01, and MRC-5). Two of these cell lines are stomach cells (normal and cancer lineages) and the potential ingestion of MG makes this a relevant cell type. Cells were treated with MG at concentrations ranging from 0.1 μM to 100 μM, and tested by MTT assay, a differential apoptosis/necrosis assay (EB/OA), the micronucleus test (MN), and the comet assay. MG exhibits dose-dependent cytotoxicity toward all of the tested cell types; higher concentrations of MG cause cell necrosis, while lower concentrations induce apoptosis. MG has a genotoxic profile increasing the rates of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges, nuclear buds, and DNA fragmentation; L929 and MRC-5 showed more sensibility than ACP02 and MNP01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andryo O de Almada Vilhena
- Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Cultura de Células, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará/Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia do Guamá, Avenida Perimetral da Ciência Km 01 – Guamá, Belém CEP 66075-750, PA, Brazil
- Instituto Tocantinense Presidente Antônio Carlos (ITPAC/Afya), Abaetetuba, PA, Brazil
| | - Karina M M Lima
- Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Cultura de Células, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará/Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia do Guamá, Avenida Perimetral da Ciência Km 01 – Guamá, Belém CEP 66075-750, PA, Brazil
- Campus Tomé Açu, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Tomé Açu, PA, Brazil
| | - Luana F C de Azevedo
- Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Cultura de Células, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará/Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia do Guamá, Avenida Perimetral da Ciência Km 01 – Guamá, Belém CEP 66075-750, PA, Brazil
| | - Jorge D Rissino
- Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Cultura de Células, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará/Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia do Guamá, Avenida Perimetral da Ciência Km 01 – Guamá, Belém CEP 66075-750, PA, Brazil
| | - Augusto C P de Souza
- Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Cultura de Células, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará/Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia do Guamá, Avenida Perimetral da Ciência Km 01 – Guamá, Belém CEP 66075-750, PA, Brazil
- Laboratório de Estudos da Ictiofauna da Amazônia, Campus Abaetetuba, Instituto Federal do Pará, Abaetetuba, PA, Brazil
| | - Cleusa Y Nagamachi
- Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Cultura de Células, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará/Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia do Guamá, Avenida Perimetral da Ciência Km 01 – Guamá, Belém CEP 66075-750, PA, Brazil
| | - Julio C Pieczarka
- Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Cultura de Células, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará/Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia do Guamá, Avenida Perimetral da Ciência Km 01 – Guamá, Belém CEP 66075-750, PA, Brazil
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Gharavi-Nakhjavani MS, Niazi A, Hosseini H, Aminzare M, Dizaji R, Tajdar-Oranj B, Mirza Alizadeh A. Malachite green and leucomalachite green in fish: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:48911-48927. [PMID: 36920616 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Malachite green (MG), an antibiotic with antifungal activity, is illegally used in aquaculture. Given that this chemical is teratogenic and mutagenic, abstinence from intake seems to be a need for public safety. The goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the global contamination of fishes by MG and its reduced metabolite, leucomalachite green (LMG), in a number of marine and farmed fish species. For literature published prior to January 2022, several databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus) were investigated. In total, 20 publications (10 countries, 724 samples) achieved the criteria for inclusion. The overall average MG and LMG concentrations were 0.48 (95% CI: 0.47, 0.49 µg kg-1) and 0.59 (95% CI: 0.39, 0.79 µg/kg-1), respectively. Eel (M. albus) 15.50 (95% CI: (14.39, 45.39 µg kg-1) and eel (A. anguilla) 4.46 (95% CI: 1.23, 7.69 µg kg-1) had the greatest contamination of MG and LMG, according to the effect size, respectively. Warm-water fish had a concentration of 2.591 (95% CI: 2.25, 2.93 µg kg-1) while cold-water fish had a concentration of 1.55 (95% CI: 0.25, 2.84 µg kg-1). Fish containing medium-fat level of 1.86 (95% CI: 1.27, 2.44 µg kg-1) and high-fat content of 1.10 (95% CI: 0.93, 1.26 µg kg-1) had accumulate MG and LMG in their tissues, respectively. As a result, total MG observed in countries including China, Iran, and the Netherlands was higher than authorized (2 µg kg-1). The toxicity of MG and LMG demands more monitoring, especially in countries where these chemicals' residues are significant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Niazi
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedayat Hosseini
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Aminzare
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Rana Dizaji
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Behrouz Tajdar-Oranj
- Food and Drug Administration, Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adel Mirza Alizadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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Sassa A, Fukuda T, Ukai A, Nakamura M, Sato R, Fujiwara S, Hirota K, Takeda S, Sugiyama KI, Honma M, Yasui M. Follow-up genotoxicity assessment of Ames-positive/equivocal chemicals using the improved thymidine kinase gene mutation assay in DNA repair-deficient human TK6 cells. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:331-338. [PMID: 34216473 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotoxicity testing plays an important role in the safety assessment of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and chemical substances. Among the guidelines for various genotoxicity tests, the in vitro genotoxicity test battery comprises the bacterial Ames test and mammalian cell assays. Several chemicals exhibit conflicting results for the bacterial Ames test and mammalian cell genotoxicity studies, which may stem from the differences in DNA repair capacity or metabolism, between different cell types or species. For better understanding the mechanistic implications regarding conflict outcomes between different assay systems, it is necessary to develop in vitro genotoxicity testing approaches with higher specificity towards DNA-damaging reagents. We have recently established an improved thymidine kinase (TK) gene mutation assay (TK assay) that is deficient in DNA excision repair system using human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells lacking XRCC1 and XPA (XRCC1 -/-/XPA -/-), the core factors of base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair, respectively. This DNA repair-deficient TK6 cell line is expected to specifically evaluate the genotoxic potential of chemical substances based on the DNA damage. We focused on four reagents, N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NEDA), p-phenylenediamine (PPD), auramine, and malachite green (MG) as the Ames test-positive chemicals. In our assay, assessment using XRCC1 -/-/XPA -/- cells revealed no statistically significant increase in the mutant frequencies after treatment with NEDA, PPD, and MG, suggesting the chemicals to be non-genotoxic in humans. The observations were consistent with that of the follow-up in vivo studies. In contrast, the mutant frequency was markedly increased in XRCC1 -/-/XPA -/- cells after treatment with auramine. The results suggest that auramine is the genotoxic reagent that preferentially induces DNA damages resolved by BER and/or NER in mammals. Taken together, BER/NER deficient cell-based genotoxicity testing will contribute to elucidate the mechanism of genotoxicity and therefore play a pivotal role in the accurate safety assessment of chemical substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sassa
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fukuda
- Tokyo Laboratory, BoZo Research Center Inc., Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Ukai
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki Japan
| | - Maki Nakamura
