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Structure–function relationships of protein–lipopeptide complexes and influence on immunogenicity. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1691-1704. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2466-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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2
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Sharma A, Ramos‐Tomillero I, El‐Faham A, Nicolas E, Rodriguez H, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. Understanding Tetrahydropyranyl as a Protecting Group in Peptide Chemistry. ChemistryOpen 2017; 6:168-177. [PMID: 28413747 PMCID: PMC5390806 DOI: 10.1002/open.201600156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydropyranyl (Thp) is recognized as a useful protecting group for alcohols in organic synthesis. It has several advantages, including low cost, ease of introduction, general stability to most non-acidic reagents, it confers good solubility, and the ease with which it can be removed if the functional group it protects requires manipulation. However, little attention has been paid to Thp in peptide chemistry. Provided here is a concise analysis of the Thp protection of various amino acid functionalities (OH, SH, NH and COOH) and its application to peptide synthesis. Thp is a useful moiety for the side-chain protection of serine, threonine and cysteine and is suitable for the Fmoc/tBu solid-phase peptide synthesis strategy. The immobilized version of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran, the so-called Ellman resin, is also discussed as a useful solid support for anchoring the side chains of serine, threonine and tryptophan residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Sharma
- Catalysis and Peptide Research UnitSchool of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalDurban4001South Africa
| | - Iván Ramos‐Tomillero
- Inorganic and Organic Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of BarcelonaMartí Franqués 1—1108028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ayman El‐Faham
- Department of ChemistryCollege of ScienceKing Saud UniversityP.O. Box 2455Riyadh11451Saudi Arabia
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceAlexandria UniversityP.O. Box 426, IbrahimiaAlexandria21321Egypt
| | - Ernesto Nicolas
- Inorganic and Organic Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of BarcelonaMartí Franqués 1—1108028BarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Beatriz G. de la Torre
- Catalysis and Peptide Research UnitSchool of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalDurban4001South Africa
- School of Laboratory of Medicine & Medical SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalDurban4001South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Catalysis and Peptide Research UnitSchool of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalDurban4001South Africa
- Inorganic and Organic Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of BarcelonaMartí Franqués 1—1108028BarcelonaSpain
- Department of ChemistryCollege of ScienceKing Saud UniversityP.O. Box 2455Riyadh11451Saudi Arabia
- School of Chemistry & PhysicsUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalDurban4001South Africa
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on BioengineeringBiomaterials and NanomedicineBarcelona Science ParkBaldiri Reixac 10—1208028BarcelonaSpain
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3
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Lu J, Tian XB, Huang W. A new strategy for synthesis of branched cyclic peptide by Asn side-chain hydrazide ligation. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Xi J, Zhang GP, Qiao SL, Guo JQ, Wang XN, Yang YY, Zhang LN, Miao XW, Zhao D, Zhi YB, Cai SJ, Luo J, Deng RG. Increased survival and reduced renal injury in MRL/lpr mice treated with a human Fcγ receptor II (CD32) peptide. Immunology 2012; 136:46-53. [PMID: 22236212 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem chronic inflammatory disease affecting many organs. The deposition in kidney tissue of immune complexes and their interaction with macrophages is thought to trigger the inflammatory response leading to glomerulonephritis. It has been demonstrated that inhibition of this interaction in murine models can alleviate the disease. Six synthetic peptides were derived from the membrane-proximal extracellular domain (EC2) of human Fcγ receptor II (huFcγRII). Of these, one peptide, huRII6, was shown to be a potent competitive inhibitor of IgG binding to recombinant FcγRII in vitro. To examine the possible therapeutic impact of huRII6 in vivo, this peptide, or a control, was given by subcutaneous injection to female MRL/lpr mice from weeks 7 to 36, resulting in an enhanced survival rate compared with control-treated animals and a reduction of proteinuria. Histopathological examination of the kidneys showed a reduction in deposition of immune complexes and preservation of structure. Such a functional peptide should prove useful for examining the role of IgG-FcγR interactions in experimental models of disease and may provide for the development of FcR-targeting drugs to treat autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xi
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China.
