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Jiang HS, Ghose P, Han HF, Wu YZ, Tsai YY, Lin HC, Tseng WC, Wu JC, Shaham S, Wu YC. BLMP-1 promotes developmental cell death in C. elegans by timely repression of ced-9 transcription. Development 2021; 148:dev193995. [PMID: 34541605 PMCID: PMC8572009 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a common cell fate in metazoan development. PCD effectors are extensively studied, but how they are temporally regulated is less understood. Here, we report a mechanism controlling tail-spike cell death onset during Caenorhabditis elegans development. We show that the zinc-finger transcription factor BLMP-1, which controls larval development timing, also regulates embryonic tail-spike cell death initiation. BLMP-1 functions upstream of CED-9 and in parallel to DRE-1, another CED-9 and tail-spike cell death regulator. BLMP-1 expression is detected in the tail-spike cell shortly after the cell is born, and blmp-1 mutations promote ced-9-dependent tail-spike cell survival. BLMP-1 binds ced-9 gene regulatory sequences, and inhibits ced-9 transcription just before cell-death onset. BLMP-1 and DRE-1 function together to regulate developmental timing, and their mammalian homologs regulate B-lymphocyte fate. Our results, therefore, identify roles for developmental timing genes in cell-death initiation, and suggest conservation of these functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Shiang Jiang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106216, Taiwan
| | - Piya Ghose
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Hsiao-Fen Han
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106216, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Zhe Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106216, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yin Tsai
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106216, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Chin Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106216, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chin Tseng
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106216, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Ching Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100229, Taiwan
| | - Shai Shaham
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yi-Chun Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106216, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, Center for Systems Biology, and Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106216, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 106216, Taiwan
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2
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Setz CS, Hug E, Khadour A, Abdelrasoul H, Bilal M, Hobeika E, Jumaa H. PI3K-Mediated Blimp-1 Activation Controls B Cell Selection and Homeostasis. Cell Rep 2019; 24:391-405. [PMID: 29996100 PMCID: PMC6057491 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling plays a central role in regulating proliferation and survival of B cells. Here, we tested the hypothesis that B cell receptor (BCR)-mediated activation of PI3K induces the terminal differentiation factor Blimp-1 that interferes with proliferation and survival, thereby controlling the expansion of activated B cells. In fact, B-cell-specific inactivation of Pten, the negative regulator of PI3K signaling, leads to deregulated PI3K activity and elevated Blimp-1 expression. Combined deficiency for Pten and Blimp-1 results in abnormal expansion of B-1 B cells and splenomegaly. Interestingly, Blimp-1 also acts at early stages of B cell development to regulate B cell selection, as Blimp-1 deficiency results in an increased proportion of autoreactive B cells. Together, our data suggest that the combined requirement of deregulated PI3K signaling in addition to defective terminal differentiation represents the basis for proper selection and expansion of developing B cells. B cell expansion is normal despite increased PI3K activity after Pten deletion Deregulated PI3K induces Blimp-1 and leads to premature terminal differentiation Premature terminal differentiation prevents expansion of activated B cells Expansion of B-1 B cells by autoreactive BCR and defective terminal differentiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna S Setz
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Eva Hug
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ahmad Khadour
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Hend Abdelrasoul
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, Molecular Biology Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Mayas Bilal
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Elias Hobeika
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Grötsch B, Brachs S, Lang C, Luther J, Derer A, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Bozec A, Fillatreau S, Berberich I, Hobeika E, Reth M, Wagner EF, Schett G, Mielenz D, David JP. The AP-1 transcription factor Fra1 inhibits follicular B cell differentiation into plasma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:2199-212. [PMID: 25288397 PMCID: PMC4203943 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Grötsch et al. find that the AP-1 transcription factor Fra-1 limits the generation of antibody-producing plasma cells. Absence of Fra1 in B cells results in abnormally high numbers of plasma cells and increased antibody responses after vaccination. The cornerstone of humoral immunity is the differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells. This process is tightly controlled by a regulatory gene network centered on the transcriptional repressor B lymphocyte–induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp1). Proliferation of activated B cells is required to foster Blimp1 expression but needs to be terminated to avoid overshooting immune reactions. Activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factors become quickly up-regulated upon B cell activation. We demonstrate that Fra1, a Fos member of AP-1, enhances activation-induced cell death upon induction in activated B cells. Moreover, mice with B cell–specific deletion of Fra1 show enhanced plasma cell differentiation and exacerbated antibody responses. In contrast, transgenic overexpression of Fra1 blocks plasma cell differentiation and immunoglobulin production, which cannot be rescued by Bcl2. On the molecular level, Fra1 represses Blimp1 expression and interferes with binding of the activating AP-1 member c-Fos to the Blimp1 promoter. Conversely, overexpression of c-Fos in Fra1 transgenic B cells releases Blimp1 repression. As Fra1 lacks transcriptional transactivation domains, we propose that Fra1 inhibits Blimp1 expression and negatively controls plasma cell differentiation through binding to the Blimp1 promoter. In summary, we demonstrate that Fra1 negatively controls plasma cell differentiation by repressing Blimp1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Grötsch