- Tokyo Laboratory, BoZo Research Center Inc., Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sato
- Tokyo Laboratory, BoZo Research Center Inc., Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Fujiwara
- Tokyo Laboratory, BoZo Research Center Inc., Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouji Hirota
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Sugiyama
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki Japan
| | - Masamitsu Honma
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki Japan
| | - Manabu Yasui
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki Japan
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Uda RM, Yoshida N, Iwasaki T, Hayashi K. pH-triggered solubility and cytotoxicity changes of malachite green derivatives incorporated in liposomes for killing cancer cells. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:8242-8248. [PMID: 32794526 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01346c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Three different malachite green leuco derivatives (MG-Xs) are incorporated in liposomes. In all three cases, a substituent (X) is covalently linked to the central carbon atom, abbreviated as MG-OH, MG-OCH3, and MG-CN. The three MG-X compounds are solubilized separately in liposome membranes and become cationic (MG+) and water soluble under acidic conditions. MG+ is consequently released from the liposome to the aqueous exterior. Their release behavior corresponds to their ionization ability: MG-OH > MG-OCH3 > MG-CN. The cellular uptake of the liposomes, the cytotoxic effect, and the location of MG+ in cancer cells are investigated using murine cells derived from colon cancer (Colon 26 cells) and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293 cells). The toxic effect on cancer cells is correlated to the ionization ability of MG-Xs. The liposomes effectively deliver MG+via the endocytic pathway, resulting in the cytotoxicity of liposomes containing MG-OH which is higher than that of free MG-OH and MG+. The difference in the phospholipids constituting the liposome membranes barely had an effect on the ionization ratio and the cytotoxicity of MG-OH. Confocal fluorescence microscopic observations revealed that MG+ is ultimately transported into the nuclei after being released in acidic cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko M Uda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, Yata 22, Yamato-koriyama, Nara 639-1080, Japan.
| | - Nao Yoshida
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, Yata 22, Yamato-koriyama, Nara 639-1080, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Iwasaki
- Division of Analytical Bio-medicine, Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Keita Hayashi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, Yata 22, Yamato-koriyama, Nara 639-1080, Japan.
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Wang B, Lu J, Zheng J, Yu Z. iTRAQ-facilitated proteomic analysis of Bacillus cereus via degradation of malachite green. J Microbiol 2021; 59:142-150. [PMID: 33527315 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-0441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The wide use of malachite green (MG) as a dye has caused substantial concern owing to its toxicity. Bacillus cereus can against the toxic effect of MG and efficiently decolourise it. However, detailed information regarding its underlying adaptation and degradation mechanisms based on proteomic data is scarce. In this study, the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-facilitated quantitative method was applied to analyse the molecular mechanisms by which B. cereus degrades MG. Based on this analysis, 209 upregulated proteins and 198 downregulated proteins were identified with a false discovery rate of 1% or less during MG biodegradation. Gene ontology and KEGG analysis determined that the differentially expressed proteins were enriched in metabolic processes, catalytic activity, antioxidant activity, and responses to stimuli. Furthermore, real-time qPCR was utilised to further confirm the regulated proteins involved in benzoate degradation. The proteins BCE_4076 (Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase), BCE_5143 (Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase), BCE_5144 (3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase), BCE_4651 (Enoyl-CoA hydratase), and BCE_5474 (3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase) involved in the benzoate degradation pathway may play an important role in the biodegradation of MG by B. cereus. The results of this study not only provide a comprehensive view of proteomic changes in B. cereus upon MG loading but also shed light on the mechanism underlying MG biodegradation by B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jing Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Junfang Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
| | - Zhisheng Yu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
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Hu K, Cheng J, Zhang W, Pang T, Wu X, Zhang Z, Huang Y, Zhao W, Zhang S. Simultaneous extraction of diverse organic pollutants from environmental water using a magnetic covalent organic framework composite. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1140:132-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Souza ACP, Melo KM, de Azevedo LFC, de Almada Vilhena AO, Nagamachi CY, Pieczarka JC. Lethal and sublethal exposure of Hemichromis bimaculatus (Gill, 1862) to malachite green and possible implications for ornamental fish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:33215-33225. [PMID: 32529609 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Malachite green (MG) is a triphenylmethane dye that is widely used in aquaculture as a fungicide, bactericide, ectoparasiticide, and antiprotozoal. There is great debate regarding the potential for this compound to trigger adverse effects. Here, we review the previous findings and then evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects of MG in the species Hemichromis bimaculatus (jewelfish). The lethal concentration for 50% of the fish in 96 h was 1 mg/L. We observed a dose-dependent increase in the percentage of fish mortality as well as physical and behavioral changes. We further found that the highest tested sublethal dose significantly increased the DNA damage index identified using the comet assay (74.97 ± 13.8 at a significant level of P < 0.05 for the 0.75 mg/L concentration), but did not significantly alter the results of the micronucleus test. Although our results suggest that MG confers risks on exposed fish, the findings were significant only at the highest exposure concentration (0.75 mg/L). At lower concentrations (0.25 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L), no adverse effect was observed. The maximum MG concentration recommended for use in ornamental fish farming is 0.2 mg/L. Therefore, our results suggest that, specifically for the parameters analyzed in this work, MG does not have any adverse effect when users strictly adhere to the recommended concentration criteria for ornamental fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto César Paes Souza
- Laboratório de Estudos da Ictiofauna da Amazônia, Instituto Federal do Pará, Campus Abaetetuba, Abaetetuba, PA, Brazil
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Perimetral, sn. Campus do Guamá, Belém, PA, 66075-900, Brazil
- Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, São Luis, MA, Brazil
| | - Karina Motta Melo
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Perimetral, sn. Campus do Guamá, Belém, PA, 66075-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Tomé açu, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | - Luana França Calandrini de Azevedo
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Perimetral, sn. Campus do Guamá, Belém, PA, 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Andryo Orfi de Almada Vilhena
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Perimetral, sn. Campus do Guamá, Belém, PA, 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Cleusa Yoshiko Nagamachi
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Perimetral, sn. Campus do Guamá, Belém, PA, 66075-900, Brazil
- CNPq, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Júlio César Pieczarka
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Perimetral, sn. Campus do Guamá, Belém, PA, 66075-900, Brazil.