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5
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Disulfide and amide-bridged cyclic peptide analogues of the VEGF81–91 fragment: Synthesis, conformational analysis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7526-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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6
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Xi J, Zhang LN, Hu GP, Wang L, Qiao SL, Guo JQ, Lu QY, Zhang GP, Yang YY. Identification of a linear epitope for Fc-binding in the mouse FcγRIII. Peptides 2010; 31:1684-8. [PMID: 20566342 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fc receptors are transmembrane proteins, found on the surfaces of immune cells, that aid in the removal of foreign pathogens by binding to antibody-coated targets via the Fc regions of the antibodies. To identify sites on mouse FcgammaRIII (moFcgammaRIII) alpha-chain that bind to the Fc region, peptides derived from the proximal extracellular domain (EC2) of moFcgammaRIII alpha-chain corresponding to the homologous region of human FcgammaRIIIB alpha-chain were synthesized. Binding of mouse IgG to the different peptides was tested by Dot-blot assay. The effective peptide (119)SFFHNEKSVRYH(130) located in the putative C-C' loop of the EC2 domain was found to bind mouse IgG specifically with an affinity of approximately 5.58 x 10(-5) M and inhibit the binding of mouse IgG to the receptor. Such a functional peptide should be very useful for further understanding the IgG-FcgammaR interaction and development of FcR-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xi
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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7
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Bonetto S, Spadola L, Buchanan AG, Jermutus L, Lund J. Identification of cyclic peptides able to mimic the functional epitope of IgG1-Fc for human Fc gammaRI. FASEB J 2008; 23:575-85. [PMID: 18957574 PMCID: PMC2633172 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-117069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Identification of short, structured peptides able to mimic potently protein-protein interfaces remains a challenge in drug discovery. We report here the use of a naive cyclic peptide phage display library to identify peptide ligands able to recognize and mimic IgG1-Fc functions with FcγRI. Selection by competing off binders to FcγRI with IgG1 allowed the isolation of a family of peptides sharing the common consensus sequence TX2CXXθPXLLGCΦXE (θ represents a hydrophobic residue, Φ is usually an acidic residue, and X is any residue) and able to inhibit IgG1 binding to FcγRI. In soluble form, these peptides antagonize superoxide generation mediated by IgG1. In complexed form, they trigger phagocytosis and a superoxide burst. Unlike IgG, these peptides are strictly FcγRI-specific among the FcγRs. Molecular modeling studies suggest that these peptides can adopt 2 distinct and complementary conformers, each able to mimic the discontinuous interface contacts constituted by the Cγ2-A and -B chains of Fc for FcγRI. In addition, by covalent homodimerization, we engineered a synthetic bivalent 37-mer peptide that retains the ability to trigger effector functions. We demonstrate here that it is feasible to maintain IgG-Fc function within a small structured peptide. These peptides represent a new format for modulation of effector functions.—Bonetto, S., Spadola, L., Buchanan, A. G., Jermutus, L. Lund, J. Identification of cyclic peptides able to mimic the functional epitope of IgG1-Fc for human FcγRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Bonetto
- MedImmune, Research, Granta Park, Milstein Bldg., Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
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8
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Berntzen G, Andersen JT, Ustgård K, Michaelsen TE, Mousavi SA, Qian JD, Kristiansen PE, Lauvrak V, Sandlie I. Identification of a high affinity FcgammaRIIA-binding peptide that distinguishes FcgammaRIIA from FcgammaRIIB and exploits FcgammaRIIA-mediated phagocytosis and degradation. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:1126-35. [PMID: 18957413 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803584200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
