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Weiberg D, Basic M, Smoczek M, Bode U, Bornemann M, Buettner M. Participation of the spleen in the IgA immune response in the gut. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205247. [PMID: 30286198 PMCID: PMC6171922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the spleen in the induction of an immune response to orally administered antigens is still under discussion. Although it is well known that after oral antigen administration specific germinal centres are not only formed in the Peyers patches (PP) and the mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) but also in the spleen, there is still a lack of functional data showing a direct involvement of splenic B cells in an IgA immune response in the gut. In addition, after removal of mLN a high level of IgA+ B cells was observed in the gut. Therefore, in this study we analysed the role of the spleen in the induction of IgA+ B cells in the gut after mice were orally challenged with antigens. Here we have shown that antigen specific splenic IgM+ B cells after in vitro antigen stimulation as well as oral immunisation of donor mice were able to migrate into the gut of recipient mice, where they predominantly switch to IgA+ plasma cells. Furthermore, stimulation of recipient mice by orally administered antigens enhanced the migration of the splenic B cells into the gut as well as their switch to IgA+ plasma cells. Removal of the mLN led to a higher activation level of the splenic B cells. Altogether, our results imply that splenic IgM+ B cells migrate in the intestinal lamina propria, where they differentiate into IgA+ plasma cells and subsequently proliferate. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the spleen plays a major role in the gut immune response serving as a reservoir of immune cells that migrate to the site of antigen entrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Weiberg
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marijana Basic
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Margarethe Smoczek
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Bode
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Bornemann
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manuela Buettner
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Buettner M, Bode U. Stromal cells directly mediate the re-establishment of the lymph node compartments after transplantation by CXCR5 or CCL19/21 signalling. Immunology 2011; 133:257-69. [PMID: 21426341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LN) are highly organized and have characteristic compartments. Destruction of these compartments leads to an inability to fulfil their immunological function. However, it is not yet clearly understood which mechanisms are involved in the development and maintenance of this organization. After transplantation of LN into the mesentery, the LN regenerate to fully functional LN. In this study, the question was addressed, how stromal cells in the B-cell follicles (follicular dendritic cells), which were identified by CD21/CD35, and stromal cells in the T-cell area (gp38+ cells) are involved via chemokine signalling. The gp38+ cells and CD21/CD35+ cells were detected in the transplanted LN (EGFP, plt/plt and CXCR5(-/-) mice) over a period of 8 weeks to analyse their competence to reconstruct the compartmental organization. The presence of gp38+ cells was stable during regeneration and these cells reconstructed the T-cell area within 4 weeks. After transplantation of plt/plt LN CCL19/CCL21 expression was observed leading to partial restoration of the T-cell area. In contrast, there were changes in the presence and morphology of CD21/CD35+ cells within the B-cell area during reconstruction, which was dependent on the presence of B cells and CXCL13/CXCR5 signalling. Hence, CD21/CD35+ cells and gp38+ cells are involved in the establishment of the compartmental organization of lymph nodes but using different ways to recruit lymphocytes via chemokine signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Buettner
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover, Germany
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Hoffmann JC, Peters K, Pawlowski NN, Grollich K, Henschke S, Herrmann B, Zeitz M, Westermann J. In vivoProliferation of Rat Lamina Propria T Lymphocytes: General Hyporesponsiveness but Increased Importance of the CD2 and CD28 Pathways. Immunol Invest 2009; 38:466-82. [DOI: 10.1080/08820130902888342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ahrendt M, Hammerschmidt SI, Pabst O, Pabst R, Bode U. Stromal cells confer lymph node-specific properties by shaping a unique microenvironment influencing local immune responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:1898-907. [PMID: 18641327 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LN) consist not only of highly motile immune cells coming from the draining area or from the systemic circulation, but also of resident stromal cells building the backbone of the LN. These two cell types form a unique microenvironment which is important for initiating an optimal immune response. The present study asked how the unique microenvironment of the mesenteric lymph node (mLN) is influenced by highly motile cells and/or by the stromal cells. A transplantation model in rats and mice was established. After resecting the mLN, fragments of peripheral lymph node (pLN) or mLN were inserted into the mesentery. The pLN and mLN have LN-specific properties, resulting in differences of, for example, the CD103(+) dendritic cell subset, the adhesion molecule mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1, the chemokine receptor CCR9, the cytokine IL-4, and the enzyme retinal dehydrogenase 2. This new model clearly showed that during regeneration stromal cells survived and immune cells were replaced. Surviving high endothelial venules retained their site-specific expression (mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1). In addition, the low expression of retinal dehydrogenase 2 and CCR9 persisted in the transplanted pLN, suggesting that stromal cells influence the lymph node-specific properties. To examine the functional relevance of this different expression pattern in transplanted animals, an immune response against orally applied cholera toxin was initiated. The data showed that the IgA response against cholera toxin is significantly diminished in animals transplanted with pLN. This model documents that stromal cells of the LN are active players in shaping a unique microenvironment and influencing immune responses in the drained area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Ahrendt
- Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Pabst R, Rothkötter HJ. Structure and Function of the Gut Mucosal Immune System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 579:1-14. [PMID: 16620008 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-33778-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Pabst
- Center of Anatomy, Medical of School of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
The circulating pool of lymphocytes contains self- as well as non-self reactive T cells. The mature DCs present as non-self as well as self-epitopes to nai;ve T cells. To avoid autoimmunity the organism has to keep the mature DCs afar from self-specific T cells. I had proposed that the different anatomical distribution of the immature (tolerogenic) and mature (immunogenic) DCs in the peripheral lymphoid tissues may contribute to this mechanism. I had proposed that T cells to reach the mature DC should pass through the layer of immature DCs, which constitutively phagocytose and transport apoptotic cells to the regional LN and present only 'self' epitopes. Thus, self-specific T cells will be trapped by the immature DC layer and be deleted or become anergic. The layer of immature DC will be crossed only by those T cells that are not self-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Usharauli
- Department of Pathology, State medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia, USA.
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Esplugues E, Sancho D, Vega-Ramos J, Martínez C, Syrbe U, Hamann A, Engel P, Sánchez-Madrid F, Lauzurica P. Enhanced antitumor immunity in mice deficient in CD69. J Exp Med 2003; 197:1093-106. [PMID: 12732655 PMCID: PMC2193974 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the in vivo role of CD69 by analyzing the susceptibility of CD69-/- mice to tumors. CD69-/- mice challenged with MHC class I- tumors (RMA-S and RM-1) showed greatly reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival compared with wild-type (WT) mice. The enhanced anti-tumor response was NK cell and T lymphocyte-mediated, and was due, at least in part, to an increase in local lymphocytes. Resistance of CD69-/- mice to MHC class I- tumor growth was also associated with increased production of the chemokine MCP-1, diminished TGF-beta production, and decreased lymphocyte apoptosis. Moreover, the in vivo blockade of TGF-beta in WT mice resulted in enhanced anti-tumor response. In addition, CD69 engagement induced NK and T cell production of TGF-beta, directly linking CD69 signaling to TGF-beta regulation. Furthermore, anti-CD69 antibody treatment in WT mice induced a specific down-regulation in CD69 expression that resulted in augmented anti-tumor response. These data unmask a novel role for CD69 as a negative regulator of anti-tumor responses and show the possibility of a novel approach for the therapy of tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Homeostasis
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Esplugues
- Departmento de Fisiología, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona 08080 Spain
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Bode U, Sahle A, Sparmann G, Weidner F, Westermann J. The fate of effector T cells in vivo is determined during activation and differs for CD4+ and CD8+ cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:6085-91. [PMID: 12444110 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.11.6085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Effector T cells generated in the mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) are known to accumulate in mLN and the tissue drained by them after circulating in the blood. Their accumulation is due less to preferential entry into mLN but more to preferential proliferation within mLN. The factors regulating the proliferation of effector T cells in vivo are unclear, and it is unknown whether they are different for CD4(+) and CD8(+) effector T cells. Rat T cells from mLN or peripheral lymph nodes (pLN) were stimulated polyclonally via the TCR and CD28 and injected i.v. into congenic recipients. Using three-color flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, they were identified in mLN, pLN, and blood over time, and proliferation was determined by measuring bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. Only effector mLN T cells showed a significantly increased proliferation rate after entry into mLN compared with that in pLN (2.4 +/- 1.8% vs 0.8 +/- 0.4%). Proliferation among the injected cells was higher when they had contact with dendritic cells within mLN (9.0 +/- 4.3%) than when they did not (4.1 +/- 2.1%). Furthermore, effector mLN T cells which were observed 56 days after injection maintained the capacity for preferential proliferation within mLN. Interestingly, CD4(+) effector mLN T cells proliferated at a higher rate (4.8 +/- 0.7%), remaining in mLN, whereas CD8(+) effector mLN T cells proliferated at a lower rate (3.3 +/- 1.0%) and were able to leave the mLN into the blood. Elucidating the factors regulating the proliferation of effector T cells in vivo will help to modify their distribution for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Bode
- Center of Anatomy, Medical School of Hannover, Germany.