- CNPq, Brasilia, Brazil.
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Shukla D, Das M, Kasade D, Pandey M, Dubey AK, Yadav SK, Parmar AS. Sandalwood-derived carbon quantum dots as bioimaging tools to investigate the toxicological effects of malachite green in model organisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:125998. [PMID: 32006833 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Malachite green is an N-methylated diaminophenylmethane dye that has generated much concern over its suggestive carcinogenic nature. After its excessive use in aquaculture industry as an effective ectoparasitide, much debate was raised over its toxicological effects leading to scientific studies conducted on animal models. Even after several bans, malachite green is still easily available in many parts of the world and unscrupulously even used to give green vegetables a fresher look. This study aims to address this concern by systematically studying the toxicological effects of malachite green through bioimaging in plant and animal cell and tissue. Sandalwood-derived carbon quantum dots have been used as a bioimaging tool since they are non-cytotoxic and show excellent fluorescence properties. Onion tissues demonstrate the translocation of the dye inside cells having high affinity for the nuclei and cell walls. Toxicological effects on the growth of Vigna radiata (mung beans) have been studied methodically. Bioimaging of the transverse cross-section of the dye-treated plant root shows a significant difference from the control. In animal cells, dose-dependent decrease in cell viability of MG-63 cells was observed with MG. CQD showed good fluorescence in both cytoplasm and nucleus of MG63 cells. In addition, CQDs were employed as a great tool for bioimaging of the histopathologically adverse effects of MG in Golden hamster animal model. This study showed CQDs could be used as an alternative non-site specific fluorescent probe for cell and tissue imaging for better visualization of cell and tissue architectural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devyani Shukla
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Megha Das
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Dipanshu Kasade
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Maneesha Pandey
- Department of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Dubey
- Department of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Avanish Singh Parmar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
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A Sight to Wheat Bran: High Value-Added Products. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120887. [PMID: 31861140 PMCID: PMC6995506 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently more consideration has been given to the use of renewable materials and agricultural residues. Wheat production is increasing yearly and correspondingly, the volume of by-products from the wheat process is increasing, as well. It is important to find the use of the residuals for higher value-added products, and not just for the food industry or animal feed purposes as it is happening now. Agricultural residue of the roller milled wheat grain is a wheat bran description. The low-cost of wheat bran and its composition assortment provides a good source of substrate for various enzymes and organic acids production and other biotechnological applications. The main purpose of this review article is to look into recent trends, developments, and applications of wheat bran.
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Berlina AN, Zherdev AV, Dzantiev BB. ELISA and Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Detection of Food Colorants: State of the Art. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 49:209-223. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1503942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna N. Berlina
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly V. Zherdev
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris B. Dzantiev
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Damirchi S, Maliheh AKK, Heidari T, Es'haghi Z, Chamsaz M. A comparison between digital camera and spectrophotometer for sensitive and selective kinetic determination of brilliant green in wastewaters. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 206:232-239. [PMID: 30119003 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a simple and novel kinetic spectrophotometric method has been proposed for the sensitive and highly selective determination of Brilliant Green. The method is based on the interaction of Brilliant Green with Triton X-100 in micellar media at room temperature. As a result of this interaction, the peak wavelength (625 nm) is gradually shifted toward longer wavelength region (634 nm) and more intensive hyper chromic effect has been seen. As well as, variations in the red, blue and green (RGB) components of the images as a function of time were observed. The kinetic interaction of Brilliant Green with Triton X-100 was recorded, using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer-diode array detector and a digital camera. The fixed-time method was used for the construction of a calibration curves. Brilliant Green can be measured in the range of 1.0 to 12.0 mg L-1 and 1.0 to 10.0 mg L-1with the detection limit of 0.047 mg L-1 and 0.037 mg L-1 using spectrophotometer and digital camera, respectively. The proposed method has been successfully used to determine Brilliant Green in some wastewaters such as textile dye effluent and goldfish farming water in the presence of some triphenylmethan dyes as the interferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Damirchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Tahereh Heidari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Zarrin Es'haghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Payame Noor University, PO Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Chamsaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Nohmi T. Thresholds of Genotoxic and Non-Genotoxic Carcinogens. Toxicol Res 2018; 34:281-290. [PMID: 30370002 PMCID: PMC6195886 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2018.34.4.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to chemical agents is an inevitable consequence of modern society; some of these agents are hazardous to human health. The effects of chemical carcinogens are of great concern in many countries, and international organizations, such as the World Health Organization, have established guidelines for the regulation of these chemicals. Carcinogens are currently categorized into two classes, genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens, which are subject to different regulatory policies. Genotoxic carcinogens are chemicals that exert carcinogenicity via the induction of mutations. Owing to their DNA interaction properties, there is thought to be no safe exposure threshold or dose. Genotoxic carcinogens are regulated under the assumption that they pose a cancer risk for humans, even at very low doses. In contrast, non-genotoxic carcinogens, which induce cancer through mechanisms other than mutations, such as hormonal effects, cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, or epigenetic changes, are thought to have a safe exposure threshold or dose; thus, their use in society is permitted unless the exposure or intake level would exceed the threshold. Genotoxicity assays are an important method to distinguish the two classes of carcinogens. However, some carcinogens have negative results in in vitro bacterial mutation assays, but yield positive results in the in vivo transgenic rodent gene mutation assay. Non-DNA damage, such as spindle poison or topoisomerase inhibition, often leads to positive results in cytogenetic genotoxicity assays such as the chromosome aberration assay or the micronucleus assay. Therefore, mechanistic considerations of tumor induction, based on the results of the genotoxicity assays, are necessary to distinguish genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens. In this review, the concept of threshold of toxicological concern is introduced and the potential risk from multiple exposures to low doses of genotoxic carcinogens is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Nohmi
- Division of Pathology, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
