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Bézie S, Usal C, Guillonneau C. In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28829428 DOI: 10.3791/55510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms requires reliable models. Here, we describe models of tolerance to cardiac allograft in rat, induced by blockade of costimulation signals or by upregulation of immunoregulatory molecules through gene transfer. Each of these models allowed in vivo generation of regulatory cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory B cells (Bregs) or regulatory myeloid cells (RegMCs). In this manuscript, we describe two complementary protocols that have been used to identify and define in vitro and in vivo regulatory cell activity to determine their responsibility in tolerance induction and maintenance. First, an in vitro suppressive assay allowed rapid identification of cells with suppressive capacity on effector immune responses in a dose dependent manner, and can be used for further analysis such as cytokine measurement or cytotoxicity. Second, the adoptive transfer of cells from a tolerant treated recipient to a newly irradiated grafted recipient, highlighted the tolerogenic properties of these cells in controlling graft directed immune responses and/or converting new regulatory cells (termed infectious tolerance). These methods are not restricted to cells with known phenotypic markers and can be extended to any cell population. Furthermore, donor directed allospecificity of regulatory cells (an important goal in the field) can be assessed by using third party donor cells or graft either in vitro or in vivo. Finally, to determine the specific tolerogenic capacity of these regulatory cells, we provide protocols to assess the humoral anti-donor antibody responses and the capacity of the recipient to develop humoral responses against new or former known antigens. The models of tolerance described can be used to further characterize regulatory cells, to identify new biomarkers, and immunoregulatory molecules, and are adaptable to other transplantation models or autoimmune diseases in rodent or human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Bézie
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes
| | - Claire Usal
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes
| | - Carole Guillonneau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes;
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Kitade H, Kawai M, Rutgeerts O, Landuyt W, Waer M, Mathieu C, Pirenne J. Early Presence of Regulatory Cells in Transplanted Rats Rendered Tolerant by Donor-Specific Blood Transfusion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:4963-70. [PMID: 16210598 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.4963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms by which donor-specific blood transfusion (DSBT) promotes organ allograft acceptance are unclear. In a rat fully mismatched cardiac allograft model, we found that DSBT alone (without immunotherapy) induces the development of regulatory T cells (DSBT-Tregs) posttransplant, thereby shedding new light in the mechanisms of the transfusion effect. Compartments and timing of expansion, requirements, and phenotype of DSBT-Tregs are unknown. It is generally assumed that some time is necessary before Tregs develop. However, we show-by adoptive transfer from DSBT-tolerant into naive recipients: 1) the presence of DSBT-Tregs at 5 days posttransplant in spleen and lymph nodes; 2) their gradual expansion in these compartments; and 3) their presence in the graft 14 of 30 days posttransplant. DSBT-Tregs are donor specific and do not protect third-party allografts. Splenocytes from DSBT-treated nontransplanted recipients or from transplanted DSBT-untreated (rejecting) recipients do not transfer tolerance, indicating that both DSBT and graft are required for sufficient numbers of DSBT-Tregs to develop. Thymectomy (or splenectomy) before DSBT (not at transplantation) abrogate DSBT-Tregs generation and tolerance, showing that thymus (and spleen) are required for DSBT-Tregs generation (not for expansion/maintenance). In contrast with other Tregs models, DSBT-Tregs activity is not restricted to CD4(+)CD25(+) but to CD4(+)CD45RC(-) cells, whereas CD4(+)CD45RC(+) cells act as effector cells and accelerate rejection. In conclusion, DSBT alone induces-rapidly posttransplant-the development of alloantigen-specific Tregs in lymphoid tissues and in the graft. DSBT, graft, thymus, and spleen are required for DSBT-Tregs generation. DSBT-Tregs in this model are CD4(+)CD45RC(-) (identical to Tregs protecting from autoimmunity in rats).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kitade
