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Bauer J, Brandenburg K, Zähringer U, Rademann J. Chemical synthesis of a glycolipid library by a solid-phase strategy allows elucidation of the structural specificity of immunostimulation by rhamnolipids. Chemistry 2007; 12:7116-24. [PMID: 16915594 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of a glycolipid library by hydrophobically assisted switching phase (HASP) synthesis is described. HASP synthesis enables flexible switching between solution-phase steps and solid-supported reactions conducted with molecules attached to a hydrophobic silica support. A library of glycolipids derived from the lead compound 1-a strongly immunostimulatory rhamnolipid--with variations in the carbohydrate part, the lipid components, and the stereochemistry of the 3-hydroxy fatty acids was designed and synthesized. The enantioselective synthesis of the 3-hydroxy fatty acid building blocks was achieved by employing asymmetric hydrogenation of 3-oxo fatty acids. Glycolipids were prepared by this approach without any intermediary isolation steps, mostly in excellent yields. Final deprotection to the carboxylic acids was accomplished by enzymatic ester cleavage. All prepared rhamnolipids were tested for their immunostimulatory properties against human monocyte cells by assaying the secretion of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) into the medium. The observed structure-activity relationships of rhamnolipids indicate a specific, recognition-based mode of action, with small structural variations in the rhamnolipids resulting in strong effects on the immunostimulatory activities of the rhamnolipids at low micromolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Bauer
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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Thayer DA, Yu HN, Galan MC, Wong CH. A general strategy toward S-linked glycopeptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:4596-9. [PMID: 15991213 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Desiree A Thayer
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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3
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Thayer DA, Yu HN, Galan MC, Wong CH. A General Strategy toward S-Linked Glycopeptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ito H, Kameyama A, Sato T, Kiyohara K, Nakahara Y, Narimatsu H. Molecular-Weight-Tagged Glycopeptide Library: Efficient Construction and Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ito H, Kameyama A, Sato T, Kiyohara K, Nakahara Y, Narimatsu H. Molecular-Weight-Tagged Glycopeptide Library: Efficient Construction and Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:4547-9. [PMID: 15981286 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Ito
- Research Center for Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
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Fumoto M, Hinou H, Matsushita T, Kurogochi M, Ohta T, Ito T, Yamada K, Takimoto A, Kondo H, Inazu T, Nishimura SI. Molecular Transporter Between Polymer Platforms: Highly Efficient Chemoenzymatic Glycopeptide Synthesis by the Combined Use of Solid-Phase and Water-Soluble Polymer Supports. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200463065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Fumoto M, Hinou H, Matsushita T, Kurogochi M, Ohta T, Ito T, Yamada K, Takimoto A, Kondo H, Inazu T, Nishimura SI. Molecular Transporter Between Polymer Platforms: Highly Efficient Chemoenzymatic Glycopeptide Synthesis by the Combined Use of Solid-Phase and Water-Soluble Polymer Supports. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:2534-7. [PMID: 15786520 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200463065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Fumoto
- Research Association for Biotechnology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
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Dondoni A, Marra A, Massi A. Hybrid Solution/Solid-Phase Synthesis of Oligosaccharides by Using Trichloroacetyl Isocyanate as Sequestration-Enabling Reagent of Sugar Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:1672-6. [PMID: 15693044 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dondoni
- Laboratorio di Chimica Organica, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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9