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Huang J, Yang Y, Wang Y, Zhang M, Liu Y. Immobilization of a Laccase/2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic Acid System to Layered Double Hydroxide/Alginate Biohybrid Beads for Biodegradation of Malachite Green Dye. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5471961. [PMID: 30345302 PMCID: PMC6174817 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5471961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The application of laccase-mediator-based catalysis is limited owing to the high cost of laccases and mediators and the potential toxicity of free mediators. Here, a novel biocatalyst (Im-LMS) was fabricated by immobilizing both laccase and a mediator (2,2'-azino-bis-[3-ethylbenzothiazoline]-6-sulfonic acid) on layered double hydroxide/alginate biohybrid beads. The catalytic activity of Im-LMS was evaluated for dye decolorization using malachite green. The decolorization yields of malachite green by Im-LMS and the free laccase-mediator system were 92% within 120 min and 90% within 90 min. Malachite green solution was detoxified completely after biodegradation by Im-LMS. Following eight reuse cycles of Im-LMS for dye treatment, a decolorization yield of 79% was obtained. The activity of Im-LMS was almost completely stable after being stored for 10 days. The recyclability and stability of Im-LMS will be helpful for reducing the running cost and potential toxicity associated with mediators to facilitate practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Avenue 601, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Yun Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Avenue 601, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Yaokun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Avenue 601, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Mingyang Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Avenue 601, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Youxun Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Avenue 601, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
- Key Laboratory of molecular medicine of Xinxiang, Jinsui Avenue 601, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
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14
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Wang Y, Yang J, Shen Y, Sun Y, Xiao Z, Lei H, Wang H, Xu Z. Novel haptens synthesis and development of a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for leuco-malachite green in fish. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1348490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Labotatory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Institute for Food Control, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Labotatory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yudong Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Labotatory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanming Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Labotatory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhili Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Labotatory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Labotatory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Labotatory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenlin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Labotatory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Shalaby AR, Emam WH, Anwar MM. Mini-column assay for rapid detection of malachite green in fish. Food Chem 2017; 226:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Loganathan C, John SA. Naked eye and spectrophotometric detection of chromogenic insecticide in aquaculture using amine functionalized gold nanoparticles in the presence of major interferents. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 173:837-842. [PMID: 27816882 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Detection of a chromogenic insecticide, malachite green (MG) using 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole capped gold nanoparticles (DAT-AuNPs) by both naked eye and spectrophotometry was described in this paper. The DAT-AuNPs were prepared by wet chemical method and show absorption maximum at 518nm. The zeta potential of DAT-AuNPs was found to be -39.9mV, suggesting that one of the amine groups of DAT adsorbed on the surface of AuNPs and the other amine group stabilizes the AuNPs from aggregation. The wine red color DAT-AuNPs changes to violet while adding 25μM MG whereas the absorption band at 518nm was increased and shifted towards longer wavelength. However, addition of 70μM MG leads to the aggregation of DAT-AuNPs. This is due to strong electrostatic interaction between ammonium ion of MG and the free amine group of DAT. Based on the color change and shift in SPR band, 25 and 5μM MG can be easily detected by naked eye and spectrophotometry. The DAT-AuNPs show high selectivity towards MG even in the presence of 5000-fold higher concentrations of common interferents. The practical application was successfully demonstrated by determining MG in fish farm water.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Loganathan
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute, Gandhigram - 624 302, Dindigul, Tamilnadu, India
| | - S Abraham John
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute, Gandhigram - 624 302, Dindigul, Tamilnadu, India.
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17
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Temperature sensitive molecularly imprinted microspheres for solid-phase dispersion extraction of malachite green, crystal violet and their leuko metabolites. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-1947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Kimura M, Mizukami S, Watanabe Y, Onda N, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. Aberrant cell cycle regulation in rat liver cells induced by post-initiation treatment with hepatocarcinogens/hepatocarcinogenic tumor promoters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:399-408. [PMID: 27402199 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the onset time of hepatocarcinogen/hepatocarcinogenic tumor promoter-specific cell proliferation, apoptosis and aberrant cell cycle regulation after post-initiation treatment. Six-week-old rats were treated with the genotoxic hepatocarcinogen, carbadox (CRB), the marginally hepatocarcinogenic leucomalachite green (LMG), the tumor promoter, β-naphthoflavone (BNF) or the non-carcinogenic hepatotoxicant, acetaminophen, for 2, 4 or 6 weeks during the post-initiation phase using a medium-term liver bioassay. Cell proliferation activity, expression of G2 to M phase- and spindle checkpoint-related molecules, and apoptosis were immunohistochemically analyzed at week 2 and 4, and tumor promotion activity was assessed at week 6. At week 2, hepatocarcinogen/tumor promoter-specific aberrant cell cycle regulation was not observed. At week 4, BNF and LMG increased cell proliferation together with hepatotoxicity, while CRB did not. Additionally, BNF and CRB reduced the number of cells expressing phosphorylated-histone H3 in both ubiquitin D (UBD)(+) cells and Ki-67(+) proliferating cells, suggesting development of spindle checkpoint dysfunction, regardless of cell proliferation activity. At week 6, examined hepatocarcinogens/tumor promoters increased preneoplastic hepatic foci expressing glutathione S-transferase placental form. These results suggest that some hepatocarcinogens/tumor promoters increase their toxicity after post-initiation treatment, causing regenerative cell proliferation. In contrast, some genotoxic hepatocarcinogens may disrupt the spindle checkpoint without facilitating cell proliferation at the early stage of tumor promotion. This suggests that facilitation of cell proliferation and disruption of spindle checkpoint function are induced by different mechanisms during hepatocarcinogenesis. Four weeks of post-initiation treatment may be sufficient to induce hepatocarcinogen/tumor promoter-specific cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Sayaka Mizukami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yousuke Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Onda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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19
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20
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Jia F, Yang X, Li Z. Synthesis and application of colloidal beta-cyclodextrin-decorated silver nanoparticles for rapid determination of malachite green in environmental water using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22387g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of AgNPs were synthesized by silver mirror reaction in the presence of CDs. Combined with SERS, a rapid method for the determination of MG was established successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jia
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Changchun University of Technology
- Changchun
- China
| | - Xudong Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Changchun University of Technology
- Changchun
- China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Changchun University of Technology
- Changchun
- China
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21
