1
|
Dhar A, Ahmed I, Mallick S, Roy S. A Peptide-PNA Hybrid Beacon for Sensitive Detection of Protein Biomarkers in Biological Fluids. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2121-2125. [PMID: 32187425 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Specific and rapid detection of proteins in biological fluids poses a challenging problem. In biological fluids, many proteins are present at low concentrations, requiring high affinity and specificity of the beacon-protein interaction. We report the design of a peptide-PNA hybrid beacon that exploits the dimeric nature of a target protein, S100B, a biomarker for brain trauma, to enhance binding affinity and specificity. The complementary base-pairing of the PNA bases brings the two arms of the beacon, one carrying an Alexa tag and the other carrying a Dabcyl moiety, into proximity, thus quenching Alexa fluorescence. Each of the arms carries a sequence that binds to one of the subunits. Binding to the target separates the quencher from the probe lifting the quenching of fluorescence. Enhanced affinity and specificity resulting from simultaneously binding to two sites allowed specific detection of S100B at low-nanomolar concentrations in the presence of serum. The design can be easily adapted for the detection of proteins containing multiple binding sites and could prove useful for rapid and sensitive biomarker detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amlanjyoti Dhar
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Israr Ahmed
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Shampa Mallick
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Siddhartha Roy
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li L, Chen X, Cui C, Pan X, Li X, Yazd HS, Wu Q, Qiu L, Li J, Tan W. Aptamer Displacement Reaction from Live-Cell Surfaces and Its Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17174-17179. [PMID: 31539233 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The DNA strand displacement reaction has had sustained scientific interest in building complicated nucleic acid-based networks. However, extending the fundamental mechanism to more diverse biomolecules in a complex environment remains challenging. Aptamers bind with targeted biomolecules with high affinity and selectivity, thus offering a promising route to link the powers of nucleic acid with diverse cues. Here, we describe three methods that allow facile and efficient displacement reaction of aptamers from the living cell surface using complement DNA (cDNA), toehold-labeled cDNA (tcDNA), and single-stranded binding protein (SSB). The kinetics of the DNA strand displacement reaction is severely affected by complex physicochemical properties of the natural membrane. Toehold-mediated and SSB-mediated aptamer displacement exhibited significantly enhanced kinetics, and they completely removed the aptamer quickly to avoid a false signal caused by aptamer internalization. Because of its simplicity, aptamer displacement enabled detection of membrane protein post-translation and improved selection efficiency of cell-SELEX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Xigao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Cheng Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States.,Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , China.,Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Xiaoshu Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Hoda Safari Yazd
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Liping Qiu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , China
| | - Juan Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences , The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310022 , China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , China.,Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences , The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310022 , China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xue T, Jia X, Wang J, Xiang J, Wang W, Du J, He Y. “Turn‐On” Activatable AIE Dots for Tumor Hypoxia Imaging. Chemistry 2019; 25:9634-9638. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Xue
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE)Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Xiangqian Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jilei Wang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE)Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jingyuan Xiang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE)Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE)Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Juanjuan Du
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yaning He
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE)Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mueller C, Grossmann TN. Coiled-Coil Peptide Beacon: A Tunable Conformational Switch for Protein Detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:17079-17083. [PMID: 30411434 PMCID: PMC6391972 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of protein folding and assembly is of central importance for the design of proteins and enzymes with novel or improved functions. Minimalistic model systems, such as coiled-coils, provide an excellent platform to improve this understanding and to construct novel molecular devices. Along those lines, we designed a conformational switch that is composed of two coiled-coil forming peptides and a central binding epitope. In the absence of a binding partner, this switch adopts a hairpin-like conformation that opens upon receptor binding. Variation of the coiled-coil length modulates the strength of the intramolecular constraint. The two conformational states of this switch have been linked with characteristic fluorescent properties, which enables the detection of the receptor in real-time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Mueller
