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Scott TE, Lewis CV, Zhu M, Wang C, Samuel CS, Drummond GR, Kemp-Harper BK. IL-4 and IL-13 induce equivalent expression of traditional M2 markers and modulation of reactive oxygen species in human macrophages. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19589. [PMID: 37949903 PMCID: PMC10638413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In cardiovascular disease, pathological and protective roles are reported for the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, respectively. We hypothesised that differential effects on macrophage function are responsible. Type I and II receptor subunit (IL-2Rγ, IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα1) and M2 marker (MRC-1, CCL18, CCL22) expression was assessed via RT-qPCR in IL-4- and IL-13-treated human primary macrophages. Downstream signalling was evaluated via STAT1, STAT3 and STAT6 inhibitors, and IL-4- and IL-13-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation assessed. IL-4 and IL-13 exhibited equivalent potency and efficacy for M2 marker induction, which was attenuated by STAT3 inhibition. Both cytokines enhanced PDBu-stimulated superoxide generation however this effect was 17% greater with IL-4 treatment. Type I IL-4 receptor expression was increased on M1-like macrophages but did not lead to a differing ability of these cytokines to modulate M1-like macrophage superoxide production. Overall, this study did not identify major differences in the ability of IL-4 and IL-13 to modulate macrophage function, suggesting that the opposing roles of these cytokines in cardiovascular disease are likely to be via actions on other cell types. Future studies should directly compare IL-4 and IL-13 in vivo to more thoroughly investigate the therapeutic validity of selective targeting of these cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara E Scott
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Caitlin V Lewis
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mingyu Zhu
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Chao Wang
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Grant R Drummond
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Barbara K Kemp-Harper
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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Zhu H, Hu S, Li Y, Sun Y, Xiong X, Hu X, Chen J, Qiu S. Interleukins and Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 13:828447. [PMID: 35173738 PMCID: PMC8841354 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.828447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke after cerebral artery occlusion is one of the major causes of chronic disability worldwide. Interleukins (ILs) play a bidirectional role in ischemic stroke through information transmission, activation and regulation of immune cells, mediating the activation, multiplication and differentiation of T and B cells and in the inflammatory reaction. Crosstalk between different ILs in different immune cells also impact the outcome of ischemic stroke. This overview is aimed to roughly discuss the multiple roles of ILs after ischemic stroke. The roles of IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-19, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-32, IL-33, IL-34, IL-37, and IL-38 in ischemic stroke were discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siping Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
| | - Yuntao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyao Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjing Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junjing Chen, ; Sheng Qiu,
| | - Sheng Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junjing Chen, ; Sheng Qiu,
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Sheikh F, Dickensheets H, Pedras-Vasconcelos J, Ramalingam T, Helming L, Gordon S, Donnelly RP. The Interleukin-13 Receptor-α1 Chain Is Essential for Induction of the Alternative Macrophage Activation Pathway by IL-13 but Not IL-4. J Innate Immun 2015; 7:494-505. [PMID: 25766112 DOI: 10.1159/000376579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages coexpress both the interleukin (IL)-2Rγ chain (γ(c)) and IL-13Rα1. These receptor chains can heterodimerize with IL-4Rα to form type I or type II IL-4 receptor complexes, respectively. We used macrophages derived from Il2rg and Il13ra1 knockout (KO) mice to evaluate the requirements for these receptor chains for induction of the alternative macrophage activation (AMA) pathway by IL-4 and IL-13. Absence of γ(c) significantly decreased activation of STAT6 by IL-4 but not IL-13. However, although activation of STAT6 by IL-4 was markedly reduced in γ(c) KO macrophages, it was not abolished, indicating that IL-4 can still signal through type II IL-4 receptors via the IL-13Rα1 chain. IL-13 failed to activate STAT6 in macrophages derived from Il13ra1 KO mice; however, these cells remained fully responsive to IL-4. The inability of IL-13 but not IL-4 to signal in Il13ra1(-/-) macrophages correlated with the inability of IL-13 but not IL-4 to induce expression of genes such as Arg1, Retnla and Ccl11 that are characteristically expressed by alternatively activated macrophages. In addition, IL-13 but not IL-4 failed to induce membrane fusion and giant cell formation by Il13ra1 KO macrophages. These findings demonstrate that the IL-13Rα1 chain is essential for induction of the AMA pathway by IL-13 but not IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Sheikh
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Md., USA