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Storek J, Lalovic BB, Rupert K, Dawson MA, Shen DD, Maloney DG. Kinetics of B, CD4 T, and CD8 T cells infused into humans: estimates of intravascular:extravascular ratios and total body counts. Clin Immunol 2002; 102:249-57. [PMID: 11890711 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2001.5174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the rate of T and B cell traffic from blood to extravascular compartments or about the steady-state distribution of T and B cells between intravascular and extravascular compartments in humans. We quantitated circulating T and B cell subsets before and during the first 24 h after the infusion of an allogeneic or syngeneic peripheral blood stem cell graft (containing approximately 10(10) lymphocytes) into 10 patients conditioned with chemotherapy and/or total body irradiation. For all lymphocyte subsets measured, <15% of the infused cells were present in the blood at the end of the 0.5-h infusion and <3% of the infused cells were present in the blood 1 h later. Thereafter, CD4 T cell counts plateaued at approximately 1% and CD8 T cell counts at < or = 0.4% of the infused cells, whereas B cell counts declined slowly (1.5% of the infused B cells were present in the blood at 2 h and 0.3% at 24 h postinfusion). We conclude that the rate of lymphocyte traffic from blood to extravascular spaces can be extraordinary (approximately 10(10) lymphocytes can leave blood within 0.5 h) and that at steady state the blood contains approximately 1% total body CD4 T cells, < or = 0.4% total body CD8 T cells, and approximately 1.4% total body B cells. By inference, an average-size person may carry a total of approximately 4.1 x 10(11) CD4 T cells, > or = 4.5 x 10(11) CD8 T cells, and approximately 1.0 x 10(11) B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Storek
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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Luettig B, Kaiser M, Bode U, Bell EB, Sparshott SM, Bette M, Westermann J. Naive and memory T cells migrate in comparable numbers through the normal rat lung: only effector T cells accumulate and proliferate in the lamina propria of the bronchi. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 25:69-77. [PMID: 11472977 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.25.1.4414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells reach the lung via the pulmonary and bronchial arteries that supply the alveolar and bronchial regions. Although these regions are differentially affected by T cell-mediated diseases, the migration of T-cell subsets in these two regions has not been studied. Naive, memory, and effector T cells were injected into congenic rats and traced in sections of normal lung. All three T-cell subsets were found in large numbers in the alveolar region and exited again quickly. Only effector T cells accumulated in the lamina propria of the bronchi. Further, 72 h after injection 6% of the effector T cells still proliferated in the lung, whereas apoptotic effector T cells were only observed 1 h after injection (0.2%). Thus, not only effector and memory but also naive T cells continuously migrated through the lung. The preferential accumulation of effector T cells in the bronchial lamina propria may explain why some diseases preferentially affect the bronchial region.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Luettig
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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11
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Bode U, Sparmann G, Westermann J. Gut-derived effector T cells circulating in the blood of the rat: preferential re-distribution by TGFβ-1 and IL-4 maintained proliferation. Eur J Immunol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200107)31:7<2116::aid-immu2116>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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May E, Märker-Hermann E, Wittig BM, Zeitz M, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH, Duchmann R. Identical T-cell expansions in the colon mucosa and the synovium of a patient with enterogenic spondyloarthropathy. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:1745-55. [PMID: 11113096 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2000.20173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal T lymphocytes activated by antigen are suspected to play a key role in enterogenic spondyloarthropathies (SpA). Therefore, we aimed to identify and functionally characterize T-cell clones that are coexpanded in the intestinal mucosa and the synovium. Colon, peripheral blood, and synovium of a patient with enterogenic SpA were screened for clonal T-cell expansions by TCRB-CDR3 length analysis and sequencing. T-cell clones expanded in vivo were isolated from archived synovial cells by targeted T-cell cloning and characterized for phenotype, cytokine production, and antigen specificity. The synovial TCRBV18(+) T-cell repertoire of the patient was dominated by 2 CD8(+) T-cell clones using related CDR3. Both clones were expanded throughout the colon and were present in the peripheral blood. Upon in vitro stimulation with PDB/ionomycin, they showed predominantly interferon gamma and interleukin (IL)-4 but also tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-10 production and did not specifically lyse autologous T-cell blasts, B-cell lines, or other autologous or allogeneic target or CD1d-transfected cells. These findings strongly suggest that T lymphocytes activated by antigen in the intestinal mucosa contribute to joint inflammation in enterogenic SpA by recognition of antigens specific for the inflamed synovium.
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MESH Headings
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/blood
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence/genetics
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Clone Cells
- Colon/metabolism
- Colon/pathology
- Complementarity Determining Regions/blood
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Complementarity Determining Regions/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Humans
- Intestinal Diseases/complications
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/blood
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Spinal Diseases/etiology
- Spinal Diseases/pathology
- Synovial Membrane/metabolism
- Synovial Membrane/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- E May
- Internal Medicine II, University of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Luettig B, Pape L, Bode U, Bell EB, Sparshott SM, Wagner S, Westermann J. Naive and Memory T Lymphocytes Migrate in Comparable Numbers Through Normal Rat Liver: Activated T Cells Accumulate in the Periportal Field. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.8.4300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Although the liver is known to contain a significant number of lymphocytes, migration of these through the compartments of the liver, parenchyma and periportal field, has not been studied. The periportal field, in particular, is affected in several immunological disorders of the liver. Populations of labeled naive, activated, and memory T cells were injected into congenic rats. The recipient livers and draining lymph nodes were removed at various time points, and cryostat sections were analyzed for the presence of donor cells using quantitative immunohistology. Donor cell proliferation and apoptosis were examined in vivo by BrdU (5 μM 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine) incorporation and the TUNEL technique, respectively. Early after injection (0.5–1 h), naive, activated, and memory T cells were localized to the parenchyma and periportal field in comparable numbers. With time, all T cell subsets left the parenchyma but remained or, in the case of activated T cells, significantly accumulated in the periportal field. Furthermore, 12% of activated donor T cells proliferated in vivo within the periportal field, and 0.5% showed evidence of apoptosis. Taken together, not only activated and memory, but also naive T cells continuously migrate through the liver, showing a preference for the periportal field, and activated T cells mainly proliferate there. This may explain why many immunological liver diseases predominantly affect the periportal field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eric B. Bell
- ‡Immunology Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila M. Sparshott
- ‡Immunology Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Siegfried Wagner
- †Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical School of Hannover, Hannover, Germany; and
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Westermann J, Bode U. Distribution of activated T cells migrating through the body: a matter of life and death. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1999; 20:302-6. [PMID: 10379047 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(99)01474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The preferential distribution of lymphocyte subsets in tissues is attributed to a selective lymphocyte-endothelium interaction during entry. However, proliferation and death within the tissue, and exit from the tissue, might also play a role. Here, Jürgen Westermann and Ulrike Bode provide evidence that preferential survival in the tissue of initial stimulation is the major factor in the preferential distribution of activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Westermann
- Centre of Anatomy, Medical School of Hannover 4120, 30623 Hannover, Germany.
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