- VU University Amsterdam, Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom N Grossmann
- VU University Amsterdam, Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mueller C, Grossmann TN. Coiled‐Coil Peptide Beacon: A Tunable Conformational Switch for Protein Detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Mueller
- VU University Amsterdam Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences De Boelelaan 1108 1081 HZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Tom N. Grossmann
- VU University Amsterdam Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences De Boelelaan 1108 1081 HZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xie N, Liu S, Yang X, He X, Huang J, Wang K. DNA tetrahedron nanostructures for biological applications: biosensors and drug delivery. Analyst 2017; 142:3322-3332. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01154g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we review and summarise the development and biological applications of DNA tetrahedron, including cellular biosensors and drug delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuli Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Institute of Biology
- Hunan University
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province
| | - Shiyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Institute of Biology
- Hunan University
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province
| | - Xiaohai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Institute of Biology
- Hunan University
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province
| | - Xiaoxiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Institute of Biology
- Hunan University
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province
| | - Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Institute of Biology
- Hunan University
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province
| | - Kemin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Institute of Biology
- Hunan University
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liang H, Xie S, Cui L, Wu C, Zhang X. Designing a Biostable L-DNAzyme for Lead(II) Ion Detection in Practical Samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2016; 8:7260-7264. [PMID: 29062390 PMCID: PMC5650247 DOI: 10.1039/c6ay01791f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A promising biosensor for effectively lead (II) ion detection in practical applications was developed by constructing a Pb2+-specific L-DNAzyme, the enantiomer of the natural nucleic acid-constructed D-DNAzyme. This fluorescent sensor contains the L-enzyme strand with a quencher at the 3' end, and the L-substrate strand with a fluorophore at the 5' and a quencher at the 3' ends that formed a complex. In the presence of Pb2+, the L-substrate is cut into two fragments, leading to the recovery of fluorescence. The sensor shows high sensitivity and selectivity for Pb2+ detection with a linear response in the range of 5-100 nM and a detection limit of 3 nM in aqueous solution. Importantly, based on that L-DNAzyme consists of non-natural nucleic acids, which is insensitive to nuclease digestion, protein adsorption and D-DNA hybridization, our sensor shows specific response to Pb2+ in practical water and serum samples. Therefore, it is expected that our L-DNAzyme-based strategy may offer a new method for developing simple, rapid and sensitive sensors in complex systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Sitao Xie
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Liang Cui
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Cuichen Wu
- Attribute Sciences, Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cao Q, Teng Y, Yang X, Wang J, Wang E. A label-free fluorescent molecular beacon based on DNA-Ag nanoclusters for the construction of versatile Biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 74:318-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
9
|
Lu CH, Willner I. Stimuli-Responsive DNA-Functionalized Nano-/Microcontainers for Switchable and Controlled Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12212-35. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
10
|
Lu CH, Willner I. Stimuliresponsive DNA-funktionalisierte Nano- und Mikrocontainer zur schaltbaren und kontrollierten Freisetzung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
11
|
Asanuma H, Akahane M, Niwa R, Kashida H, Kamiya Y. Highly Sensitive and Robust Linear Probe for Detection of mRNA in Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:4315-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
12
|
Asanuma H, Akahane M, Niwa R, Kashida H, Kamiya Y. Highly Sensitive and Robust Linear Probe for Detection of mRNA in Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
13
|