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Ophthalmology, Department Kopfklinik, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brachs
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Ophthalmology, Department Kopfklinik, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christiane Lang
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Ophthalmology, Department Kopfklinik, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Luther
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Ophthalmology, Department Kopfklinik, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D91054 Erlangen, Germany Institute for Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja Derer
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Ophthalmology, Department Kopfklinik, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D91054 Erlangen, Germany Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Ophthalmology, Department Kopfklinik, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ursula Schlötzer-Schrehardt
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Ophthalmology, Department Kopfklinik, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aline Bozec
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Ophthalmology, Department Kopfklinik, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Fillatreau
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, D10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingolf Berberich
- Institute for Virology und Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, D97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elias Hobeika
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty for Biology, and Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, University of Freiburg, D79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Reth
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty for Biology, and Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, University of Freiburg, D79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Spanish National Cancer Center, Genes, Development and Disease Group, E28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Georg Schett
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Ophthalmology, Department Kopfklinik, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Ophthalmology, Department Kopfklinik, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre David
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Ophthalmology, Department Kopfklinik, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D91054 Erlangen, Germany Institute for Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Hug E, Hobeika E, Reth M, Jumaa H. Inducible expression of hyperactive Syk in B cells activates Blimp-1-dependent terminal differentiation. Oncogene 2013; 33:3730-41. [PMID: 23955076 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase Syk (spleen tyrosine kinase) is an important mediator of signal transduction in B cells. By acting downstream of the B-cell antigen receptor, Syk promotes signaling pathways involved in proliferation, differentiation and survival of B cells. To study the oncogenic potential of Syk, we generated a mouse model for the inducible expression of the leukemia-derived TEL-Syk fusion protein exhibiting constitutive kinase activity. To achieve B-cell-specific expression of TEL-Syk in adult mice, we used a tamoxifen-inducible Cre mouse line. This study shows that inducible expression of TEL-Syk in B cells leads to transient proliferation and subsequent plasma cell differentiation. However, it does not lead to B-cell transformation. Instead, Syk activation induces the tumor suppressor B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1), which interferes with the expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Combined induction of TEL-Syk with transgenic expression of Bcl-2 results in a severe phenotype and plasma cell expansion. Our results suggest that deregulated Syk activity by itself is not sufficient for the transformation of B cells, as downstream effectors, such as Blimp-1, limit the survival and expansion of the activated B cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hug
- 1] BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany [2] Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany [3] Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - E Hobeika
- 1] Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany [2] Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Reth
- 1] BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany [2] Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany [3] Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H Jumaa
- 1] BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany [2] Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany [3] Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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5
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Ying HY, Su ST, Hsu PH, Chang CC, Lin IY, Tseng YH, Tsai MD, Shih HM, Lin KI. SUMOylation of Blimp-1 is critical for plasma cell differentiation. EMBO Rep 2012; 13:631-7. [PMID: 22555612 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional repressor B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) is a master regulator of plasma cell differentiation. Here we show that Blimp-1 is covalently modified by SUMO1 at lysine 816, a modification mediated by SUMO E3 ligase PIAS1. Mutation of Blimp-1 lysine 816 reduces transcriptional repression--correlating with a reduced interaction with a histone deacetylase, HDAC2--and impairs differentiation of antibody-secreting cells. Thus, the SUMO pathway critically regulates Blimp-1 function during plasma cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsia-Yuan Ying
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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6
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Neves M, Alves JD. Factors implicated in the generation and persistence of long-lived plasma cell-mediated autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2011; 10:375-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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7