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Majeed SA, Nambi KSN, Taju G, Vimal S, Venkatesan C, Hameed ASS. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress of malachite green on the kidney and gill cell lines of freshwater air breathing fish Channa striata. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:13539-13550. [PMID: 25023653 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress of malachite green (MG) was investigated using the fish Channa striata kidney (CSK) and Channa striata gill (CSG) cell lines. Five concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 10 μg mL(-1) were tested in three independent experiments. Cytotoxicity was assessed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, Rhodamine 123 and Alamar Blue. The mitochondrial changes and apoptosis of MG-exposed cells were observed by Rhodamine 123 and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining, respectively. In vitro potential DNA damaging effect of MG was tested using comet assay. Mitochondrial damage, apoptosis and DNA fragmentation increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, DNA electrophoretic mobility experiments were carried out to study the binding effect of MG to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) of cells. DNA shift mobility experiments showed that MG is capable of strongly binding to linear dsDNA causing its degradation. Biochemical parameters such as lipid peroxidation (MDA), catalase (CAT) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were evaluated after exposure to MG. In CSK and CSG cell lines exposed to MG for 48 h, a significant increase in lipid peroxidation, which might be associated with decreased levels of reduced glutathione and catalase activity in these cell lines (p < 0.001), was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abdul Majeed
- OIE Reference Laboratory for WTD, PG and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, 632 509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India
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22
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Dolgosheina EV, Jeng SCY, Panchapakesan SSS, Cojocaru R, Chen PSK, Wilson PD, Hawkins N, Wiggins PA, Unrau PJ. RNA mango aptamer-fluorophore: a bright, high-affinity complex for RNA labeling and tracking. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2412-20. [PMID: 25101481 DOI: 10.1021/cb500499x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Because RNA lacks strong intrinsic fluorescence, it has proven challenging to track RNA molecules in real time. To address this problem and to allow the purification of fluorescently tagged RNA complexes, we have selected a high affinity RNA aptamer called RNA Mango. This aptamer binds a series of thiazole orange (fluorophore) derivatives with nanomolar affinity, while increasing fluorophore fluorescence by up to 1,100-fold. Visualization of RNA Mango by single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, together with injection and imaging of RNA Mango/fluorophore complex in C. elegans gonads demonstrates the potential for live-cell RNA imaging with this system. By inserting RNA Mango into a stem loop of the bacterial 6S RNA and biotinylating the fluorophore, we demonstrate that the aptamer can be used to simultaneously fluorescently label and purify biologically important RNAs. The high affinity and fluorescent properties of RNA Mango are therefore expected to simplify the study of RNA complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Dolgosheina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University , 8888 University Road, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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23
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Wang W, Yin Y, Tan Z, Liu J. Coffee-ring effect-based simultaneous SERS substrate fabrication and analyte enrichment for trace analysis. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:9588-9593. [PMID: 25014329 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03198a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Based on the "coffee-ring effect", we developed a highly efficient SERS platform which integrates the fabrication of SERS-active substrates and the preconcentration of analytes into one step. The high sensitivity, robustness, reproducibility and simplicity make this platform ideal for on-site analysis of small volume samples at low concentrations in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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24
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Kovacic P, Somanathan R. Toxicity of imine-iminium dyes and pigments: electron transfer, radicals, oxidative stress and other physiological effects. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:825-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; San Diego State University; San Diego CA USA
| | - Ratnasamy Somanathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; San Diego State University; San Diego CA USA
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación del Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Apdo; postal 1166 Tijuana B.C., Mexico
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25
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Decolorization and biodegradation of triphenylmethane dyes by a novel Rhodococcus qingshengii JB301 isolated from sawdust. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0801-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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26
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Singhal P, Ghosh HN. Ultrafast excited state dynamics of S2 and S1 states of triphenylmethane dyes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:16824-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01766h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Excited state dynamics of S2 and S1 states for a series of TPM dyes, pyrogallol red (PGR), bromopyrogallol red (Br-PGR) and aurin tricarboxylic acid (ATC), have been monitored by using ultrafast transient absorption and fluorescence up-conversion techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Singhal
- Health Physics Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai – 400 085, India
| | - Hirendra N. Ghosh
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai – 400 085, India
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27
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Chu YL, Chimeddulam D, Sheen LY, Wu KY. Probabilistic risk assessment of exposure to leucomalachite green residues from fish products. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:770-6. [PMID: 24140969 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To assess the potential risk of human exposure to carcinogenic leucomalachite green (LMG) due to fish consumption, the probabilistic risk assessment was conducted for adolescent, adult and senior adult consumers in Taiwan. The residues of LMG with the mean concentration of 13.378±20.56 μg kg(-1) (BFDA, 2009) in fish was converted into dose, considering fish intake reported for three consumer groups by NAHSIT (1993-1996) and body weight of an average individual of the group. The lifetime average and high 95th percentile dietary intakes of LMG from fish consumption for Taiwanese consumers were estimated at up to 0.0135 and 0.0451 μg kg-bw(-1) day(-1), respectively. Human equivalent dose (HED) of 2.875 mg kg-bw(-1) day(-1) obtained from a lower-bound benchmark dose (BMDL10) in mice by interspecies extrapolation was linearly extrapolated to oral cancer slope factor (CSF) of 0.035 (mgkg-bw(-1)day(-1))(-1) for humans. Although, the assumptions and methods are different, the results of lifetime cancer risk varying from 3×10(-7) to 1.6×10(-6) were comparable to those of margin of exposures (MOEs) varying from 410,000 to 4,800,000. In conclusions, Taiwanese fish consumers with the 95th percentile LADD of LMG have greater risk of liver cancer and need to an action of risk management in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Lin Chu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
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28
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Decolorization and detoxification of a sulfonated triphenylmethane dye aniline blue by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 under anaerobic conditions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:7439-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Balan K, Sathishkumar P, Palvannan T. Decolorization of malachite green by laccase: Optimization by response surface methodology. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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30