Hövelmann F, Gaspar I, Loibl S, Ermilov EA, Röder B, Wengel J, Ephrussi A, Seitz O. Brightness through local constraint--LNA-enhanced FIT hybridization probes for in vivo ribonucleotide particle tracking. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11370-5. [PMID: 25167966 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Imaging the dynamics of RNA in living cells is usually performed by means of transgenic approaches that require modification of RNA targets and cells. Fluorogenic hybridization probes would also allow the analysis of wild-type organisms. We developed nuclease-resistant DNA forced intercalation (FIT) probes that combine the high enhancement of fluorescence upon hybridization with the high brightness required to allow tracking of individual ribonucleotide particles (RNPs). In our design, a single thiazole orange (TO) intercalator dye is linked as a nucleobase surrogate and an adjacent locked nucleic acid (LNA) unit serves to introduce a local constraint. This closes fluorescence decay channels and thereby increases the brightness of the probe-target duplexes. As few as two probes were sufficient to enable the tracking of oskar mRNPs in wild-type living Drosophila melanogaster oocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hövelmann
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hövelmann F, Gaspar I, Loibl S, Ermilov EA, Röder B, Wengel J, Ephrussi A, Seitz O. Helligkeit durch lokale Rigidifizierung - LNA-verstärkte FIT-Sonden zur bildgebenden Darstellung von Ribonukleotidpartikeln in vivo. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
15
|
Dual hairpin-like molecular beacon based on coralyne-adenosine interaction for sensing melamine in dairy products. Talanta 2014; 129:398-403. [PMID: 25127611 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a novel dual hairpin-like molecular beacon (MB) for the selective and sensitive detection of melamine (MA) based on the conjugation of MA and thymine. In this protocol, the coordination between coralyne and adenosine (A) leaded a dual hairpin-like MB and the fluorophore-quencher pair is close proximity resulting in the fluorescence quenching. With the addition of MA, it conjugated with thymine in the loop part of dual hairpin-like MB by triple H-bonds, triggering the dissociation of the dual hairpin-like MB. The resulting spatial separation of the fluorophore from quencher induced the enhancement in fluorescence emission. Under the optimized conditions, the sensor exhibited a wide linear range of 8×10(-9)-1.6×10(-5) M (R(2)=0.9969) towards MA, with a low detection limit of 5 nM, approximately 4000 times lower than the Drug Administration and the US Food estimated MA safety limit. The real milk samples were also investigated with a satisfying result.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
In this contribution, we report studies of the nature of binding interactions and dynamics of protein histone I (H1) with ligands in solution and as a complex with DNA, an important biological process for the higher-order structure in chromatin. With femtosecond time resolution, we examined the role of solvation by water, the micropolarity at the interface of the binding site(s) of H1, and the rigidity of the complex structure. We used two biologically common fluorescent probes: 2-(p-toluidino)naphthalene-6-sulfonate (TNS) and 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride (DC). By noncovalently attaching TNS and covalently adducting DC to the binding sites we found that the solvation dynamics, which occur within 1 ps, for the probe at the protein surface and in bulk solution are comparable, indicating the significant contribution of bulk water shells. However, the local polarity changes significantly, reflecting the change in dielectric properties at the protein/water interface. The binding structure of the protein-DNA complex was examined by the local orientational motion of the probe. The covalently bound DC molecule, sandwiched between the protein and DNA, was found to be frozen, revealing the very rigid structure at the recognition site, while, for noncovalently bound TNS, the complexes displace the probe. The dynamical rigidity of the complex, and the role of solvation and interface polarity, elucidate the strong recognition mechanism between DNA and the protein by electrostatic interactions, which are important to the compactness and to chromatin condensation in the biological function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Zhong
- Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen J, Huang Y, Shi M, Zhao S, Zhao Y. Highly sensitive multiplexed DNA detection using multi-walled carbon nanotube-based multicolor nanobeacon. Talanta 2013; 109:160-6. [PMID: 23618154 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and selective multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-based multicolor fluorescent nanobeacon is developed for multiplexed analysis of DNA in homogeneous solution. In this work, three different dye-labeled DNA hairpins were adsorbed on MWCNTs surface via π-stacking, which brings the dyes and MWCNTs into close proximity and leads to the quenching of fluorescence of the dyes. When target DNAs were added to the solution, the target DNAs specifically hybridize with the probes to form stable DNA duplexes, which weakens the interactions between the probes and MWCNTs, and results in the fluorescence recovery of the dyes. By using three 15-mer DNA fragments as proof-of-principle analytes, the proposed method showed good analytical performance. The limits of detection obtained were in the range of 35-42 pM. Moreover, this method also exhibits an excellent ability to discriminate between single nucleotide polymorphisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Stobiecka M, Molinero AA, Chałupa A, Hepel M. Mercury/homocysteine ligation-induced ON/OFF-switching of a T-T mismatch-based oligonucleotide molecular beacon. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4970-8. [PMID: 22524145 DOI: 10.1021/ac300632u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A molecular beacon (MB) with stem-loop (hairpin) DNA structure and with attached fluorophore-quencher pair at the ends of the strand has been applied to study the interactions of Hg(2+) ions with a thymine-thymine (T-T) mismatch in Watson-Crick base-pairs and the ligative disassembly of MB·Hg(2+) complex by Hg(2+) sequestration with small biomolecule ligands. In this work, a five base-pair stem with configuration 5'-GGTGG...CCTCC-3' for self-hybridization of MB has been utilized. In this configuration, the four GC base-pair binding energy is not sufficient to hybridize fully at intermediate temperatures and to form a hairpin MB conformation. The T-T mismatch built-in into the stem area can effectively bind Hg(2+) ions creating a bridge, T-Hg-T. We have found that the T-Hg-T bridge strongly enhances the ability of MB to hybridize, as evidenced by an unusually large MB melting temperature shift observed on bridge formation, ΔT(m) = +15.1 ± 0.5 °C, for 100 nM MB in MOPS buffer. The observed ΔT(m) is the largest of the ΔT(m) found for other MBs and dsDNA structures. By fitting the parameters of the proposed model of reversible MB interactions to the experimental data, we have determined the T-Hg-T bridge formation constant at 25 °C, K(1) = 8.92 ± 0.42 × 10(17) M(-1) from mercury(II) titration data and K(1) = 1.04 ± 0.51 × 10(18) M(-1) from the bridge disassembly data; ΔG° = -24.53 ± 0.13 kcal/mol. We have found that the biomarker of oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease, homocysteine (Hcys), can sequester Hg(2+) ions from the T-Hg-T complex and withdraw Hg(2+) ions from MB in the form of stable Hg(Hcys)(2)H(2) complexes. Both the model fitting and independent (1)H NMR results on the thymidine-Hg-Hcys system indicate also the high importance of 1:1 complexes. The high value of K(1) for T-Hg-T bridge formation enables analytical determinations of low concentrations of Hg(2+) (limit of detection LOD = 19 nM or 3.8 ppb, based on 3σ method) and Hcys (LOD = 23 nM, 3σ method). The conditional stability constants for Hg(Hcys)H(2)(2+) and Hg(Hcys)(2)H(2) at 52 °C have been determined, β(112) = 5.37 ± 0.3 × 10(46) M(-3), β(122) = 3.80 ± 0.6 × 10(68) M(-4), respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Stobiecka
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Potsdam, Potsdam, New York 13676, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sato Y, Nishizawa S, Teramae N. Label-Free Molecular Beacon System Based on DNAs Containing Abasic Sites and Fluorescent Ligands That Bind Abasic Sites. Chemistry 2011; 17:11650-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
20
|
Chen JIL, Durkee H, Traxler B, Ginger DS. Optical detection of protein in complex media with plasmonic nanoparticle dimers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1993-1997. [PMID: 21671429 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer I L Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Song Y, Cui L, Wu J, Zhang W, Zhang WY, Kang H, Yang CJ. Allosteric Molecular Beacons for Sensitive Detection of Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Small Molecules in Complex Biological Samples. Chemistry 2011; 17:9042-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
22
|
Kummer S, Knoll A, Socher E, Bethge L, Herrmann A, Seitz O. Fluoreszenzbildgebung der mRNA von Influenza-H1N1 in lebenden infizierten Zellen durch FIT-PNA mit einem einzigen Chromophor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201005902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
23
|
Kummer S, Knoll A, Socher E, Bethge L, Herrmann A, Seitz O. Fluorescence imaging of influenza H1N1 mRNA in living infected cells using single-chromophore FIT-PNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:1931-4. [PMID: 21328673 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201005902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susann Kummer
- Department of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shi H, He X, Yang X, Wang K, Wang Q, Guo Q, Huo X. Protein analysis based on molecular beacon probes and biofunctionalized nanoparticles. Sci China Chem 2010; 53:704-719. [PMID: 32214997 PMCID: PMC7088759 DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-0110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
With the completion of the human genome-sequencing project, there has been a resulting change in the focus of studies from genomics to proteomics. By utilizing the inherent advantages of molecular beacon probes and biofunctionalized nanoparticles, a series of novel principles, methods and techniques have been exploited for bioanalytical and biomedical studies. This review mainly discusses the applications of molecular beacon probes and biofunctionalized nanoparticles-based technologies for real-time, in-situ, highly sensitive and highly selective protein analysis, including the nonspecific or specific protein detection and separation, protein/DNA interaction studies, cell surface protein recognition, and antigen-antibody binding process-based bacteria assays. The introduction of molecular beacon probes and biofunctionalized nanoparticles into the protein analysis area would necessarily advance the proteomics research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Center, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecule Engineering of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - XiaoXiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Center, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecule Engineering of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - XiaoHai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Center, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecule Engineering