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Monzon-Casanova E, Steiniger B, Schweigle S, Clemen H, Zdzieblo D, Starick L, Müller I, Wang CR, Rhost S, Cardell S, Pyz E, Herrmann T. CD1d expression in paneth cells and rat exocrine pancreas revealed by novel monoclonal antibodies which differentially affect NKT cell activation. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20927351 PMCID: PMC2948036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD1d is a nonpolymorphic MHC class I-like molecule which presents nonpeptide ligands, e.g. glycolipids, to NKT cells. These cells are known to have multiple effects on innate and adaptive immune responses and on the development of pathological conditions. In order to analyze CD1d expression and function in the rat, the first rat CD1d-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated. Methodology/Principal Findings Two mAbs, WTH-1 and WTH-2, were generated which bound equally well to cell surface-expressed rat and mouse CD1d. Their non-overlapping epitopes were mapped to the CD1d heavy chain. Flow cytometry and immunohistological analyses revealed a nearly identical degree and pattern of CD1d expression for hematopoieitic cells of both species. Notable is also the detection of CD1d protein in mouse and rat Paneth cells as well as the extremely high CD1d expression in acinar exocrine cells of the rat pancreas and the expression of CD4 on rat marginal zone B cells. Both mAbs blocked α-galactosylceramide recognition by primary rat and mouse NKT cells. Interestingly, the two mAbs differed in their impact on the activation of various autoreactive T cell hybridomas, including the XV19.2 hybridoma whose activation was enhanced by the WTH-1 mAb. Conclusions/Significance The two novel monoclonal antibodies described in this study, allowed the analysis of CD1d expression and CD1d-restricted T cell responses in the rat for the first time. Moreover, they provided new insights into mechanisms of CD1d-restricted antigen recognition. While CD1d expression by hematopoietic cells of mice and rats was extremely similar, CD1d protein was detected at not yet described sites of non-lymphatic tissues such as the rat exocrine pancreas and Paneth cells. The latter is of special relevance given the recently reported defects of Paneth cells in CD1d−/− mice, which resulted in an altered composition of the gut flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Monzon-Casanova
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Birte Steiniger
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schweigle
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Clemen
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Zdzieblo
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Starick
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Müller
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sara Rhost
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Goteborg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Susanna Cardell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Goteborg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Elwira Pyz
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Desai S, Bolick SCE, Maurin M, Wright KL. PU.1 regulates positive regulatory domain I-binding factor 1/Blimp-1 transcription in lymphoma cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5778-87. [PMID: 19828640 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human positive regulatory domain I-binding factor 1 (PRDI-BF1) and its murine homolog Blimp-1 promote differentiation of mature B cells into Ab-secreting plasma cells. In contrast, ectopic expression of PRDI-BF1 in lymphoma cells can lead to inhibition of proliferation or apoptosis. However, little is currently known about the regulation of PRDM1, the gene encoding PRDI-BF1. This report establishes that in lymphoma cells stimulation through the BCR rapidly induces endogenous PRDM1 at the level of transcription with minor changes in mRNA stability. The induced PRDM1-encoded protein localizes to its target genes in vivo and suppresses their expression. In vivo genomic footprinting of the PRDM1 promoter in unstimulated lymphoma and myeloma cells reveals multiple common in vivo occupied elements throughout the promoter. Further functional and structural analysis of the promoter reveals that the promoter is preloaded and poised for activation in the B cell lines. The transcription factor PU.1 is shown to be required for the BCR-induced expression of PRDM1 in lymphoma cells and in PU.1-positive myeloma cells. Activation of PRDM1 is associated with loss of the corepressor transducin-like enhancer of split 4 from the PU.1 complex. These findings indicate that PRDM1 is poised for activation in lymphoma cells and therefore may be a potential therapeutic target to inhibit lymphoma cell proliferation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Desai
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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9
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Abstract
B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1), discovered 16 years ago as a transcriptional repressor of the IFNbeta promoter, plays fundamentally important roles in many cell lineages and in early development. This review focuses on Blimp-1 in lymphocytes. In the B cell lineage, Blimp-1 is required for development of immunoglobulin-secreting cells and for maintenance of long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs). Direct targets of Blimp-1 and the transcriptional cascades Blimp-1 initiates to trigger plasmacytic differentiation are described. Blimp-1 also affects the homeostasis and function of CD4(+), CD8(+), and regulatory CD4(+) T cells, and Blimp-1 levels are highest in antigen-experienced T cells. Blimp-1 attenuates T cell proliferation and survival and modulates differentiation. Roles for Blimp-1 in Th1/Th2 specification, regulatory T cell function, and CD8 differentiation and function are under investigation. Signals that induce Blimp-1 in B cells include Toll-like receptor ligands and cytokines; in T cells, T cell receptors and cytokines induce Blimp-1. In spite of some commonalities, different targets and regulators of Blimp-1 in B and T cells suggest intriguing evolutionary divergence of this regulatory machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislâine Martins
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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10
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Lin FR, Kuo HK, Ying HY, Yang FH, Lin KI. Induction of apoptosis in plasma cells by B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 knockdown. Cancer Res 2008; 67:11914-23. [PMID: 18089822 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) is a transcriptional repressor that plays an important role during plasmacytic differentiation and is expressed in normal and transformed plasma cells. We here investigated the importance of continuous Blimp-1 expression. We found that knockdown of Blimp-1 expression by lentiviral vector-delivered short hairpin RNA causes apoptosis in multiple myeloma cell lines and plasmacytoma cells, indicating that continued expression of Blimp-1 is required for cell survival. We examined the mechanism underlying Blimp-1 knockdown-mediated apoptosis and found that the Blimp-1 knockdown neither reversed the phenotypic markers of plasma cells nor caused cell cycle arrest. Instead, our results show that knockdown of Blimp-1 induced the proapoptotic protein Bim, reduced the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1, and activated caspase-9 and caspase-3. We further link apoptosis in transformed plasma cells mediated by proteasome inhibitors, the effective therapeutic agent for multiple myeloma patients, with reduced expression of Blimp-1. Lastly, we show that Blimp-1-dependent cell survival may act downstream of IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) because IRF4 knockdown leads to down-regulation of Blimp-1 and apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells and plasmacytoma cells. Together, our data suggest that Blimp-1 ensures the survival of transformed plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Ru Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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11