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Dondoni A, Marra A, Massi A. Hybrid Solution/Solid-Phase Synthesis of Oligosaccharides by Using Trichloroacetyl Isocyanate as Sequestration-Enabling Reagent of Sugar Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tanaka H, Adachi M, Takahashi T. One-Pot Synthesis of Sialo-Containing Glycosyl Amino Acids by Use of anN-Trichloroethoxycarbonyl-?-thiophenyl Sialoside. Chemistry 2005; 11:849-62. [PMID: 15580651 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We describe an efficient synthesis of 2,6- and 2,3-sialyl T antigens linked to serine in a one-pot glycosylation. We first investigated the glycosidation of thiosialosides by varying the N-protecting group. Modification of the C-5 amino group of beta-thiosialosides into the N-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, N-2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl (N-Troc), and N-trichloroacetyl derivatives enhanced the reactivity of these compounds towards glycosidation. Addition of a minimum amount of 3 A molecular sieves was also effective in improving the yield of alpha-linked sialosides. Next, we conducted one-pot syntheses of the glycosyl amino acids by using the N-Troc sialyl donor. The N-Troc derivative can be converted into the N-acetyl derivative without racemization of the amino acids. Branched-type one-pot glycosylation, initiated by regioselective glycosylation of the 3,6-dihydroxy galactoside with the N-Troc-beta-thiophenyl sialoside, provided the protected 2,6-sialyl T antigen in good yield. Linear-type one-pot glycosylation, initiated by chemoselective glycosylation of galactosyl fluoride with the N-Troc-beta-thiophenyl sialoside, afforded the protected 2,3-sialyl T antigen in excellent yield. Both protected glycosyl amino acids were converted into the fully deprotected 2,6- and 2,3-sialyl T antigens linked to serine in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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Zhu M, Ruijter E, Wessjohann LA. New Scavenger Resin for the Reversible Linking and Monoprotection of Functionalized Aromatic Aldehydes. Org Lett 2004; 6:3921-4. [PMID: 15496064 DOI: 10.1021/ol048610h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Polymer-supported benzylhydrazines were synthesized using poly(ethylene glycol) acrylamide (PEGA) resin. They can be used to scavenge electrophiles reactive with hydrazine. Especially aromatic aldehydes can be captured selectively, monoprotected, and reversibly linked in the presence of other functional groups, including electrophilic ones. Various reactions can be performed on these protectively linked aldehydes, which afterward can be released either with full restoration of the aldehyde function or, alternatively, with simultaneous conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhao Zhu
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Schweizer F. Glycosaminosäuren und ihre Verwendung als Bausteine in der kombinatorischen Synthese sowie ihre Bedeutung für die Wirkstoff-Forschung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20020118)114:2<240::aid-ange240>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ando H, Manabe S, Nakahara Y, Ito Y. Solid-Phase Capture-Release Strategy Applied to Oligosaccharide Synthesis on a Soluble Polymer Support. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20011217)113:24<4861::aid-ange4861>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ando H, Manabe S, Nakahara Y, Ito Y. Solid-Phase Capture-Release Strategy Applied to Oligosaccharide Synthesis on a Soluble Polymer Support This work was supported in part by the Mizutani Foundation for Glycoscience (grant to Y.I.), the RIKEN Presidential Fund (grant to S.M.), and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research to S.M.). We thank Dr. Teiji Chihara and his staff for the elemental analyses, Ms. Yasuko Tanaka for her contribution at the exploratory stage of this work, and Ms. Akemi Takahashi for her technical assistance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001; 40:4725-4728. [PMID: 12404396 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20011217)40:24<4725::aid-anie4725>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromune Ando
- RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST) 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 (Japan)
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Abstract
The O-protecting groups Levulinoyl (Lev) and 9-fluroenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) offer an attractive set of orthogonal protecting groups which are compatible with base sensitive N-trichloroethoxylcarbonyl (Troc) group. B exploiting these orthogonal protecting groups and a novel phenolic ester linker, a series of oligosaccharide of biological importance, Le(x), H-type 2, and Le(y), were synthesized on the polytheylene glycol resin MPEG (Mw 5000). The products bearing a p-hydroxybenzyl group could be easily converted into glycosyl donors for further synthesis. Using this strategy, a spacer containing tumor antigen Le(y)-Lac hexasaccharide was described. The artificial spacer at the reducing end provides an opportunity for selective conjugation to an appropriate carrier protein for immunlogical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zhu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-4712, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Ben
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, PO Box 6016, Binghamton, NY 13902-6016, USA.