of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - KeMin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Center, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecule Engineering of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Center, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecule Engineering of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - QiuPing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Center, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecule Engineering of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - XiQin Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Center, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecule Engineering of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410082 China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang K, Tang Z, Yang C, Kim Y, Fang X, Li W, Wu Y, Medley C, Cao Z, Li J, Colon P, Lin H, Tan W. Molekulartechnische DNA-Modifizierung: Molecular Beacons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200800370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
26
|
Wang K, Tang Z, Yang CJ, Kim Y, Fang X, Li W, Wu Y, Medley CD, Cao Z, Li J, Colon P, Lin H, Tan W. Molecular engineering of DNA: molecular beacons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:856-70. [PMID: 19065690 PMCID: PMC2772660 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200800370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular beacons (MBs) are specifically designed DNA hairpin structures that are widely used as fluorescent probes. Applications of MBs range from genetic screening, biosensor development, biochip construction, and the detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms to mRNA monitoring in living cells. The inherent signal-transduction mechanism of MBs enables the analysis of target oligonucleotides without the separation of unbound probes. The MB stem-loop structure holds the fluorescence-donor and fluorescence-acceptor moieties in close proximity to one another, which results in resonant energy transfer. A spontaneous conformation change occurs upon hybridization to separate the two moieties and restore the fluorescence of the donor. Recent research has focused on the improvement of probe composition, intracellular gene quantitation, protein-DNA interaction studies, and protein recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kemin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Genetics Institute and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
- Biomedical Engineering Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082 (P.R. China)
| | - Zhiwen Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Genetics Institute and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
| | - Chaoyong James Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005 (P.R. China)
| | - Youngmi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Genetics Institute and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 2 Zhongguancun Beiyijie, Beijing 100190 (P.R. China)
| | - Wei Li
- Biomedical Engineering Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082 (P.R. China)
| | - Yanrong Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Genetics Institute and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
| | - Colin D. Medley
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Genetics Institute and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
| | - Zehui Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Genetics Institute and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
| | - Jun Li
- Biomedical Engineering Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082 (P.R. China)
| | - Patrick Colon
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Genetics Institute and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Genetics Institute and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
| | - Weihong Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Genetics Institute and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
- Biomedical Engineering Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082 (P.R. China)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shim SY, Lim DK, Nam JM. Ultrasensitive optical biodiagnostic methods using metallic nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2008; 3:215-32. [DOI: 10.2217/17435889.3.2.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dramatic progress has been made over the recent decade in the applications of metallic nanoparticles in the field of biomolecule detection. The useful physical and chemical properties (e.g., availability of various synthetic methods of size- and shape-controlled nanoparticles, size- and shape-dependent optical properties, availability of various surface chemistries and biocompatibility) of metallic nanoparticles have brought development to the ultrasensitive detection of biomolecules at the attomolar level and this sensitivity enables the diagnosis of otherwise undetectable biomarkers of many fatal diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, coupled with the strong physical properties and biocompatible nature of gold nanoparticles in in vivo conditions, the scope of applications for these particles have been broadened into the field of in vivo imaging, such as X-ray contrasting agents, and also cellular tracking. Here, we review synthetic methods and optical properties of metallic nanoparticles and their use in ultrasensitive, in vitro and in vivo biodiagnostic methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So-Youn Shim
- Seoul National University, Department of Chemistry, Seoul, 151–747, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Lim
