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Wetzel S, Wilk W, Chammaa S, Sperl B, Roth A, Yektaoglu A, Renner S, Berg T, Arenz C, Giannis A, Oprea T, Rauh D, Kaiser M, Waldmann H. A Scaffold-Tree-Merging Strategy for Prospective Bioactivity Annotation of γ-Pyrones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:3666-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Wetzel S, Wilk W, Chammaa S, Sperl B, Roth A, Yektaoglu A, Renner S, Berg T, Arenz C, Giannis A, Oprea T, Rauh D, Kaiser M, Waldmann H. A Scaffold-Tree-Merging Strategy for Prospective Bioactivity Annotation of γ-Pyrones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200906555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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3
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Roth A, Drescher D, Yang Y, Redmer S, Uhlig S, Arenz C. Potente und selektive Inhibition der sauren Sphingomyelinase durch Bisphosphonate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200903288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Roth A, Drescher D, Yang Y, Redmer S, Uhlig S, Arenz C. Potent and Selective Inhibition of Acid Sphingomyelinase by Bisphosphonates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:7560-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200903288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Roth AG, Redmer S, Arenz C. Potent Inhibition of Acid Sphingomyelinase by Phosphoinositide Analogues. Chembiochem 2009; 10:2367-74. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Delgado A, Casas J, Llebaria A, Abad JL, Fabriás G. Chemical tools to investigate sphingolipid metabolism and functions. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:580-606. [PMID: 17252619 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids comprise an important group of biomolecules, some of which have been shown to play important roles in the regulation of many cell functions. From a structural standpoint, they all share a long 2-amino-1,3-diol chain, which can be either saturated (sphinganine), hydroxylated at C4 (phytosphingosine), or unsaturated at C4 (sphingosine) as in most mammalian cells. N-acylation of sphingosine leads to ceramide, a key intermediate in sphingolipid metabolism that can be enzymatically modified at the C1-OH position to other biologically important sphingolipids, such as sphingomyelin or glycosphingolipids. In addition, both ceramide and sphingosine can be phosphorylated at C1-OH to give ceramide-1-phosphate and sphingosine-1-phosphate, respectively. To better understand the biological and biophysical roles of sphingolipids, many efforts have been made to design synthetic analogues as chemical tools able to unravel their structure-activity relationships, and to alter their cellular levels. This last approach has been thoroughly studied by the development of specific inhibitors of some key enzymes that play an important role in biosynthesis or metabolism of these intriguing lipids. With the above premises in mind, the aim of this review is to collect, in a systematic way, the recent efforts described in the literature leading to the development of new chemical entities specifically designed to achieve the above goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Delgado
- Research Unit on Bioactive Molecules, Departament de Química Orgànica Biològica, Institut d'Investigacions Químiques i Ambientals de Barcelona (C.S.I.C); Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Fujioka H, Sawama Y, Kotoku N, Ohnaka T, Okitsu T, Murata N, Kubo O, Li R, Kita Y. Concise Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Scyphostatin, a Potent Inhibitor of Neutral Sphingomyelinase. Chemistry 2007; 13:10225-38. [PMID: 17907134 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The concise asymmetric total synthesis of scyphostatin has been achieved by condensation of the optically active cyclohexane unit, prepared from the commercially available 1,4-cyclohexadiene by our own method, and the side chain, prepared by the method developed by Hoye and Tennakoon (T. R. Hoye, M. A. Tennakoon, Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 1481-1483). The modification of the epoxy cyclohexenone unit was achieved in a late stage of the total synthesis, and deprotection of the primary alcohol was conducted in the final step. During the synthesis several key reactions were attained: 1) intramolecular bromoetherification of the cyclohexadiene acetal; 2) stereoselective introduction of the tertiary alcohol, 3) deprotection of the acetal function to the aldehyde by combination with silyl triflate/2,4,6-collidine and the one-pot synthesis of the disilyl aldehyde compounds, with different types of silyl groups, from the dihydroxy acetal compounds; and 4) facile deprotection of the 2,4-dimethoxyphenylmethyl ((2,4)DMPM) protecting group of the primary alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Fujioka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Wascholowski V, Giannis A, Pitsinos EN. Influence of the Scyphostatin Side Chain on the Mode of Inhibition of Neutral Sphingomyelinase. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:718-21. [PMID: 16902925 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veit Wascholowski
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Daniel PT, Koert U, Schuppan J. Apoptolidin: Induction of Apoptosis by a Natural Product. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:872-93. [PMID: 16404760 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200502698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Apoptolidin is a natural product that selectively induces apoptosis in several cancer cell lines. Apoptosis, programmed cell death, is a biological key pathway for regulating homeostasis and morphogenesis. Apoptotic misregulations are connected with several diseases, in particular cancer. The extrinsic way to apoptosis leads through death ligands and death receptors to the activiation of the caspase cascade, which results in proteolytic degradation of the cell architecture. The intrinsic pathway transmits signals of internal cellular damage to the mitochondrion, which loses its structural integrity, and forms an apoptosome that initiates the caspase cascade. Compounds which regulate apoptosis are of high medical significance. Many natural products regulate apoptotic pathways, and apoptolidin is one of them. The known synthetic routes to apoptolidin are described and compared in this Review. Selected further natural products which regulate apoptosis are introduced briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Daniel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, University Medical Center Charité, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