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Bénard A, Cavaillès P, Boué J, Chapey E, Bayry J, Blanpied C, Meyer N, Lamant L, Kaveri SV, Brousset P, Dietrich G. μ-Opioid Receptor Is Induced by IL-13 within Lymph Nodes from Patients with Sézary Syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1337-44. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Heller NM, Qi X, Junttila IS, Shirey KA, Vogel SN, Paul WE, Keegan AD. Type I IL-4Rs selectively activate IRS-2 to induce target gene expression in macrophages. Sci Signal 2008; 1:ra17. [PMID: 19109239 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.1164795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 participate in allergic inflammation and share a receptor subunit (IL-4Ralpha), they have different functions. We compared cells expressing type I and II IL-4Rs with cells expressing only type II receptors for their responsiveness to these cytokines. IL-4 induced highly efficient, gammaC-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2), whereas IL-13 was less effective, even when phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) was maximal. Only type I receptor, gammaC-dependent signaling induced efficient association of IRS-2 with the p85 subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase or the adaptor protein growth factor receptor-bound protein 2. In addition, IL-4 signaling through type I IL-4Rs induced more robust expression of a subset of genes associated with alternatively activated macrophages than did IL-13. Thus, IL-4 activates signaling pathways through type I IL-4Rs qualitatively differently from IL-13, which cooperate to induce optimal gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Heller
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Lembo D, Donalisio M, De Andrea M, Cornaglia M, Scutera S, Musso T, Landolfo S. A cell-based high-throughput assay for screening inhibitors of human papillomavirus-16 long control region activity. FASEB J 2005; 20:148-50. [PMID: 16254045 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-3904fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cervical carcinomas express human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 oncoproteins, which are required to maintain the proliferative state of cancer cells. Repression of E6 and E7 expression results in acquisition of senescent phenotype and in the rescue of functional p53 and p105(Rb) pathways; therefore, therapies directed against either viral protein may be beneficial. However, the systems to study HPV in vitro are technically difficult and not convenient for screening of antiviral compounds. This has hampered the discovery of drugs against HPV. Here we describe the generation and use of a high-throughput screening system based on keratinocytes stably transfected with a reporter construct containing the regulatory sequence of E6 and E7 gene transcription (LCR) that allows easy detection of inhibitors of E6 and E7 expression in libraries of synthetic or biological compounds. The assay was used to screen a wide panel of cytokines: among them, IL-4, IL-13, TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, TGF-beta3, TNF-alpha, IFN-alpha, and IFN-beta were found to induce a strong inhibition of the LCR activity. Our assay provides a validated tool in the search for drugs against HPV-associated cervical carcinomas and allowed the first systematic analysis of the effect of cytokines on the HPV-16 LCR transcriptional activity.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/drug effects
- Genes, Reporter/genetics
- Genes, Viral/genetics
- Human papillomavirus 16/genetics
- Humans
- Interleukin-13/pharmacology
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Keratinocytes/drug effects
- Keratinocytes/virology
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Reproducibility of Results
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lembo
- Department of Public Health and Microbiology, University of Turin, Italy.
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Yao PL, Tsai MF, Lin YC, Wang CH, Liao WY, Chen JJW, Yang PC. Global expression profiling of theophylline response genes in macrophages: evidence of airway anti-inflammatory regulation. Respir Res 2005; 6:89. [PMID: 16083514 PMCID: PMC1215521 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Theophylline has been used widely as a bronchodilator for the treatment of bronchial asthma and has been suggested to modulate immune response. While the importance of macrophages in asthma has been reappraised and emphasized, their significance has not been well investigated. We conducted a genome-wide profiling of the gene expressions of macrophages in response to theophylline. Methods Microarray technology was used to profile the gene expression patterns of macrophages modulated by theophylline. Northern blot and real-time quantitative RT-PCR were also used to validate the microarray data, while Western blot and ELISA were used to measure the levels of IL-13 and LTC4. Results We identified dozens of genes in macrophages that were dose-dependently down- or up-regulated by theophylline. These included genes related to inflammation, cytokines, signaling transduction, cell adhesion and motility, cell cycle regulators, and metabolism. We observed that IL-13, a central mediator of airway inflammation, was dramatically suppressed by theophylline. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA analyses also confirmed these results, without respect to PMA-treated THP-1 cells or isolated human alveolar macrophages. Theophylline, rolipram, etazolate, db-cAMP and forskolin suppressed both IL-13 mRNA expression (~25%, 2.73%, 8.12%, 5.28%, and 18.41%, respectively) and protein secretion (<10% production) in macrophages. These agents also effectively suppressed LTC4 expression. Conclusion Our results suggest that the suppression of IL-13 by theophylline may be through cAMP mediation and may decrease LTC4 production. This study supports the role of theophylline as a signal regulator of inflammation, and that down regulation of IL-13 by theophylline may have beneficial effects in inflammatory airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Li Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan
- NTU Center for Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Feng Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan
- NTU Center for Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan
- NTU Center for Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsun Wang
- NTU Center for Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, National Chung-Hsing University, No. 250, Kuo-Kuang Rd., Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Liao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Jeremy JW Chen
- NTU Center for Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, National Chung-Hsing University, No. 250, Kuo-Kuang Rd., Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Pan-Chyr Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan
- NTU Center for Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Wongpiyabovorn J, Suto H, Ushio H, Izuhara K, Mitsuishi K, Ikeda S, Nakao A, Okumura K, Ogawa H. Up-regulation of interleukin-13 receptor alpha1 on human keratinocytes in the skin of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2004; 33:31-40. [PMID: 14527737 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-1811(03)00148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-13 is a pleiotropic cytokine, which shares many biological functions with IL-4. The receptor subunits of IL-13 consist of IL-4Ralpha, IL-13Ralpha1 and IL-13Ralpha2. The regulatory mechanisms of the IL-13Ralpha expression in the keratinocytes of certain skin disease have not been known. OBJECTIVE To clear the roles of IL-13 and the regulatory mechanisms of its receptor in atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis. METHOD The expression of IL-13Ralpha1 in the skin of AD and psoriasis was investigated by immunohistochemistry. The regulation of IL-13Ralpha mRNA in the skin and human primary keratinocyte (HPK) was investigated by quantitative PCR. The secretion of IL-6 and RANTES from HPK was measured by ELISA. RESULTS The expression of IL-13Ralpha1 was more prominent on the suprabasal keratinocytes in the skin of AD and striking increase of staining was observed on all layers of keratinocyte in the skin of psoriasis. The mRNA of IL-13Ralpha1, but not of IL-13Ralpha2 was overexpressed in both skin of AD and psoriasis. In vitro experiment using HPK demonstrated that IFN-gamma, IL-13 but not IL-4 could up-regulate the mRNA expression of IL-13Ralpha1. In contrast, IL-13Ralpha2 mRNA expression was up-regulated by IFN-gamma plus IL-4. Furthermore, the stimulation of HPK with IFN-gamma plus IL-13 and/or IL-4 resulted in significant enhancement of IL-6 and RANTES secretion. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that IL-4 and IL-13 have different regulatory effects on the expression of IL-13Ralpha1 and alpha2, and the overexpression of IL-13Ralpha1 may play some roles in the pathogenesis of chronic stage of AD or psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongkonnee Wongpiyabovorn
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Bonder CS, Davies KVL, Hosszu EK, Finlay-Jones JJ, Hart PH. IFN-gamma downregulates interleukin-4 functional activity on monocytes by multiple mechanisms. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2002; 22:287-93. [PMID: 12034035 DOI: 10.1089/107999002753675703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) has potent anti-inflammatory properties on monocytes and suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-1beta production. Culture with interferon (IFN-gamma) alters human monocyte responses to IL-4 by multiple mechanisms. As previously published, IFN-gamma reduced IL-4-activated signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 (STAT-6). This correlated with an inability of IL-4 to suppress LPS-induced TNF-alpha but not IL-1beta production. A second mechanism, apparent some 48 h after exposure to IFN-gamma, involved a significant suppression of IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) expression at the cell surface, and this correlated with the loss of additional functional responses to IL-4, including IL-4-induced suppression of LPS-induced IL-1beta production. This study identified a further role of IFN-gamma on IL-4 responses, including reduced IL-4R surface expression by human monocytes. Increased release of soluble gammac from IFN-gamma-treated monocytes provides an additional mechanism by which IFN-gamma may control the functional activity of IL-4. This study characterizes further the opposing effects of the type 1 and type 2 cytokine regulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine S Bonder
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001