- Laboratory for Experimental Transplantation, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Furuhashi T, Yamaguchi Y, Wang FS, Uchino S, Okabe K, Ohshiro H, Kihara S, Yamada S, Mori K, Ogawa M. Hepatic CCR7lowCD62LlowCD45RClow allograft dendritic cells migrate to the splenic red pulp in immunologically unresponsive rats. J Surg Res 2005; 124:29-37. [PMID: 15734476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2004.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Donor dendritic cells (DC) migrate into the recipient spleen after hepatic transplantation. Immunological unresponsiveness to rat hepatic allografts can be induced by prior donor-specific blood transfusion (DST). We investigated homing receptor phenotype and splenic distribution of donor DC after allografting and DST. Immunostaining revealed OX62+ cells in the splenic red pulp of animals receiving pre-transplant DST but only in the white pulp of untreated animals. Most OX62 cells were positive for OX76. There were two subsets of DC in the spleen, CD45RChighOX62+ and CD45RClowOX62+ cells. RT-PCR revealed that CD45RClowOX62+ cells expressed interleukin (IL)-10, while CD45RChighOX62+ cells expressed IL-2 and low levels of IL-10 mRNA. CD45RChighOX62+ cells strongly expressed CCR5 and CCR7, compared with weak expression in CD45RClowOX62+ cells. The Epstein-Barr virus-induced molecule 1 (EBI-1) ligand chemokine (ELC/MIP3beta) was expressed mainly within the splenic white pulp. Mucosal vascular addressin-cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) was expressed in the marginal zone and white pulp, but expression of splenic MAdCAM-1 was down-regulated in DST-treated animals. L-selectin (CD62L), the ligand for MAdCAM-1, was strongly expressed on CD45RChighOX62+ cells but not on CD45RClowOX62+ cells. In conclusion, differential splenic migration of CCR5lowCCR7lowCD62Llow CD45RClow DC expressing Th2-type cytokines is associated with immunological unresponsiveness to rat hepatic allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Furuhashi
- Department of Surgery II Kumamoto University Medical School, Kumamoto, Japan.
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McNeill L, Cassady RL, Sarkardei S, Cooper JC, Morgan G, Alexander DR. CD45 isoforms in T cell signalling and development. Immunol Lett 2004; 92:125-34. [PMID: 15081536 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2003.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2003] [Accepted: 10/24/2003] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The CD45 phosphotyrosine phosphatase is expressed on T cells as multiple isoforms due to alternative splicing. The panoply of isoforms expressed is tightly regulated during T cell development and on mature peripheral T cell subsets following activation. We describe the analysis of comparative CD45 isoform expression levels on thymic and T cell subsets from the C57BL/6 mouse. Only four isoforms were expressed at significant protein levels: CD45R0, CD45RB, CD45RBC and CD45RABC, although trace amounts of others may be present. The expression of CD45RBC was about nine-fold higher on CD8(+) than on CD4(+) peripheral T cells, whereas CD45R0 expression was higher on CD4(+) T cells. We provide a general overview of the current models that have been proposed to explain the molecular actions of the different CD45 isoforms. Achieving a thorough understanding of the biological reasons for the existence and tight regulation of CD45 isoform expression in immune cells remains one of the outstanding challenges in the CD45 research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise McNeill
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK
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Laundy GJ, Bradley BA, Rees BM, Younie M, Hows JM. Incidence and specificity of HLA antibodies in multitransfused patients with acquired aplastic anemia. Transfusion 2004; 44:814-25. [PMID: 15157245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2004.03387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to establish the prevalence and characteristics of anti-HLA in antibody acquired aplastic anemia patients following cessation of antithymocyte globulin therapy and to characterize antibody in terms of epitope specificity. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS One hundred and fifty multitransfused, untransplanted patients from eight European centers were investigated by serologic methods. RESULTS Sixty-two percent were antibody positive. Eighteen HLA-Class-I-specific antibodies (15 IgG, 3 IgM) were identified in 13 patients; 13 antibodies were specific for HLA-A epitopes and 5 for HLA-B. Epitope analysis identified significant correlation between serum reactivity and amino acid substitutions associated with HLA-Class-I epitopes. An excess of antibodies to HLA-A1-associated cross-reactive groups was identified. There was no significant difference in antibody frequency in patients taking cyclosporine compared to those who were not. CONCLUSION Data suggested a contribution from B cell memory of alloantigens introduced during pregnancy. In some cases, antibody production continued many years after the last transfusion, and although the target varied between individual patients, the antibody to HLA was focused on a few specific Class I epitopes, the majority of which mapped to the HLA-A molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Laundy
