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MODY TARAKD, SESSLER JONATHANL. Texaphyrins: a new approach to drug development. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jpp.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The texaphyrins are prototypical metal-coordinating expanded porphyrins. They represent a burgeoning class of pharmacological agents that show promise for an array of medical applications. Currently, two different water-soluble lanthanide texaphyrins, namely motexafin gadolinium ( Gd-Tex , 1) and motexafin lutetium ( Lu-Tex , 2), are involved in multi-center clinical trials for a variety of indications. The first of these agents, XCYTRIN® (motexafin gadolinium) Injection, is being evaluated as a potential X-ray radiation enhancer in a randomized Phase III clinical trial in patients with brain metastases. The second, in various formulations, is being evaluated as a photosensitizer for use in: (i) the photodynamic treatment of recurrent breast cancer (LUTRIN® Injection; now in Phase IIb clinical trials); (ii) photoangioplastic reduction of atherosclerosis involving peripheral and coronary arteries (ANTRIN® Injection; now in Phase II and Phase I clinical trials, respectively); and (iii) light-based age-related macular degeneration (OPTRIN™ Injection; currently under Phase II clinical evaluation), a vision-threatening disease of the retina. In this article, these developments, along with fundamental aspects of the underlying chemistry are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- TARAK D. MODY
- Pharmacyclics, Inc., 995 East Arques Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
| | - JONATHAN L. SESSLER
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Rodriguez-Mendez ML, Antonio de Saja J. Nanostructured thin films based on phthalocyanines: electrochromic displays and sensors. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609000814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The group of the University of Valladolid is a multidisciplinary team formed by chemists, physicists and engineers. The activities of the group are focused to the study of the physicochemical properties of nanostructured Langmuir-Blodgett thin films based on phthalocyanines and their applications. Films of a variety of phthalocyanine molecules including several metallophthalocyanines, lanthanide double decker phthalocyanines and heteroleptic derivatives have been prepared. Their spectroelectrochemical properties have been described in detail and compared with those observed in disordered casted films or microcrystalline evaporated films. The group has dedicated special attention to films based on rare earth double decker compounds due to their unique semiconducting, optical and electrochemical properties. A rich electrochromism has been demonstrated in thin films of this family of compounds. The reversibility is improved in nanostructured Langmuir-Blodgett films. This has permitted development of an electrochromic display that can change its color from blue to green and finally to red. At the present moment, our main objective is the design of sensors able to detect gases and liquids. It has been demonstrated that thin film assemblies based on rare earth bisphthalocyanines modify their conductivity and their optical properties in the presence of electron donor or electron acceptors gases. Changes are also observed when the devices are exposed to Volatile Organic Compounds such as esters, alcohols or aldehydes which are responsible of odors in foods and beverages. Liquid sensors have also been developed. Their working principle is based in the fact that the rich electrochemical properties of phthalocyanine thin films are extremely sensitive to the nature of the electrolytic solution. Arrays of phthalocyanines have been used to construct an electronic nose able to discriminate odors from a variety of foods and beverages. Similarly, phthalocyanines have also been used to construct an electronic tongue based on voltammetric sensors. This is one of the main contributions of the group to the field of sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luz Rodriguez-Mendez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, E.T.S.I.I., Universidad de Valladolid, Pases del Cauce s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - José Antonio de Saja
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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Rodriguez-Méndez ML, Gay M, de Saja JA. New insights into sensors based on radical bisphthalocyanines. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609001509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The unique semiconducting, optical and electrochemical properties of radical lanthanide bisphthalocyanines make them ideal materials for sensing applications. A variety of chemical sensors have been developed using rare-earth bisphthalocyanine thin films. In this paper, the characteristics of sensors based on bisphthalocyanines are reviewed. The advantages of these sensors with respect to sensors developed using other metallophthalocyanines are discussed. Resistive sensors based on bisphthalocyanines change their conductivity when exposed to a variety of pollutant gases and volatile organic compounds. Because bisphthalocyanines are intrinsic semiconductors, the conductivity of their thin films is higher than the conductivity of metallophthalocyanine thin films. This facilitates the electrical measurements and enhances the sensitivity of the sensors. Optical sensors have also been developed based on the rich optical properties shown by bisphthalocyanines. Films characterized by a bright green color change to red or to blue upon oxidation or reduction. The changes also affect the charge-transfer band associated to the free radical that bisphthalocyanines show in the near infrared region. This band coincides with telecommunication wavelengths, making possible the fabrication of fiber optic sensors where a phthalocyanine film is deposited at one of the ends of the fiber. Electrochemical sensors have been developed taking advantage of the unique electrochemical behavior associated to the one-electron oxidation and one-electron reduction of the phthalocyanine ring. These reversible processes are extremely sensitive to the nature of the electrolytic solution. This has made possible the development of voltammetric sensors able to produce particular signals when immersed in different liquids. In the last part of the paper, the fundamentals and performance characteristics of electronic noses and electronic tongues based on bisphthalocyanines are described. Such devices have been successfully exploited in quality control, classification, freshness evaluation and authenticity assessment of a variety of food, mainly wines and olive oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luz Rodriguez-Méndez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, E.T.S. Ingenieros Industriales, University of Valladolid, Paseo del Cauce s/n, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Mónica Gay