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LIU F, ZOU MQ, ZHANG XF, QI XH, FAN XL, DONG Y, ZHU C. Development of Portable Raman Spectrometer and Its Application for Determination of Melamine. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1096.2011.01531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Pierrard MA, Kestemont P, Delaive E, Dieu M, Raes M, Silvestre F. Malachite green toxicity assessed on Asian catfish primary cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by a proteomic analysis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 114-115:142-152. [PMID: 22446826 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The potential genotoxic and carcinogenic properties reported for malachite green (MG) and the frequent detection of MG residues in fish and fish products, despite the ban of MG, have recently generated great concern. Additional toxicological data are required for a better understanding of the mechanism of action and a more comprehensive risk assessment for the exposure of fish to this fungicide. To date, the use of fish peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) has not been exploited as a tool in the assessment of the toxicity of chemicals. However, PBMCs are exposed to toxicants and can be easily collected by blood sampling. The present study aims at better understanding the effects of MG by a proteomic analysis of primary cultured PBMC from the Asian catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, exposed to MG. The two lowest concentrations of 1 and 10 ppb were selected based on the MTS (water soluble tetrazolium salts) cytotoxicity test. Using a proteomic analysis (2D-DIGE), we showed that 109 proteins displayed significant changes in abundance in PBMC exposed during 48 h to MG. Most of these proteins were successfully identified by nano LC-MS/MS and validated through the Peptide and Protein Prophet of Scaffold™ software, but only 19 different proteins were considered corresponding to a single identification per spot. Our data suggest that low concentrations of MG could affect the mitochondrial metabolic functions, impair some signal transduction cascades and normal cell division, stimulate DNA repair and disorganize the cytoskeleton. Altogether, these results confirm that the mitochondrion is a target of MG toxicity. Further studies on the identified proteins are needed to better understand the mechanisms of MG toxicity in fish produced for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Aline Pierrard
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology-URBE, University of Namur-FUNDP, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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32
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Photo-degradation of malachite green in mudfish tissues — investigation of UV-induced photo-degradation. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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33
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Pierrard MA, Kestemont P, Phuong NT, Tran MP, Delaive E, Thezenas ML, Dieu M, Raes M, Silvestre F. Proteomic analysis of blood cells in fish exposed to chemotherapeutics: evidence for long term effects. J Proteomics 2012; 75:2454-67. [PMID: 22406376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics technology are increasingly used in ecotoxicological studies to characterize and monitor biomarkers of exposure. The present study aims at identifying long term effects of malachite green (MG) exposure on the proteome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from the Asian catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. A common (0.1 ppm) concentration for therapeutic treatment was applied twice with a 72 h interval. PBMC were collected directly at the end of the second bath of MG (T1) and after 1 month of decontamination (T2). Analytical 2D-DIGE gels were run and a total of 2551±364 spots were matched. Among them, MG induced significant changes in abundance of 116 spots with no recovery after one month of decontamination. Using LC-MS/MS and considering single identification per spot, we could identify 25 different proteins. Additionally, MG residues were measured in muscle and in blood indicating that leuco-MG has almost totally disappeared after one month of decontamination. This work highlights long term effects of MG treatment on the PBMC proteome from fish intended for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Aline Pierrard
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), University of Namur (FUNDP), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium
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Wan H, Weng S, Liang L, Lu Q, He J. Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of leucomalachite green administered orally to rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:3031-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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35
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Comparative study of natural and synthetic phenolic compounds as efficient laccase mediators for the transformation of cationic dye. Biochem Eng J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Du LN, Wang S, Li G, Wang B, Jia XM, Zhao YH, Chen YL. Biodegradation of malachite green by Pseudomonas sp. strain DY1 under aerobic condition: characteristics, degradation products, enzyme analysis and phytotoxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2011; 20:438-446. [PMID: 21253837 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Malachite green (MG), a widely-used and recalcitrant dye, has been confirmed to be carcinogenic and mutagenic against many organisms. The main objective of this study is to investigate the capability of Pseudomonas sp. strain DY1 to decolorize MG, and to explore the possible mechanism. The results showed that this strain demonstrated high decolorizing capability (90.3-97.2%) at high concentrations of MG (100-1,000 mg/l) under shaking condition within 24 h. In static conditions, lower but still effective decolorization (78.9-84.3%) was achieved. The optimal pH and temperature for the decolorization was pH 6.6 and 28-30°C, respectively. Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) (1 mM) were observed to significantly enhance the decolorization. The intermediates of the MG degradation under aerobic condition identified by UV-visible, GC-MS and LC-MS analysis included malachite green carbinol, (dimethyl amino-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone, N,N-dimethylaniline, (methyl amino-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone, (amino phenyl)-phenyl methanone and di-benzyl methane. The enzyme analysis indicated that Mn-peroxidase, NADH-DCIP and MG reductase were involved in the biodegradation of MG. Moreover, phytotoxicity of MG and detoxification for MG by the strain were observed. Therefore, this strain could be potentially used for bioremediation of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Na Du
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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37
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Kirkland D, Reeve L, Gatehouse D, Vanparys P. A core in vitro genotoxicity battery comprising the Ames test plus the in vitro micronucleus test is sufficient to detect rodent carcinogens and in vivo genotoxins. Mutat Res 2011; 721:27-73. [PMID: 21238603 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In vitro genotoxicity testing needs to include tests in both bacterial and mammalian cells, and be able to detect gene mutations, chromosomal damage and aneuploidy. This may be achieved by a combination of the Ames test (detects gene mutations) and the in vitro micronucleus test (MNvit), since the latter detects both chromosomal aberrations and aneuploidy. In this paper we therefore present an analysis of an existing database of rodent carcinogens and a new database of in vivo genotoxins in terms of the in vitro genotoxicity tests needed to detect their in vivo activity. Published in vitro data from at least one test system (most were from the Ames test) were available for 557 carcinogens and 405 in vivo genotoxins. Because there are fewer publications on the MNvit than for other mammalian cell tests, and because the concordance between the MNvit and the in vitro chromosomal aberration (CAvit) test is so high for clastogenic activity, positive results in the CAvit test were taken as indicative of a positive result in the MNvit where there were no, or only inadequate data for the latter. Also, because Hprt and Tk loci both detect gene-mutation activity, a positive Hprt test was taken as indicative of a mouse-lymphoma Tk assay (MLA)-positive, where there were no data for the latter. Almost all of the 962 rodent carcinogens and in vivo genotoxins were detected by an in vitro battery comprising Ames+MNvit. An additional 11 carcinogens and six in vivo genotoxins would apparently be detected by the MLA, but many of these had not been tested in the MNvit or CAvit tests. Only four chemicals emerge as potentially being more readily detected in MLA than in Ames+MNvit--benzyl acetate, toluene, morphine and thiabendazole--and none of these are convincing cases to argue for the inclusion of the MLA in addition to Ames+MNvit. Thus, there is no convincing evidence that any genotoxic rodent carcinogens or in vivo genotoxins would remain undetected in an in vitro test battery consisting of Ames+MNvit.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kirkland
- Kirkland Consulting, PO Box 79, Tadcaster LS24 0AS, United Kingdom.