FcgammaRIIA is a key activating receptor linking immune complex formation with cellular effector functions. FcgammaRIIA has 93% identity with an inhibitory receptor, FcgammaRIIB, which negatively regulates FcgammaRIIA. FcgammaRIIA is important in the therapeutic action of several monoclonal antibodies. Binding molecules that discriminate FcgammaRIIA from FcgammaRIIB may optimize receptor activity and serve as a lead for development of therapeutics with FcgammaRIIA as a key target. Here we report the use of phage display libraries to select short peptides with distinct FcgammaRIIA binding properties. An 11-mer peptide (WAWVWLTETAV) was characterized that bound FcgammaRIIA with a K(d) of 500 nm. It mediated cell internalization and degradation of a model antigen. The peptide-binding site on FcgammaRIIA was shown to involve Phe(163) and the IgG binding amino acids Trp(90) and Trp(113). It is thus overlapping but not identical to that of IgG. Neither activating receptors FcgammaRI and FcgammaRIII, nor FcgammaRIIB, all of which lack Phe(163), bound the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gøril Berntzen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Cendron AC, Wines BD, Brownlee RTC, Ramsland PA, Pietersz GA, Hogarth PM. An FcgammaRIIa-binding peptide that mimics the interaction between FcgammaRIIa and IgG. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:307-19. [PMID: 17673295 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.06.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A disulphide-constrained peptide that binds to the low affinity Fc receptor, FcgammaRIIa (CD32) has been identified and its structure solved by NMR. Linear (7-mer and 12-mer) and disulphide-constrained (7-mer) phage display peptide libraries were panned on recombinant soluble FcgammaRIIa genetically fused to HSA (HSA-FcgammaRIIa). Peptides were isolated only from the constrained peptide library and these contained the consensus sequence, CWPGWxxC. Phage clones displaying variants of the peptide consensus sequence bound to FcgammaRIIa and the strongest binding clone C7C1 (CWPGWDLNC) competed with IgG for binding to FcgammaRIIa and was inhibited from binding to FcgammaRIIa by the FcgammaRIIa-blocking antibody, IV.3, suggesting that C7C1 and IgG share related binding sites on FcgammaRIIa. A synthetic disulphide-constrained peptide, pep-C7C1 bound to FcgammaRIIa by biosensor analysis, albeit with low affinity (KD approximately 100microM). It was significant that the FcgammaRIIa consensus peptide sequence contained a Proline (Pro3), which when substituted with alanine abrogated FcgammaRIIa binding, consistent with Pro3 contributing to receptor binding. Upon binding of IgG and IgE to their respective Fc receptors (FcgammaRs and FcepsilonRI) Pro329 in the Fc makes a critical interaction with two highly conserved Trp residues (Trp90 and Trp113) of the FcRs. The NMR structure of pep-C7C1 revealed a stabilizing type II beta-turn between Trp2 and Trp5, with Pro3 solvent exposed. Modelling of the pep-C7C1 structure in complex with FcgammaRIIa suggests that Pro3 of C7C1 binds to FcgammaRIIa by inserting between Trp90 and Trp113 of FcgammaRIIa thereby mimicking the molecular interaction made between FcgammaRIIa and IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Cendron
- Burnet Institute, Austin Campus, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Vic. 3084, Australia
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10
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Zhang G, Guo J, Zhou J, Wang X, Li Q, Yang Y, Shen H, Zhao D, Zhang H, Xi J, Wang L, Qiao S, Jin X. Identification of the linear epitope for Fc-binding on the bovine IgG2 Fc receptor (boFcgamma2R) using synthetic peptides. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:1383-90. [PMID: 16457820 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 01/14/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To identify the linear epitope for Fc-binding on the bovine IgG2 Fc receptor (boFcgamma2R), peptides derived from the membrane-distal extracellular domain (EC1) of boFcgamma2R corresponding to the homologous region of human FcalphaRI were synthesized. Binding of bovine IgG2 to the different peptides was tested by Dot-blot assay, and the peptide showing maximal binding was further modified by truncation and mutation. The minimum effective peptide 82FIGV85 located in the putative F-G loop of the EC1 domain was found to bind bovine IgG2 specifically and inhibit the binding of bovine IgG2 to the receptor. The Phe82, Ile83 and Val85 residues within the linear epitope were shown to be critical for IgG2-binding. Such functional epitope peptide should be very useful for understanding the IgG-Fcgamma interaction and development of FcR-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaiping Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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11