- University of Bristol, Transplantation Sciences, and Departmentof Immunology and Immunogenetics, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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Muller CJF, du Toit DF, Page BJ, Muller N, Mattysen J, Lyners R. Peritransplant donor-specific transfusion combined with anti-CD4 and cyclosporine induction therapy prolongs foetal rat pancreas allograft survival. Transplant Proc 2002; 34:2889-90. [PMID: 12431646 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(02)03548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C J F Muller
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa
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Shittu EAO, Yang CP, Roberts ISD, Bell EB, Brenchley P, Roberts T, Wood PJ. Inhibition of chronic vascular rejection by donor-specific blood transfusion is associated with a reduction in transforming growth factor-beta1 expression. Transplantation 2002; 73:1573-81. [PMID: 12042642 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200205270-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concentric intimal thickening and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in cardiac allografts are the pathological hallmark characteristics of chronic vascular rejection (CVR), the leading cause of long-term graft failure. The precise mechanisms involved in the development and pathogenesis of CVR remain elusive. In the PVG-R23 to PVG-RT1u rat model of CVR, prior administration of a donor-specific transfusion (DST) was previously shown to prolong graft survival indefinitely and abolish the vascular lesions associated with CVR. The present study investigates in more depth the underlying mechanisms involved in the subsequent prolongation of allograft survival and inhibition of CVR by DST. METHODS R23 heart grafts were monitored in nontransfused and transfused RT1u recipients injected 2 weeks before transplantation with 1.5 ml of R23 blood. Severity of arteriosclerosis, transplant infiltrate, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 protein expression within the graft, plasma TGF-beta1 levels, class II MHC expression, tenascin protein expression, and serum alloantibody levels were measured. RESULTS There was no significant difference in donor MHC class II, myocardial TGF-beta1, or tenascin expression between DST and non-DST-treated recipients. However, DST-pretreated recipients showed greatly reduced histological evidence of CVR and had lower titers of R23-specific IgG subclasses. Furthermore, DST-treated allograft recipients showed significant decreases in circulating TGF-beta1 levels and a reduction in TGF-beta1 and tenascin expression within coronary arteries of the allografts. CONCLUSION The results suggested that DST inhibited CVR by altering and regulating the expression of TGF-beta1, thereby preventing the fibrogenic effects associated with TGF-beta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A O Shittu
- Immunology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, and Department of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Zhai Y, Shen XD, Lehmann M, Busuttil R, Volk HD, Kupiec-Weglinski JW. T cell subsets and in vitro immune regulation in "infectious" transplantation tolerance. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:4814-20. [PMID: 11673484 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.9.4814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4-targeted mAb therapy results in permanent acceptance of cardiac allografts in rat recipients, in conjunction with features of the infectious tolerance pathway. Although CD4(+) T cells play a central role, the actual cellular and molecular tolerogenic mechanisms remain elusive. This study was designed to analyze in vitro alloimmune responses of T lymphocytes from CD4 mAb-treated engrafted hosts. Spleen, but not lymph node, cells lost proliferative response against donor alloantigen in MLR and suppressed test allograft rejection in adoptive transfer studies, suggesting compartmentalization of tolerogenic T cells in transplant recipients. A high dose of exogenous IL-2 restored the allogeneic response of tolerogenic T cells, indicating anergy as a putative mechanism. Vigorous proliferation of the tolerogenic T cells in in vivo MLR supports the existence of alloreactive lymphocytes in tolerogenic T cell repertoire and implies an active operational suppression mechanism. The tolerogenic splenocytes suppressed proliferation of naive splenocytes in vitro, consistent with their in vivo property of dominant immune regulation. Finally, CD45RC(+) but not CD45RC(-) T cells from tolerant hosts were hyporesponsive to alloantigen and suppressed the proliferation of normal T cells in the coculture assay. Thus, nondeletional, anergy-like regulatory mechanisms may operate via CD4(+)CD45RC(+) T cells in the infectious tolerance pathway in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhai