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, E.T.S. Ingenieros Industriales, University of Valladolid, Paseo del Cauce s/n, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - J. Antonio de Saja
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Faculty of Science, C/Doctor Mergelina s/n University of Valladolid, Valladolid 47011, Spain
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Yang L, Ji Z, Peng Z, Cheng G. A novel low symmetry sulfur containing porphyrazine: synthesis and its interaction with serum albumin. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424603000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel low symmetry sulfur-containing porphyrazine, 5,23,28,32-octabutoxy-10,11,17,18-tetrahydro-[9,12,16,19]-tetrathiino-33H, 35H-dinaphtho-porphyrazine (OTTDP), was synthesized by mixed condensation and characterized by NMR, FAB-MS and UV-visible spectra; this complex was found to be low aggregation in organic solvents and can interact with the serum albumin at several binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhenping Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhenghe Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Gongzhen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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van Rijt SH, Sadler PJ. Current applications and future potential for bioinorganic chemistry in the development of anticancer drugs. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14:1089-97. [PMID: 19782150 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This review illustrates notable recent progress in the field of medicinal bioinorganic chemistry as many new approaches to the design of innovative metal-based anticancer drugs are emerging. Current research addressing the problems associated with platinum drugs has focused on other metal-based therapeutics that have different modes of action and on prodrug and targeting strategies in an effort to diminish the side-effects of cisplatin chemotherapy.
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Farrer NJ, Sadler PJ. Photochemotherapy: Targeted Activation of Metal Anticancer Complexes. Aust J Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1071/ch08088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present article highlights recent findings in the field of photoactivation of anticancer metal complexes. Developments of some photoactivatable Rh-, Pt-, and Fe-based complexes are discussed and their mechanisms of anticancer action are outlined. Features required for the successful design of photoactive drugs are considered, in particular methods for improving the targeting and selectivity of such complexes through techniques such as conjugate delivery and multiphoton absorption.
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Milanesio ME, Alvarez MG, Yslas EI, Borsarelli CD, Silber JJ, Rivarola V, Durantini EN. Photodynamic Studies of Metallo 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl) porphyrin: Photochemical Characterization and Biological Consequences in a Human Carcinoma Cell Line¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740014psomtm2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lazzeri D, Rovera M, Pascual L, Durantini EN. Photodynamic Studies and Photoinactivation of Escherichia coli Using meso-Substituted Cationic Porphyrin Derivatives with Asymmetric Charge Distribution¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mody TD, Fu L, Sessler JL. Texaphyrins: Synthesis and Development of a Novel Class of Therapeutic Agents. PROGRESS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470166512.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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de Saja JA, Rodríguez-Méndez ML. Sensors based on double-decker rare earth phthalocyanines. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2005; 116:1-11. [PMID: 16083837 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines are interesting materials for sensing applications because their physicochemical properties are susceptible to be modified by the presence of certain molecules. Among the large family of the phthalocyanines, the sensing properties of double-decker phthalocyanines (which are sandwich-type complexes where a lanthanide metal is co-ordinated with two phthalocyanine rings) are of special interest due to their unique physicochemical properties. Their high intrinsic semiconductivity and their rich electrochemical and electrochromic behaviour, facilitate enormously the measurement of the changes in the physicochemical properties caused by the environment. In spite of their remarkable sensing behaviour, bisphthalocyanines have not been so extensively studied as sensitive materials as the parent monophthalocyanine compounds. This is due to the difficulty of the synthesis and purification processes, and to the fact that these compounds are not commercially available. In this paper, the sensing devices constructed using rare earth bisphthalocyanines are revised (including sensors foe electronic noses and electronic tongues) and their advantages discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A de Saja
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Prado de la Magdalena s/n, 47011 Valladolid, University of Valladolid, Spain.