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Ahn SH, Kim BJ, Lee YJ, Kim JK. Accurate Determination of Malachite Green and Leucomalachite Green in Fish using Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (ID-LC/MS). B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.11.3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Chen CH, Chang CF, Liu SM. Partial degradation mechanisms of malachite green and methyl violet B by Shewanella decolorationis NTOU1 under anaerobic conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 177:281-289. [PMID: 20060225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrated that Shewanella decolorationis NTOU1 decolorized 200 mg l(-1) of crystal violet, malachite green, or methyl violet B within 2-11h under anaerobic conditions at 35 degrees C. The initial color removal rate of malachite green was highest, while that of methyl violet was lowest. GC/MS analyses of the intermediate compounds produced during and after decolorization of malachite green and methyl violet B suggested that biodegradation of these dyes involved reduction to leuco form, N-demethylation, and reductive splitting of the triphenyl rings. The number of N-methylated groups of these dyes might have influenced decolorization rates and the reductive splitting of the triphenyl rings of these dyes. Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial test data showed that malachite green and methyl violet B solution (100 mg l(-1)) were toxic. Toxicity of the dyes decreased after their decolorization, but further incubation resulted in increased toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Chen
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2-Peining Rd, Keelung, Taiwan
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40
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Luo X, Jiang X, Tu X, Luo S, Yan L, Chen B. Determination of malachite green in fish water samples by cloud-point extraction coupled to cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping-MEKC. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:688-94. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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41
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Malachite green induces cardiovascular defects in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos by blocking VEGFR-2 signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 382:486-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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42
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Cheriaa J, Bakhrouf A. Triphenylmethanes, malachite green and crystal violet dyes decolourisation bySphingomonas paucimobilis. ANN MICROBIOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03175599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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43
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Quang LX, Lim C, Seong GH, Choo J, Do KJ, Yoo SK. A portable surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensor integrated with a lab-on-a-chip for field analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2008; 8:2214-9. [PMID: 19023489 DOI: 10.1039/b808835g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
An integrated real-time sensing system that uses a portable Raman spectrometer and a micropillar array chip has been developed for field analysis. The problem of poor detection sensitivity, caused by miniaturization in the portable Raman spectrometer, was overcome by using the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique. The problem of poor reproducibility in the SERS detection, caused by different particle sizes and inhomogeneous degrees of aggregation, was also overcome by using continuous flow and homogeneous mixing between the analytes and nanocolloidal silver in a micropillar array microfluidic chip. Two hazardous materials, dipicolinic acid and malachite green, were quantitatively analysed using our integrated portable Raman sensor system. The observed limit of detection was estimated to be 200 ppb and 500 ppb, respectively. Our proposed analytical method, using a micropillar array PDMS chip and a portable SERS system, offers a rapid and reproducible trace detection capability for hazardous materials in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly Xuan Quang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, 426-791, South Korea
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44
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Lata H, Gupta RK, Garg VK. REMOVAL OF BASIC DYE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING CHEMICALLY MODIFIEDPARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUSLINN. BIOMASS. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00986440701691103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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Diorio LA, Mercuri AA, Nahabedian DE, Forchiassin F. Development of a bioreactor system for the decolorization of dyes by Coriolus versicolor f. antarcticus. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 72:150-156. [PMID: 18359061 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Decolorization of 100 microM malachite green (MG) by Coriolus versicolor f. antarcticus using a two-phase bioreactor, was investigated. In the first phase the decolorization ability of this fungus, growing under conditions of solid-state fermentation (SSF), was proved; in the second phase the capacity of the enzymes present in extracts from the solid residues was exploited. During the first phase using the same culture in the bioreactor, five consecutive charges were made, each with 75 ml of 100 microM MG solution, at 28 degrees C. Each cycle ended when MG solution reached a decolorization of 50%, at this time the bioreactor was discharged to a stainless steel coil at 50 degrees C, initiating the second phase of decolorization. Time required in order to reach 50% decolorization during the first phase varied between 25 and 65 min, with an average retention time of 48 min. The second stage had a retention time of 120 min. Residual MG after this phase varied from 0% to 6.3%. The role of laccase and Mn-peroxidase in MG decolorization is discussed. Toxicity of MG solutions before and after decolorization treatments was assayed using Lumbriculus variegatus as test organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Diorio
- Department of Biodiversity and Experimental Biology, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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46