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12
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Santner-Nanan B, Berberich-Siebelt F, Xiao Z, Poser N, Sennefelder H, Rauthe S, Vallabhapurapu DS, Berberich I, Schimpl A, Kreth HW, Nanan R. Blimp-1 is expressed in human and mouse T cell subsets and leads to loss of IL-2 production and to defective proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/sita.200500062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Plasma cells are the terminally differentiated, non-dividing effector cells of the B-cell lineage. They are cellular factories devoted to the task of synthesizing and secreting thousands of molecules of clonospecific antibody each second. To respond to microbial pathogens with the necessary specificity and rapidity, B cells are exquisitely regulated with respect to both development in the bone marrow and activation in the periphery. This review focuses on the terminal differentiation of B cells into plasma cells, including the different subsets of B cells that become plasma cells, the mechanism of regulation of this transition, the transcription factors that control each developmental stage and the characteristics of long-lived plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Shapiro-Shelef
- Departments of Microbiology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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14
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Tarte K, Jourdan M, Veyrune JL, Berberich I, Fiol G, Redal N, Shaughnessy J, Klein B. The Bcl-2 family member Bfl-1/A1 is strongly repressed in normal and malignant plasma cells but is a potent anti-apoptotic factor for myeloma cells. Br J Haematol 2004; 125:373-82. [PMID: 15086420 PMCID: PMC2685897 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.04908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Terminal B-cell differentiation is a multi-step process, from short-lived plasmablasts to mature long-lived plasma cells (PC). The anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bfl-1/A1 plays a critical role in the survival of mature B cells. However, its potential involvement at the later stages of B-cell development remains highly controversial. Our aim was thus to clarify the place of Bfl-1/A1 in the biology of normal PC and in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM), the major PC dyscrasia. Using gene expression profiling and quantifiable reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction experiments, we found a similar down-regulation of Bfl-1/A1 in both normal immature plasmablasts and mature PC when compared with B cells. In myeloma cells, the level of Bfl-1/A1 was low and Bfl-1/A1 was not a nuclear factor kappaB-inducible gene. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Bfl-1/A1 is not involved in the prolonged survival of normal mature PC, and that Bfl-1/A1 deregulation is not a common oncogenic event in MM. However, overexpression of Bfl-1/A1 by retroviral transduction promoted autonomous survival of an interleukin-6-dependent myeloma cell line and rendered it less sensitive to dexamethasone. Thus, Bfl-1/A1 transduction could be an interesting tool to obtain myeloma cell lines from primary samples and to favour the in vitro generation of antibody-secreting, long-lived normal PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Tarte
- Immunopathologie des maladies tumorales et autoimmunes
INSERM : U475IFR76Institut de recherche en biothérapieUniversité Montpellier ICentre de Recherche Inserm
99, Rue Puech Villa
34197 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5,FR
| | - Michel Jourdan
- Immunopathologie des maladies tumorales et autoimmunes
INSERM : U475IFR76Institut de recherche en biothérapieUniversité Montpellier ICentre de Recherche Inserm
99, Rue Puech Villa
34197 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5,FR
- Biothérapie des cellules souches normales et cancéreuses
INSERM : U847Institut de recherche en biothérapieUniversité Montpellier ICHRU MontpellierIRB - CHRU Saint-Eloi
80 Avenue Augustin Fliche
34295 MONTPELLIER Cedex 5
,FR
- IRB, Institut de recherche en biothérapie
CHRU MontpellierUniversité Montpellier IHôpital Saint-Eloi
34000 Montpellier,FR
| | - Jean Luc Veyrune
- IRB, Institut de recherche en biothérapie
CHRU MontpellierUniversité Montpellier IHôpital Saint-Eloi
34000 Montpellier,FR
- Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire
CHRU MontpellierHôpital Saint-Eloi80, avenue Augustin FLICHE
34295 MONTPELLIER cedex 5,FR
| | - Ingolf Berberich
- Institute for Virology and Immunology
University of WürzburgVersbacherstraße, Würzburg,,DE
| | - Geneviève Fiol
- IRB, Institut de recherche en biothérapie
CHRU MontpellierUniversité Montpellier IHôpital Saint-Eloi
34000 Montpellier,FR
- Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire
CHRU MontpellierHôpital Saint-Eloi80, avenue Augustin FLICHE
34295 MONTPELLIER cedex 5,FR
| | - Nicole Redal
- Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire
CHRU MontpellierHôpital Saint-Eloi80, avenue Augustin FLICHE
34295 MONTPELLIER cedex 5,FR
| | - John Shaughnessy
- Donna and Donald Lambert Laboratory of Myeloma Genetics
Myeloma Institute for Research and TherapyUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle Rock, AR,US
| | - Bernard Klein
- Immunopathologie des maladies tumorales et autoimmunes
INSERM : U475IFR76Institut de recherche en biothérapieUniversité Montpellier ICentre de Recherche Inserm
99, Rue Puech Villa
34197 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5,FR
- Biothérapie des cellules souches normales et cancéreuses
INSERM : U847Institut de recherche en biothérapieUniversité Montpellier ICHRU MontpellierIRB - CHRU Saint-Eloi
80 Avenue Augustin Fliche
34295 MONTPELLIER Cedex 5
,FR
- IRB, Institut de recherche en biothérapie
CHRU MontpellierUniversité Montpellier IHôpital Saint-Eloi
34000 Montpellier,FR
- Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire
CHRU MontpellierHôpital Saint-Eloi80, avenue Augustin FLICHE
34295 MONTPELLIER cedex 5,FR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Bernard Klein
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15