- Seoul National University, Department of Chemistry, Seoul, 151–747, South Korea
| | - Jwa-Min Nam
- Seoul National University, Department of Chemistry, Seoul, 151–747, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kundu LM, Burgdorf LT, Kleiner O, Batschauer A, Carell T. Cleavable substrate containing molecular beacons for the quantification of DNA-photolyase activity. Chembiochem 2002; 3:1053-60. [PMID: 12404629 DOI: 10.1002/1439-7633(20021104)3:11<1053::aid-cbic1053>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to gain deeper insight into the function and interplay of proteins in cells it is essential to develop methods that allow the profiling of protein function in real time, in solution, in cells, and in cell organelles. Here we report the development of a U-type oligonucleotide (molecular beacon) that contains a fluorophore and a quencher at the tips, and in addition a substrate analogue in the loop structure. This substrate analogue induces a hairpin cleavage in response to enzyme action, which is translated into a fluorescence signal. The molecular beacon developed here was used to characterize DNA-photolyase activity. These enzymes represent a challenge for analytical methods because of their low abundance in cells. The molecular beacon made it possible to measure the activity of purified class I and class II photolyases. Photolyase activity was even detectable in crude cell extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lal Mohan Kundu
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Seitz O, Köhler O. Convergent strategies for the attachment of fluorescing reporter groups to peptide nucleic acids in solution and on solid phase. Chemistry 2001; 7:3911-25. [PMID: 11596933 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010917)7:18<3911::aid-chem3911>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The site-selective conjugation of peptide nucleic acids (PNA) with fluorescent reporter groups is essential for the construction of hybridisation probes that can report the presence of a particular DNA sequence. This paper describes convergent methods for the solution- and solid-phase synthesis of multiply labelled PNA oligomers. The solid-phase synthesis of protected PNA enabled the selective attachment of fluorescent labels at the C-terminal end (3' in DNA) which demonstrated that further manipulations on protected PNA fragments are feasible. For the conjugation to internal sites, a method is introduced that allows for the on-resin assembly of modified monomers thereby omitting the need to synthesise an entire monomer in solution. Furthermore, it is shown that the application of a highly orthogonal protecting group strategy in combination with chemoselective conjugation reactions provides access to a rapid and automatable solid-phase synthesis of dual labelled PNA probes. Real-time measurements of nucleic acid hybridisation were possible by taking advantage of the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between suitably appended fluorophoric groups. Analogously to DNA-based molecular beacons, the dual labelled PNA probes were only weakly fluorescing in the single-stranded state. Hybridisation to a complementary oligonucleotide, however, induced a structural reorganisation and conferred a vivid fluorescence enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Seitz
- Department of Chemical Biology and Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Dortmund, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang P, Beck T, Tan W. Design of a Molecular Beacon DNA Probe with Two Fluorophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001; 40:402-405. [PMID: 29712409 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010119)40:2<402::aid-anie402>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2000] [Revised: 10/04/2000] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer between two fluorophores (F1 and F2 ) attached to the two ends of a molecular beacon DNA probe containing a hairpin structure can be used for quantitative DNA/RNA studies. Concentrations of target-DNA as low as 1.7×10-10 M could be determined with a commercial spectrometer by using coumarin and 6-carboxyfluorescein as the fluorophores. Measurements on the Förster energy transfer distance for the donor/acceptor pair can also be carried out using these DNA probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and UF Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32601 (USA) Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
| | - Terry Beck
- TriLink BioTechnologies, Inc. 6310 Nancy Ridge Drive, Suite 101 San Diego, CA 92121 (USA)
| | - Weihong Tan
- Department of Chemistry and UF Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32601 (USA) Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Seitz O. Festphasensynthese doppelt markierter Peptidnucleinsäuren als Sonden für die Echtzeitdetektion der Hybridisierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20000915)112:18<3389::aid-ange3389>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
33
|
Seitz O. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Doubly Labeled Peptide Nucleic Acids as Probes for the Real-Time Detection of Hybridization This work was supported by the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000; 39:3249-3252. [PMID: 11028066 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20000915)39:18<3249::aid-anie3249>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O Seitz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie Abteilung Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund (Germany)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
|