- Dumont-University of California at Los Angeles Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Ohshiro H, Yamaguchi Y, Okabe K, Takai E, Goto M, Zhang JL, Uchino S, Yamada S, Ishihara K, Furuhashi T, Mori K, Ikeda S, Sera Y, Ogawa M. Differential splenic migration of dendritic cells after immunologic unresponsiveness in rat hepatic allografts induced by pretransplant donor-specific transfusion. J Surg Res 2001; 101:29-36. [PMID: 11676551 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2001.6228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donor dendritic cells migrate into the recipient spleen after hepatic transplantation. We previously reported that immunologic unresponsiveness to rat hepatic allografts can be induced by prior donor-specific blood transfusion (DST). We investigated the phenotype and splenic distribution of donor dendritic cells after allografting and DST. METHODS Donor dendritic cells were identified with anti-rat dendritic cell (OX-62) and anti-donor class II MHC (RT1B(a)) (OX-76) antibodies. The phenotype of dendritic cells was determined with antibodies to CD45RC, CD62L, and the maturation markers CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2). The cytokine profile of sorted CD45RC(+) OX-62(+) and CD45RC(-) OX-62(+) dendritic cells was analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Pretransplant DST significantly prolonged rat hepatic allograft survival. Immunostaining revealed OX76(+)/OX-62(+) cells in the splenic red pulp of animals receiving pretransplant DST and in the white pulp of untreated animals after transplantation. The ratio of splenic CD45RC(-) OX-62(+) cells to CD45RC(+) OX-62(+) cells was significantly higher in DST recipients than in untreated animals. CD62L, CD80, and CD86 were lower on CD45RC(-) OX-62(+) than CD45RC(+) OX-62(+) cells. RT-PCR revealed that sorted CD45RC(-) OX-62(+) cells expressed interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10. In contrast, sorted CD45RC(+) OX-62(+) cells expressed only IL-2 and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). CONCLUSION Differential splenic migration of CD45RC(-) dendritic cells is associated with immunologic unresponsiveness to rat hepatic allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ohshiro
- Department of Surgery II, Kumamoto University Medical School, Kumamoto, Japan
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Liang J, Yamaguchi Y, Matsuda T, Ohshiro H, Zhang JL, Okabe K, Matsumura F, Ishihara K, Uchino S, Mori K, Yamada S, Ogawa M. Posttransplant infusion of donor-specific blood induces immunological unresponsiveness in rat hepatic allografts. Transplantation 2000; 70:1363-71. [PMID: 11087154 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200011150-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that pretransplant donor-specific blood transfusion (DST) induces CD45RC-CD4+ T cells, Th2-like effector cells, and prolongs rat hepatic allograft survival. Our study investigated the effects of posttransplant DST on rat hepatic allograft survival. METHODS Three days after transplantation, LEW (RT1(1)) recipient rats with ACI (RT1a) livers were injected i.v. with freshly heparinized donor-specific blood. The time kinetics of CD45RC-CD4+ and CD45RC+CD4+ T cell subsets in hepatic infiltrates were examined. RESULTS Posttransplant DST significantly prolonged rat hepatic allograft survival. Interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-18 mRNA levels in hepatic allografts of untreated recipients were significantly greater than in recipients treated with posttransplant DST. However, hepatic allografts of recipients treated with posttransplant DST showed significantly higher IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta mRNA levels than untreated recipients. The ratio of CD45RC-CD4+ T cells to CD45RC+CD4+ T cells was significantly higher in hepatic allografts treated with posttransplant DST than in untreated animals. Immunostaining with anti-rat dendritic cell (OX-62) monoclonal antibody revealed that OX-62+ cells were distributed to the splenic red pulp of animals treated with posttransplant DST and to the splenic white pulp in untreated animals. Most OX62+ cells isolated from the spleen of recipients treated with posttransplant DST expressed donor RT1Ba class II major histocompatibility complex antigens, suggesting that OX-62+ cells were of donor origin. CONCLUSION Posttransplant DST was associated with persistent infiltration of CD45RC-CD4+ T cells, Th2-like effector cells, in rat hepatic allografts, causing immunologic unresponsiveness and establishment of microchimerism in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liang
- Department of Surgery II, Kumamoto University Medical School, Japan
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