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Calame KL, Lin KI, Tunyaplin C. Regulatory mechanisms that determine the development and function of plasma cells. Annu Rev Immunol 2003; 21:205-30. [PMID: 12524387 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plasma cells are terminally differentiated final effectors of the humoral immune response. Plasma cells that result from antigen activation of B-1 and marginal zone B cells provide the first, rapid response to antigen. Plasma cells that develop after a germinal center reaction provide higher-affinity antibody and often survive many months in the bone marrow. Transcription factors Bcl-6 and Pax5, which are required for germinal center B cells, block plasmacytic differentiation and repress Blimp-1 and XBP-1, respectively. When Bcl-6-dependent repression of Blimp-1 is relieved, Blimp-1 ensures that plasmacytic development is irreversible by repressing BCL-6 and PAX5. In plasma cells, Blimp-1, XBP-1, IRF4, and other regulators cause cessation of cell cycle, decrease signaling from the B cell receptor and communication with T cells, inhibit isotype switching and somatic hypermutation, downregulate CXCR5, and induce copious immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion. Thus, commitment to plasmacytic differentiation involves inhibition of activities associated with earlier B cell developmental stages as well as expression of the plasma cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Calame
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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16
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Cassese G, Arce S, Hauser AE, Lehnert K, Moewes B, Mostarac M, Muehlinghaus G, Szyska M, Radbruch A, Manz RA. Plasma cell survival is mediated by synergistic effects of cytokines and adhesion-dependent signals. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:1684-90. [PMID: 12902466 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.4.1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent results suggest that plasma cell longevity is not an intrinsic capacity, but depends on yet unknown factors produced in their environment. In this study, we show that the cytokines IL-5, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha as well as signaling via CD44 support the survival of isolated bone marrow plasma cells. The cytokines IL-7 and stem cell factor, crucially important for early B cell development, do not mediate plasma cell survival, indicating that plasma cells and early B cells have different survival requirements. As shown in IL-6-deficient mice, IL-6 is required for a normal induction, but not for the maintenance of plasma cell responses in vivo, indicating that the effects of individual survival factors are redundant. Optimal survival of isolated plasma cells requires stimulation by a combination of factors acting synergistically. These results strongly support the concept that plasma cell survival depends on niches in which a combination of specific signals, including IL-5, IL-6, stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha, TNF-alpha, and ligands for CD44, provides an environment required to mediate plasma cell longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Cassese
- Department for Humoral Immunology, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Lin KI, Tunyaplin C, Calame K. Transcriptional regulatory cascades controlling plasma cell differentiation. Immunol Rev 2003; 194:19-28. [PMID: 12846804 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasma cells are the terminally differentiated effector cells of the B lymphocyte lineage. Recently, studies using genetically altered mice and analyses of global gene expression programs have significantly expanded our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating plasmacytic differentiation. Specific molecular components of a multistep cascade of transcriptional regulators have been identified. Furthermore, two transcriptional regulators, X box binding protein-1 (XBP-1) and B lymphocyte induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1), have been shown to be necessary for plasmacytic differentiation. In addition to providing a mechanistic basis for the induction of genes necessary for immunoglobulin secretion, cessation of cell cycle and other phenotypic changes characteristic of terminally differentiated plasma cells, these studies have led to the important concept that plasmacytic differentiation involves repression of regulators, such as Bcl-6 and Pax5, that are necessary to maintain the earlier developmental phenotype of activated, germinal center B cells. This review describes our current understanding of the transcriptional cascades regulating terminal differentiation of B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-I Lin
- Departments of Microbiology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032-2704, USA
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18
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Lee SC, Bottaro A, Insel RA. Activation of terminal B cell differentiation by inhibition of histone deacetylation. Mol Immunol 2003; 39:923-32. [PMID: 12695118 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(03)00029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A role for histone acetylation, which can alter the accessibility of DNA to transcriptional regulatory proteins and contribute to gene expression, in regulating terminal B cell differentiation was investigated in the mature B lymphoma L10A and mouse splenic B cells. Incubation of the L10A cells with the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors trichostatin A (TSA) and butyrate increased expression of Blimp-1, J chain, and mad genes, decreased expression of c-myc and BSAP/Pax-5 genes, increased the expression of surface CD43 and Syndecan-1, and decreased surface IgM. Incubation of splenic B cells with TSA and dextran conjugated anti-IgD Ab increased Blimp-1 gene and Syndecan-1 surface expression. The alteration in gene expression and cell surface markers was consistent with induction of the onset of terminal B cell differentiation. Co-incubation of L10A cells with TSA and cycloheximide (CHX) abrogated the up-regulation of Blimp-1 expression, indicating that TSA-activated Blimp-1 expression required synthesis of a transcriptional activator. In contrast, mad expression was increased in L10A cells cultured with TSA and cycloheximide or cycloheximide alone, suggesting mad expression may occur independent of Blimp-1 expression and is regulated by a labile, HDAC associated transcriptional repressor. The results demonstrate that histone acetylation regulates transcription of genes controlling terminal B cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang C Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA
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19
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Abstract