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Bonder CS, Davies KVL, Liu X, Hertzog PJ, Woodcock JM, Finlay-Jones JJ, Hart PH. Endogenous interferon-alpha production by differentiating human monocytes regulates expression and function of the IL-2/IL-4 receptor gamma chain. Cytokine 2002; 17:187-96. [PMID: 11991671 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2001.0994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In vitro monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMac) and synovial fluid macrophages from inflamed joints differ from monocytes in their responses to interleukin 4 (IL-4). While IL-4 can suppress LPS-induced interleukin beta (IL-beta) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production by monocytes, IL-4 can suppress LPS-induced IL-1 beta, but not TNFalpha production by the more differentiated cells. Recently we reported a correlation between the ability of IL-4 to regulate TNFalpha production by monocytes and the expression of the IL-4 receptor gamma chain or gamma common (gamma c chain). Like MDMac, interferon alpha (IFNalpha)-treated monocytes expressed less IL-4 receptor gamma c chain, reduced levels of IL-4-activated STAT6 and IL-4 could not suppress LPS-induced TNFalpha production. In addition, like monocytes and MDMac, IFNalpha-treated monocytes expressed normal levels of the IL-4 receptor alpha chain and IL-4 significantly suppressed LPS-induced IL-1 beta production. With addition of IFNalpha-neutralizing antibodies, the ability of IL-4 to suppress LPS-induced TNFalpha production with prolonged monocyte culture was restored. Detection of IFNalpha in synovial fluids from inflamed joints further implicates IFNalpha in the inability of IL-4 to suppress TNFalpha production by synovial fluid macrophages. This study identifies a mechanism for the differential expression of gamma c and varied responses to IL-4 by human monocytes compared with MDMac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine S Bonder
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, GPO Box 2100, Australia 5001
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Kawakami K, Takeshita F, Puri RK. Identification of distinct roles for a dileucine and a tyrosine internalization motif in the interleukin (IL)-13 binding component IL-13 receptor alpha 2 chain. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:25114-20. [PMID: 11352909 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m100936200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-13 receptor alpha2 (IL-13Ralpha2) chain is an essential binding component for IL-13-mediated ligand binding. Recently, we have demonstrated that this receptor chain also plays an important role in the internalization of IL-13. To study the mechanism of IL-13 internalization, we generated mutated IL-13Ralpha2 chains that targeted trileucine residues (Leu(335), Leu(336), and Leu(337)) in the transmembrane domain and a tyrosine motif (Tyr(343)) in the intracellular domain and transfected these cDNAs in COS-7 cells. Cells that expressed a C-terminally truncated IL-13Ralpha2 chain (Delta335) did not bind IL-13, suggesting that the trileucine region modulates IL-13 binding. Truncation of IL-13Ralpha2 chain with a mutation in the trileucine region resulted in significantly decreased internalization compared with wild type IL-13Ralpha2 chain transfected cells. COS-7 cells transfected with tyrosine motif mutants exhibited a similar internalization level compared with wild type IL-13Ralpha2 chain transfected cells; however, dissociation of cell surface IL-13 was faster compared with wild type IL-13Ralpha2 transfectants. These results were further confirmed by determining the cytotoxicity of a chimeric protein composed of IL-13 and a mutated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin (IL13-PE38QQR) to cells that expressed IL-13Ralpha2 chain mutants. We further demonstrate that the IL-13Ralpha2 chain is not ubiquitinated and that internalization of IL-13Ralpha2 did not depend on ubiquitination. Together, our findings suggest that the dileucine motif in the trileucine region and tyrosine motif participate in IL-13Ralpha2 internalization in distinct manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Biology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Bonder CS, Hart PH, Davies KV, Burkly LC, Finlay-Jones JJ, Woodcock JM. Characterization of IL-4 receptor components expressed on monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages: variation associated with differential signaling by IL-4. Growth Factors 2001; 19:207-18. [PMID: 11811777 DOI: 10.3109/08977190109001087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory effects of IL-4 on activated monocytes differ from those on monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMac). While IL-4 suppresses LPS-induced IL-1beta , IL-12, IL-10 and TNFalpha production by monocytes, IL-4 suppresses only IL-1beta and IL-12 production by MDMac. The U937 and Mono Mac 6 cell lines have similar cytokine responses to IL-4 as monocytes and MDMac, respectively. The IL-4Ralpha and IL-2Rgamma (gammac) chains are well-characterized components of the IL-4 receptor. Cross-linking studies with 125I-IL-4 revealed that for monocytes and U937 cells, the binding of IL-4 to the receptor components was approximately 1:1 for IL-4Ralpha:gammac. In contrast, for MDMac and Mono Mac 6 cells that have a relative reduction in gammac surface expression, the binding of IL-4 to IL-4Ralpha:gammac was approximately 3:1. Furthermore, IL-4 induced IL-4Ralpha chain phosphorylation more rapidly in MDMac and Mono Mac 6 cells than in monocytes and U937 cells. This study identifies a correlation between altered 125I-IL-4 cross-linking to IL-4Ralpha:gammac, IL-4-induced signaling and regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine production by IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Bonder
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Flinders Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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