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Abstract
Combinatorial chemistry has contributed significantly to understanding the structure-function relationships of biologically important molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. However, carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates, which have been identified as key modulators of several biological functions have not enjoyed the same measure of success. The complexity and synthetic challenges of carbohydrate conjugates have resulted in a number of conceptual approaches to rapidly access sufficient quantities of these biomolecules. This article summarizes these combinatorial approaches and also highlights fully automated library synthesis of artificial glycopeptides with the goals of understanding their biological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barkley
- Chemical Biology Program, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON
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Gabius HJ. Glycohistochemistry: the why and how of detection and localization of endogenous lectins. Anat Histol Embryol 2001; 30:3-31. [PMID: 11284160 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0264.2001.00305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The central dogma of molecular biology limits the downstream flow of genetic information to proteins. Progress from the last two decades of research on cellular glycoconjugates justifies adding the enzymatic production of glycan antennae with information-bearing determinants to this famous and basic pathway. An impressive variety of regulatory processes including cell growth and apoptosis, folding and routing of glycoproteins and cell adhesion/migration have been unravelled and found to be mediated or modulated by specific protein (lectin)-carbohydrate interactions. The conclusion has emerged that it would have meant missing manifold opportunities not to recruit the sugar code to cellular information transfer. Currently, the potential for medical applications in anti-adhesion therapy or drug targeting is one of the major driving forces fuelling progress in glycosciences. In histochemistry, this concept has prompted the introduction of carrier-immobilized carbohydrate ligands (neoglycoconjugates) to visualize the cells' capacity to be engaged in oligosaccharide recognition. After their isolation these tissue lectins will be tested for ligand analysis. Since fine specificities of different lectins can differ despite identical monosaccharide binding, the tissue lectins will eventually replace plant agglutinins to move from glycan profiling and localization to functional considerations. Namely, these two marker types, i.e. neoglycoconjugates and tissue lectins, track down accessible binding sites with relevance for involvement in interactions in situ. The documented interplay of synthetic organic chemistry and biochemistry with cyto- and histochemistry nourishes the optimism that the application of this set of innovative custom-prepared tools will provide important insights into the ways in which glycans can act as hardware in transmitting information during normal tissue development and pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Gabius
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 München, Germany.
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Link A. Comments on the Terminology for Applications of Temporarily Attached Solubility-Modifying Moieties in Combinatorial Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000; 39:4039-4040. [PMID: 11093197 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20001117)39:22<4039::aid-anie4039>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Link
- Institut für Pharmazie der Universität Hamburg Bundesstrasse 45, 20146 Hamburg (Germany)
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Link A. Terminologie für die Anwendung temporär gebundener, löslichkeitsmodifizierender Auxiliare in der kombinatorischen Chemie – ein kritischer Kommentar. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20001117)112:22<4203::aid-ange4203>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Despite the omnipresence of protein glycosylation in nature, little is known about how the attachment of carbohydrates affects peptide and protein activity. One reason is the lack of a straightforward method to access biologically relevant glycopeptides and glycoproteins. The isolation of homogeneous glycopeptides from natural sources is complicated by the heterogeneity of naturally occuring glycoproteins. It is chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis that is meeting the challenge to solve this availability problem, thus playing a key role for the advancement of glycobiology. The current art of glycopeptide synthesis, albeit far from being routine, has reached a level of maturity that allows for the access to homogeneous and pure material for biological and medicinal research. Even the ambitious goal of the total synthesis of an entire glycoprotein is within reach. It is demonstrated that with the help of synthetic glycopeptides the effects of glycosylation on protein structure and function can be studied in molecular detail. For example, in immunology, synthetic (tumour-specific) glycopeptides can be used as immunogens to elicit a tumour-cell-specific immune response. Again, synthetic glycopeptides are an invaluable tool to determine the fine specificity of the immune response that can be mediated by both carbohydrate-specific B and T cells. Furthermore, selected examples for the use of synthetic glycopeptides as ligands of carbohydrate-binding proteins and as enzyme substrates or inhibitors are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Seitz
- Department of Chemical Biology Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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