Regulation of apoptosis in the B cell lineage has implications for homeostasis, quality control of the antibody response, and tolerance. In this chapter we examine the different checkpoints that control life and death decisions of B cells during the antigen-independent and antigen-dependent phases of their development. We discuss the cell death mechanism involved in elimination of unwanted B cells at different stages of their development as well as the signals that trigger or repress the apoptotic process. At the steady state, before or after development of an immune response, B cell apoptosis ensures that the antigen receptor (BCR) on newly produced B cells is functional and does not recognize self-antigens with high avidity. It also ensures that the size of the peripheral B cell compartment remains constant in spite of the continuous input of B cells from the bone marrow. All these processes are controlled by the mitochondrial death pathway and are thus perturbed by overexpression of the antiapoptotic members of the bcl-2 gene family. By contrast, the death receptor pathway plays a prominent role during the antigen-dependent phase of B cell development. Three sets of membrane molecules stand as crucial regulators of B cell survival. First, the BCR which plays a central but ambiguous role. On the one hand, it triggers death of B cells that recognize self-antigens or have been exposed to repeated antigenic stimulations. On the other hand, it promotes survival of the peripheral mature B cell pool and protects activated B cells from CD95-induced killing. Second, the death receptor Fas/CD95 which is instrumental in censoring B cells activated in a bystander fashion at the initiation of the response to T-dependent antigens. It also drives elimination of low-affinity and self-reactive B cell clones that arise through the process of somatic mutations during the germinal center reaction. As such, it contributes to the affinity maturation of the antibody response. Finally, three membrane receptors (TACI, BCMA, and BAFF-R) which bind a newly discovered member of the tumor necrosis factor family named BAFF. BAFF acts specifically on peripheral B cells but its cellular targets seem to be restricted to two splenic B cell populations: (i) transitional immature B cells and (ii) marginal zone B cells, known to be responsible for the response to thymus-independent type 2 antigens. This suggests its possible implication in positive selection of peripheral B cells and in the antibacterial B cell responses.
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20
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Borson ND, Lacy MQ, Wettstein PJ. Altered mRNA expression of Pax5 and Blimp-1 in B cells in multiple myeloma. Blood 2002; 100:4629-39. [PMID: 12453881 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.13.4629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell disorder that potentially initiates during an early stage of B-cell development. We encountered an unidentified isoform of B cell-specific activator protein (BSAP, or Pax5) in MM cells while performing differential analyses to compare mRNA expression in malignant and normal plasma cells. Pax5 is a transcription factor that plays a central role throughout B-cell development until the point of terminal differentiation. Our finding of this unique isoform prompted us to investigate Pax5 isoform usage in plasma cells and B-cell populations in other MM and healthy subjects. In contrast to normal Pax5 expression, we observed multiple isoforms of Pax5 in conjunction with low levels of expression of the full-length Pax5 in B cells from MM patients. The expressed isoforms in MM varied considerably from patient to patient, with no clear pattern. We also performed semiquantitative analyses of the mRNA expression levels of B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein (Blimp-1), because expression levels of Pax5 and Blimp-1 have been shown to be inversely correlated. We observed the expression of Blimp-1 in the B-cell populations in all 11 MM patients but in none of 11 healthy subjects. We hypothesize that premature Blimp-1 expression coupled to altered and deficient Pax5 expression causes some proliferating B cells to prematurely differentiate to plasma cells in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy D Borson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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21
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Angelin-Duclos C, Johnson K, Liao J, Lin KI, Calame K. An interfering form of Blimp-1 increases IgM secreting plasma cells and blocks maturation of peripheral B cells. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:3765-75. [PMID: 12516571 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200212)32:12<3765::aid-immu3765>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) can drive plasmacytic differentiation in cultured cell models. To determine the role of Blimp-1 in B cell development in vivo, we have generated transgenic mice expressing an interfering truncated form of Blimp-1 (TBlimp) under the control of an immunoglobulin heavy chain promoter and intronic (E) enhancer. TBlimp-transgenic mice have elevated serum IgM and a prolonged IgM response. This effect is due to an increased number of short-lived, IgM-secreting plasma cells resulting from increased proliferation and prolonged survival. In addition, TBlimp-transgenic mice have a developmental defect in the generation of mature B cells in the spleen. These results show that in vivo Blimp-1 plays a fundamental role in the control of the life span and exit from the cell cycle of IgM secreting plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Angelin-Duclos
- Departments of Microbiology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA
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22
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Abstract
A new way to identify tumor-specific genes is to compare gene expression profiles between malignant cells and their autologous normal counterparts. In patients with multiple myeloma, a major plasma cell disorder, normal plasma cells are not easily attainable in vivo. We report here that in vitro differentiation of peripheral blood B lymphocytes, purified from healthy donors and from patients with multiple myeloma, makes it possible to obtain a homogeneous population of normal plasmablastic cells. These cells were identified by their morphology, phenotype, production of polyclonal immunoglobulins, and expression of major transcription factors involved in B-cell differentiation. Oligonucleotide microarray analysis shows that these polyclonal plasmablastic cells have a gene expression pattern close to that of normal bone marrow–derived plasma cells. Detailed analysis of genes statistically differentially expressed between normal and tumor plasma cells allows the identification of myeloma-specific genes, including oncogenes and genes coding for tumor antigens. These data should help to disclose the molecular mechanisms of myeloma pathogenesis and to define new therapeutic targets in this still fatal malignancy. In addition, the comparison of gene expression between plasmablastic cells and B cells provides a new and powerful tool to identify genes specifically involved in normal plasma cell differentiation.