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Daniel PT, Koert U, Schuppan J. Apoptolidin: Induktion von Apoptose durch einen Naturstoff. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wascholowski V, Giannis A. Sphingolactones: Selective and Irreversible Inhibitors of Neutral Sphingomyelinase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:827-30. [PMID: 16365835 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veit Wascholowski
- University of Leipzig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Wascholowski V, Giannis A. Sphingolactone: selektive und irreversibel wirkende Inhibitoren der neutralen Sphingomyelinase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200501983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Claus RA, Wüstholz A, Müller S, Bockmeyer CL, Riedel NH, Kinscherf R, Deigner HP. Synthesis and Antiapoptotic Activity of a Novel Analogue of the Neutral Sphingomyelinase Inhibitor Scyphostatin. Chembiochem 2005; 6:726-37. [PMID: 15751001 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective synthesis of an analogue of scyphostatin, a potent inhibitor of the neutral sphingomyelinase, is described. The synthesis starts with cyclohexanone and a protected D-serine derivative. The key step is an asymmetric hydroxylation to access a hydroxycyclohexanone, which is transformed into a substituted hydroxycyclohexenone. This is converted into the scyphostatin analogue 14, a chemically and metabolically stabilised compound lacking the epoxy function of the natural congener and carrying a palmitic acid group instead of the native trienoyl residue. An evaluation of the biological activity of 14 revealed neutral sphingomyelinase inhibition in several in vivo test systems (monocytes, macrophages, hepatocytes) monitoring antiapoptotic effects and the inversion of phorbolester-induced translocation of green fluorescent protein labelled kinase (protein kinase C-alpha).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf A Claus
- Department for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Therapy, Division for Experimental Anaesthesiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Research Centre Lobeda, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
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14
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Inoue M, Yokota W, Murugesh MG, Izuhara T, Katoh T. Total Synthesis of (+)-Scyphostatin, a Potent and Specific Inhibitor of Neutral Sphingomyelinase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200454192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Inoue M, Yokota W, Murugesh MG, Izuhara T, Katoh T. Total Synthesis of (+)-Scyphostatin, a Potent and Specific Inhibitor of Neutral Sphingomyelinase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004; 43:4207-9. [PMID: 15307088 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200454192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Inoue
- Sagami Chemical Research Center, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1193, Japan
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Pitsinos EN, Wascholowski V, Karaliota S, Rigou C, Couladouros EA, Giannis A. Synthesis and Evaluation of Three Novel Scyphostatin Analogues as Neutral Sphingomyelinase Inhibitors. Chembiochem 2003; 4:1223-5. [PMID: 14613115 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200300667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel N Pitsinos
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, NCSR Demokritos Institute of Physical Chemistry, P. O. Box 60228, 153 10 Ag. Paraskevi, Greece.
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Eipert M, Maichle-Mössmer C, Maier ME. Use of epoxidation and epoxide opening reactions for the synthesis of highly functionalized 1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-2-ones and related compounds. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Arenz C, Gartner M, Wascholowski V, Giannis A. Synthesis and biochemical investigation of scyphostatin analogues as inhibitors of neutral sphingomyelinase. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:2901-4. [PMID: 11597471 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The sphingolipid ceramide is considered to be an important intracellular mediator. However, many aspects of its action and the role of several different ceramide generating sphingomyelinases are still unclear. Recently, we reported on the synthesis of the first selective irreversible inhibitor of the neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase), as well as the identification of Manumycin A and some of its analogues as irreversible inhibitors of N-SMase. For the development of pharmacologically interesting competitive inhibitors of N-SMase, structure-activity studies are essential. Herein we show the synthesis and enzymatic investigation of two scyphostatin analogues 3a and 3b, revealing the importance of the primary hydroxy group in compound 2 for N-SMase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arenz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe, Richard-Willstätter Allee 2, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Triola G, Fabriàs G, Llebaria A. Synthesis of a Cyclopropene Analogue of Ceramide, a Potent Inhibitor of Dihydroceramide Desaturase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010518)40:10<1960::aid-anie1960>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Triola G, Fabriàs G, Llebaria A. Synthesis of a Cyclopropene Analogue of Ceramide, a Potent Inhibitor of Dihydroceramide Desaturase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20010518)113:10<2014::aid-ange2014>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Arenz C, Thutewohl M, Block O, Waldmann H, Altenbach HJ, Giannis A. Manumycin A and its analogues are irreversible inhibitors of neutral sphingomyelinase. Chembiochem 2001; 2:141-3. [PMID: 11828438 DOI: 10.1002/1439-7633(20010202)2:2<141::aid-cbic141>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Arenz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe, Richard-Willstätter-Allee 2, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Arenz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe, Richard‐Willstätter Allee 2, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Fax:(internat.) +49‐721/608‐7652
| | - Athanassios Giannis
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe, Richard‐Willstätter Allee 2, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Fax:(internat.) +49‐721/608‐7652
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