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Guerra-Lopez D, Daniels L, Rawat M. Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2 155 fbiC and MSMEG_2392 are involved in triphenylmethane dye decolorization and coenzyme F420 biosynthesis. Microbiology (Reading) 2007; 153:2724-2732. [PMID: 17660436 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/009241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria can tolerate relatively high concentrations of triphenylmethane dyes such as malachite green and methyl violet. To identify mycobacterial genes involved in the decolorization of malachite green, a transposon mutant library of Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2 155 was screened for mutants unable to decolorize this dye. One of the genes identified was MSMEG_5126, an orthologue of Mycobacterium bovis fbiC encoding a 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin (FO) synthase, which is essential for the biosynthesis of the electron carrier coenzyme F420. The other gene identified was MSMEG_2392, encoding an alanine-rich protein with a DUF121 domain. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for malachite green and methyl violet of the six fbiC mutants and two MSMEG_2392 mutants were one-third and one-fifth, respectively, of the MIC of the parent strain M. smegmatis mc2 155. Representative fbiC and MSMEG_2392 mutant strains were also sensitive to oxidative stress caused by the redox-cycling agents plumbagin and menadione, and the sensitivity was reversed in the complemented strains. HPLC analysis of representative fbiC and MSMEG_2392 strains revealed that, while the fbiC mutant lacked both coenzyme F420 and FO, the MSMEG_2392 mutant contained FO but not coenzyme F420. These results indicate that MSMEG_2392 is involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme F420.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Guerra-Lopez
- Department of Biology, California State University-Fresno, Fresno, CA 937401, USA
| | - Lacy Daniels
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Mamta Rawat
- Department of Biology, California State University-Fresno, Fresno, CA 937401, USA
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47
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Spectroscopic Investigations on the Interaction of Crystal Violet with Nonionic Micelles of Brij and Igepal Surfactants in Aqueous Media. J SOLUTION CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-007-9133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Mitrowska K, Posyniak A, Zmudzki J. The effects of cooking on residues of malachite green and leucomalachite green in carp muscles. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 586:420-5. [PMID: 17386743 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of various cooking methods (boiling, baking and microwaving) on residues of malachite green (MG) and its major metabolite, leucomalachite green (LMG), in incurred carp muscles were investigated. Moreover, the stability of MG and LMG standard solutions under boiling in water and in oil was examined. The MG and LMG residues in cooked meat were determined by liquid chromatography with visible and fluorescence detectors. The results showed that in muscles cooked by boiling or baking MG concentration was reduced by 54% in 15 min while LMG was stable in these conditions. By microwave cooking MG residues were reduced by 61% after 1 min. Microwaving was the only method of cooking when a loss of LMG was observed (40% in 1 min). Both MG and LMG standard solutions were stable in boiling water at 100 degrees C. In cooking oil, MG was reduced by 49% after 10 min and less than 3% of the original MG remains after 90 min at 150 degrees C. No losses of LMG were observed over a time period of 120 min in cooking oil at 150 degrees C. Upon increasing the temperature to 210 degrees C and holding for 120 min, MG was rapidly reduced by 97% after 10 min. LMG under the same conditions was reduced by 18% after 10 min. No further loses of MG and LMG were observed after 120 min. The findings of this investigation show that the high temperature does not guarantee a full breakdown of residue of MG and LMG which may occur in carp muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Mitrowska
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
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49
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Lucotti A, Pesapane A, Zerbi G. Use of a geometry optimized fiber-optic surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensor in trace detection. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 61:260-8. [PMID: 17389065 DOI: 10.1366/000370207780220921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel SERS (surface-enhanced Raman scattering) sensor has been recently developed; its peculiar geometry is able to increase considerably both the SERS active surface and the number of internal reflections at the interface between silica and silver, thus allowing an increase of the signal intensity. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that this sensor could be efficiently used to detect some molecules such as illegally used veterinary medicine (crystal violet and malachite green) below the ppb detection limit. The advantages of this sensor with respect to other detection techniques are not only the higher sensitivity, but also the fast response and the possibility of coupling with a portable Raman spectrometer for "on-field" measurements. The ability of the sensor to work under real environmental conditions in the presence of many cationic and anionic species has been tested both in solutions containing sodium and chlorine ions and in water coming from the aqueduct of Milan and from the (normally polluted) river Serio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lucotti
- Dipartimento di chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica G. Natta, Center for Nanoengineered, Materials and Surfaces, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
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50
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El Ramy R, Ould Elhkim M, Lezmi S, Poul JM. Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and its metabolites, glycidol and beta-chlorolactic acid, using the single cell gel/comet assay. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 45:41-8. [PMID: 16971032 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) is a member of a group of chemicals known as chloropropanols. It is found in many foods and food ingredients as a result of food processing. 3-MCPD is regarded as a rat carcinogen known to induce Leydig-cell and mammary gland tumours in males and kidney tumours in both genders. The aim of our study was to clarify the possible involvement of genotoxic mechanisms in 3-MCPD induced carcinogenicity at the target organ level. For that purpose, we evaluated DNA damages in selected target (kidneys and testes) and non-target (blood leukocytes, liver and bone marrow) male rat organs by the in vivo alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay, 3 and 24 h after 3-MCPD oral administration to Sprague-Dawley and Fisher 344 adult rats. 3-MCPD may be metabolised to a genotoxic intermediate, glycidol, whereas the predominant urinary metabolite in rats following 3-MCPD administration is beta-chlorolactic acid. Therefore, we also studied the DNA damaging effects of 3-MCPD and its metabolites, glycidol and beta-chlorolactic acid, in the in vitro comet assay on CHO cells. Our results show the absence of genotoxic potential of 3-MCPD in vivo in the target as well as in the non-target organs. Glycidol, the epoxide metabolite, induced DNA damages in CHO cells. beta-Chlorolactic acid, the main metabolite of 3-MCPD in rats, was shown to be devoid of DNA-damaging effects in vitro in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R El Ramy
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Unité de Toxicologie Génétique des Contaminants Alimentaires, la Haute Marche 35133 Javené, Fougères, France.
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