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23
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Manz RA, Arce S, Cassese G, Hauser AE, Hiepe F, Radbruch A. Humoral immunity and long-lived plasma cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2002; 14:517-21. [PMID: 12088688 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(02)00356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A selected fraction of plasmablasts enters the compartment of nondividing, long-lived plasma cells to maintain humoral antibody memory. In accord with a current model for lymphocyte homeostasis, the lifetime of long-lived plasma cells is probably regulated by competition for a limited number of survival niches present in splenic red pulp, bone marrow and inflamed tissue. Plasma cells secreting autoantibodies specific for some, but not all, self-antigens are probably 'allowed' to enter the compartment of long-lived plasma cells and provide antibody-mediated 'autoimmune memory' that is resistant to conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf A Manz
- Department for Humoral Immunology, German Arthritis Research Centre, Berlin, Schumannstrasse 21/22, Berlin, Germany.
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24
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Shaffer AL, Lin KI, Kuo TC, Yu X, Hurt EM, Rosenwald A, Giltnane JM, Yang L, Zhao H, Calame K, Staudt LM. Blimp-1 orchestrates plasma cell differentiation by extinguishing the mature B cell gene expression program. Immunity 2002; 17:51-62. [PMID: 12150891 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 775] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Blimp-1, a transcriptional repressor, drives the terminal differentiation of B cells to plasma cells. Using DNA microarrays, we found that introduction of Blimp-1 into B cells blocked expression of a remarkably large set of genes, while a much smaller number was induced. Blimp-1 initiated this cascade of gene expression changes by directly repressing genes encoding several transcription factors, including Spi-B and Id3, that regulate signaling by the B cell receptor. Blimp-1 also inhibited immunoglobulin class switching by blocking expression of AID, Ku70, Ku86, DNA-PKcs, and STAT6. These findings suggest that Blimp-1 promotes plasmacytic differentiation by extinguishing gene expression important for B cell receptor signaling, germinal center B cell function, and proliferation while allowing expression of important plasma cell genes such as XBP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Shaffer
- Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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25
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Nanan R, Heinrich D, Frosch M, Kreth HW. Acute and long-term effects of booster immunisation on frequencies of antigen-specific memory B-lymphocytes. Vaccine 2001; 20:498-504. [PMID: 11672915 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00328-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In search for a parameter that is predictive of long-term immunity, we analysed the influence of booster immunisations on frequencies of circulating memory B-lymphocytes. Specific IgG-secreting B-cells were determined by ELISPOTassay in 13 healthy adults, using diphtheria and tetanus toxoid as model antigens. Our results show that memory B-cells accumulate with every immunisation dose and remain elevated over several years. In addition, secondary B-cell responses were studied during the first 90 days after diphtheria re-immunisation. A significant indirect correlation was found between the number of previous boosters and the magnitude of specific B-cell expansion. In contrast, effects of booster immunisations did not correlate likewise with antigen-specific serology. Hence, this study illustrates that frequencies of antigen-specific B-lymphocytes can be used as an indirect measure for immunological memory. This parameter could be helpful to find scientifically based immunisation strategies for currently available and novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nanan
- Children's Hospital, Würzburg University, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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26
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Reimold AM, Iwakoshi NN, Manis J, Vallabhajosyula P, Szomolanyi-Tsuda E, Gravallese EM, Friend D, Grusby MJ, Alt F, Glimcher LH. Plasma cell differentiation requires the transcription factor XBP-1. Nature 2001; 412:300-7. [PMID: 11460154 DOI: 10.1038/35085509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 977] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in identifying the transcription factors involved in the early specification of the B-lymphocyte lineage. However, little is known about factors that control the transition of mature activated B cells to antibody-secreting plasma cells. Here we report that the transcription factor XBP-1 is required for the generation of plasma cells. XBP-1 transcripts were rapidly upregulated in vitro by stimuli that induce plasma-cell differentiation, and were found at high levels in plasma cells from rheumatoid synovium. When introduced into B-lineage cells, XBP-1 initiated plasma-cell differentiation. Mouse lymphoid chimaeras deficient in XBP-1 possessed normal numbers of activated B lymphocytes that proliferated, secreted cytokines and formed normal germinal centres. However, they secreted very little immunoglobulin of any isotype and failed to control infection with the B-cell-dependent polyoma virus, because plasma cells were markedly absent. XBP-1 is the only transcription factor known to be selectively and specifically required for the terminal differentiation of B lymphocytes to plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Reimold
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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27