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Schastak S, Jean B, Handzel R, Kostenich G, Hermann R, Sack U, Orenstein A, Wang YS, Wiedemann P. Improved pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and necrosis in vivo using a new near infra-red photosensitizer: tetrahydroporphyrin tetratosylat. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2005; 78:203-13. [PMID: 15708517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Revised: 11/09/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The search for better photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy of malignancies has led to the investigation of a new water-soluble, positively charged, and chemical stable tetrahydroporphyrin tetratosylat (THPTS) with a strong absorption at 760.5 nm, belonging to the bacteriochlorophyll family. THPTS undergoes a rapid uptake by human choroidal melanoma (CM) cells with a weak dark toxicity after a 24-h incubation (LD10 = 150 microM, LD50 = 6.0 mM). In response to laser light at 760+/-3 nm and doses of 10, 15 and 30 J/cm2, around 71%, 76%, and 92% of the CM cells were killed, respectively. Studies of pharmacokinetics and biodistribution in vivo (living mice) and ex vivo (excised organs) were made in a Balb/c mice bearing subcutaneously inoculated C26 colon carcinoma using fiber-optic spectrofluorimetry (FOS). Tumours were irradiated 3 h after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 5.0 mg/kg THPTS with an incoherent light source at 750+/-20 nm and an intensity of 100 mW/cm2 and fluences of 60, 90 and 120 J/cm2. THPTS demonstrated preferential accumulation in C26 colon carcinoma in comparison with most normal tissues except kidneys. For the tissues of liver, colon, muscle, and spleen the tumour/normal tissue ratio (TNTR) ranged from 8.0 to 50. After irradiation with 120 J/cm2 the depth of tumour necrosis reached 15 mm. Histological examination of the tumour samples 24 h after THPTS-PDT, revealed severe stasis in the blood vessels and coagulative necrosis. These results suggest that THPTS-PDT may be of particular importance in the treatment of accessible malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaw Schastak
- Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Liebig Strasse 10-14, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Milanesio ME, Alvarez MG, Silber JJ, Rivarola V, Durantini EN. Photodynamic activity of monocationic and non-charged methoxyphenylporphyrin derivatives in homogeneous and biological media. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2004; 2:926-33. [PMID: 14560810 DOI: 10.1039/b212890j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel 5-[4-(trimethylammonium)phenyl]-10,15,20-tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)porphyrin iodide (2) has been synthesized. A positive charge was incorporated at a peripheral position to increase the amphiphilic character of the structure. The photodynamic effect of the cationic porphyrin 2 was compared with that of non-charged 5-(4-aminophenyl)-10,15,20-tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)porphyrin (1), both in a homogeneous medium bearing photooxidizable substrates and in vitro on the Hep-2 human larynx carcinoma cell line. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic studies in different media show that 2 is essentially unaggregated in solution, and also in human cells. The singlet molecular oxygen, O2(1delta(g)), production was evaluated using 9,10-dimethylanthracene in N,N-dimethylformamide, yielding phi(delta) values of approximately 0.66 for both porphyrins. The addition of beta-carotene suppresses the O2(1delta(g))-mediated photooxidation. L-Tryptophan and guanosine 5'-monophosphate were used as biological substrate models. Porphyrin 2 sensitizes the decomposition of both compounds faster than does 1. In the biological medium, no dark cytotoxicity was observed, even though a high porphyrin concentration (10 microM) and a long incubation time (24 h) were employed. Cell treatments were performed with 5 microM of porphyrin for 24 h. Under these conditions, the uptake of porphyrin 2 into Hep-2 was about 3 times higher than that of 1. Cell survival after irradiation with visible light was dependent upon both the light exposure level and intracellular sensitizer concentration. Thus, a higher photocytotoxic effect was found for porphyrin 2 in comparison to 1. These results show that the amphiphilic monocationic porphyrin 2 could be a promising model for phototherapeutic agents with potential applications in tumor cell inactivation by photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elisa Milanesio
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro 3, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Lazzeri D, Rovera M, Pascual L, Durantini EN. Photodynamic Studies and Photoinactivation of Escherichia coli Using meso-Substituted Cationic Porphyrin Derivatives with Asymmetric Charge Distribution¶. Photochem Photobiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1562/2004-03-08-ra-105.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Milanesio ME, Alvarez MG, Yslas EI, Borsarelli CD, Silber JJ, Rivarola V, Durantini EN. Photodynamic studies of metallo 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl) porphyrin: photochemical characterization and biological consequences in a human carcinoma cell line. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 74:14-21. [PMID: 11460532 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0014:psomtm>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The photodynamic activities of the free-base 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin (TMP) and their metal complexes with zinc(II) (ZnTMP), copper(II) (CuTMP) and cadmium(II) (CdTMP) have been compared in two systems: reverse micelle of n-heptane/sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate/water bearing photooxidizable substrates and Hep-2 human larynx carcinoma cell line. The quantum yields of singlet molecular oxygen, O2(1 delta g), production (phi delta) of TMP, ZnTMP and CdTMP in tetrahydrofuran, were determined yielding values of 0.65, 0.73 and 0.73, respectively, while O2(1 delta g) formation was not detected for CuTMP. In the reverse micellar system, the amino acid L-tryptophan (Trp) was used as biological substrate to analyze the O2(1 delta g)-mediated photooxidation. The observed rate constants for Trp photooxidation (kobsTrp) were proportional to the sensitizer quantum yield of O2(1 delta g). A value of approximately 2 x 10(7) s-1 M-1 was found for the second-order rate constant of Trp (krTry) in this system. The response of Hep-2 cells to cytotoxicity photoinduced by these agents in a biological medium was studied. The Hep-2 cultures were treated with 1 microM of porphyrin for 24 h at 37 degrees C and the cells exposed to visible light. The cell survival at different light exposure levels was dependent on phi delta. Under these conditions, the cytotoxic effect increases in the order: Cu-TMP << TMP < ZnTMP approximately CdTMP, correlating with the production of O2(1 delta g). A similar behavior was observed in both the chemical and biological media indicating that the O2(1 delta g) mediation appears to be mainly responsible for the cell inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Milanesio
- Departamento de Química y Física, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, 5800 Río Cuarto, Argentina
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