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Berntzen G, Brekke OH, Mousavi SA, Andersen JT, Michaelsen TE, Berg T, Sandlie I, Lauvrak V. Characterization of an FcgammaRI-binding peptide selected by phage display. Protein Eng Des Sel 2006; 19:121-8. [PMID: 16423844 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzj011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-affinity IgG receptor, Fcgamma receptor I (FcgammaRI), is expressed exclusively on myeloid cells, and there is a great interest in the targeting of vaccine antigens to FcgammaRI using anti-human FcgammaRI antibodies or fragments derived from such molecules. In order to reduce the size and complexity of the targeting reagent, we have searched for FcgammaRI binding peptides in peptide libraries displayed on phage. The human monocytic cell line U937 was used as target. Phages that displayed the consensus peptide CLRSGXGC were selected and revealed increased binding to IFN-gamma stimulated versus non-stimulated U937 cells as well as to FcgammaRI transfected versus non-transfected IIA1.6 cells. Furthermore, they bound the extracellular domains of soluble FcgammaRI, but neither FcgammaRIIA, FcgammaRIIB nor FcgammaRIIIB. Binding was inhibited by a synthetic version of the peptide, whereas neither human IgG nor the FcgammaRI-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) mAb22 and 32.2 interfered. Flow-cytometry analysis and internalization studies showed that a synthetic biotin-conjugated peptide ADGACLRSGRGCGAAK-bio was able to target U937 cells and FcgammaRI transfected IIA1.6 cells, and further to promote internalization and vesicular degradation of streptavidin coupled to 1 microm magnetic beads. These peptides may have potential as FcgammaRI targeting reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Berntzen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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12
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Mimura Y, Ghirlando R, Sondermann P, Lund J, Jefferis R. The molecular specificity of IgG-Fc interactions with Fc gamma receptors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 495:49-53. [PMID: 11774607 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0685-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Mimura
- Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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13
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Sondermann P, Oosthuizen V. The structure of Fc receptor/Ig complexes: considerations on stoichiometry and potential inhibitors. Immunol Lett 2002; 82:51-6. [PMID: 12008034 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(02)00018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, Fc receptors for immunoglobulins moved further into the focus of pure and applied research as a role in the induction and development of autoimmune diseases and allergies is becoming more probable. Indeed by connecting the humoral with the cellular immune response FcRs possess an important role in the immune system in which the initial, crucial step is the binding of an immunoglobulin to the cell bound receptor. Thereafter a variety of effector functions depending on the cell and the receptor is triggered. This key event could recently be visualised with the solution of the crystal structure of a human Fc receptor in complex with its native ligand the Fc fragment of IgG1. In this paper the reasons for a 1:1 stoichiometry between Fc receptor and Fc Fragment and the medical applications of potential inhibitors of complex formation are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sondermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Abteilung Strukturforschung, Am Klopferspitz 18a, Martinsried, Germany.
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Sondermann P, Kaiser J, Jacob U. Molecular basis for immune complex recognition: a comparison of Fc-receptor structures. J Mol Biol 2001; 309:737-49. [PMID: 11397093 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Once antigen is opsonised by IgG it is removed from the circulation by Fcgamma-receptor expressing cells. Fcgamma-receptors are type I transmembrane molecules that carry extracellular parts consisting of two or three immunoglobulin domains. Previously solved structures of Fc-receptors reveal that the N-terminal two Ig-like domains are arranged in a steep angle forming a heart-shaped structure. The crystal structure of the FcgammaRIII/hIgG1-Fc-fragment demonstrated that the Fc-fragment is recognised through loops of the C-terminal receptor domain of the FcgammaRIII. As the overall structure of the FcRs and their Ig ligands are very similar we modelled the Ig complexes with FcgammaRI, FcgammaRII and FcepsilonRIalpha based on the FcgammaRIII/hIgG1-Fc-fragment structure. The obtained models are consistent with the observed biochemical data and may explain the observed specificity and affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sondermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Abteilung Strukturforschung, Am Klopferspitz 18a, Martinsried, D-82152, Germany.
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