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Knödel M, Kuss A, Berberich I, Schimpl A. Blimp-1 over-expression abrogates IL-4- and CD40-mediated suppression of terminal B cell differentiation but arrests isotype switching. Eur J Immunol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200107)31:7<1972::aid-immu1972>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Kuzin II, Snyder JE, Ugine GD, Wu D, Lee S, Bushnell T, Insel RA, Young FM, Bottaro A. Tetracyclines inhibit activated B cell function. Int Immunol 2001; 13:921-31. [PMID: 11431422 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.7.921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetracyclines have recently been shown to exert a number of pleiotropic anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities, independent of their antibiotic properties. These include the ability to inhibit metalloproteinases (MP), a class of enzymes involved in crucial cellular functions such as the shedding of soluble mediators and their receptors from the cell surface, as well as interaction with, and remodeling of, the extracellular matrix. Here we report that doxycycline at therapeutic concentrations (1--5 microg/ml) significantly suppresses Ig secretion and class switching by in vitro activated murine B cells. Suppression of Ig secretion correlates with a decrease in levels of mRNA for the terminal B cell differentiation-associated genes Blimp-1 and mad-4, as well as to a reduction in expression of the plasma cell markers Syndecan-1 and J chain. Inhibition of class switching occurs at the recombination stage and is also induced by other MP inhibitors, including tetracycline analogs lacking antibiotic activity and the chemically unrelated hydroxamate KB8301. These novel, direct effects of MP inhibitors on B lymphocytes suggest an intrinsic role for MP in B cell activation and likely explain some of the observed in vivo immunomodulatory properties of tetracyclines. Moreover, these findings have significant implications for tetracycline therapy in Ig-mediated autoimmune or allergic diseases and raise questions about the use of doxycycline-inducible transgenic systems for the study of B cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Kuzin
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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29
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Raman VS, Bal V, Rath S, George A. Ligation of CD27 on murine B cells responding to T-dependent and T-independent stimuli inhibits the generation of plasma cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:6809-15. [PMID: 11120803 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.12.6809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B cells can be stimulated either allogenically with the Th cell clone D10G4.1 and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells or polyclonally with LPS to proliferate and undergo terminal differentiation to Ig-secreting plasma cells in vitro. The addition of anti-CD27 to such cultures inhibits Ig secretion, and inhibition is more marked in T-dependent cultures than in T-independent cultures. Both IgM and secondary isotypes are affected, and addition of anti-CD27 even 4 days after culture initiation inhibits Ig secretion. Anti-CD27 does not affect B cell proliferation or the acquisition of activation markers by B cells, and no marked loss of B cell viability is detected in cells cultured in the presence of anti-CD27, suggesting that the inhibition of Ig secretion is not due to inhibition of early activation events or to death of activated cells in vitro. However, the presence of anti-CD27 significantly inhibits the induction of Blimp-1 and J chain transcripts, which are turned on in cells committed to plasma cell differentiation. Furthermore, mice immunized under cover of anti-CD27 make less Ag-specific IgM and IgG, but have equivalent T cell responses when compared with control mice. These data suggest that ligation of CD27, a member of the TNFR family, on the B cell surface may prevent terminal differentiation of activated B cells into Ig-secreting plasma cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, T-Independent/physiology
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Biomarkers
- CD24 Antigen
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Growth Inhibitors/physiology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis
- Hyaluronan Receptors/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulins/biosynthesis
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Ligands
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Plasma Cells/cytology
- Plasma Cells/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Raman
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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30
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Jourdan M, De Vos J, Mechti N, Klein B. Regulation of Bcl-2-family proteins in myeloma cells by three myeloma survival factors: interleukin-6, interferon-alpha and insulin-like growth factor 1. Cell Death Differ 2000; 7:1244-52. [PMID: 11175262 PMCID: PMC2423422 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As survival regulation is a key process in multiple myeloma biology, we have studied the Bcl-2 family proteins that can be regulated by three myeloma cell survival factors: interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). Eleven myeloma cell lines, whose survival and proliferation are dependent on addition of IL-6, variably expressed 10 anti-apoptotic or pro-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2-family. When myeloma cells from four cell lines were IL-6 starved and activated with IL-6 or IFN-alpha, we observed that only Mcl-1 expression was up-regulated with myeloma cell survival induction. Nor was obvious regulation of these 10 pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic proteins found with IGF-1, another potent myeloma cell survival factor. Our results indicate that the myeloma cell survival activity of IL-6 linked to Bcl-xL regulation cannot be generalized and emphasize that Mcl-1 is the main target of IL-6 and IFN-alpha stimulation. However, other changes in the activity of the Bcl-2 protein family or other apoptosis regulators must be identified to elucidate the IGF-1 action mechanism. Cell Death and Differentiation (2000) 7, 1244 - 1252.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bernard Klein
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Bernard Klein
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Lin KI, Lin Y, Calame K. Repression of c-myc is necessary but not sufficient for terminal differentiation of B lymphocytes in vitro. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:8684-95. [PMID: 11073970 PMCID: PMC86481 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.23.8684-8695.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of c-myc as a target of the Blimp-1 repressor has been studied in BCL-1 cells, in which Blimp-1 is sufficient to trigger terminal B-cell differentiation. Our data show that Blimp-1-dependent repression of c-myc is required for BCL-1 differentiation, since constitutive expression of c-Myc blocked differentiation. Furthermore, ectopic expression of cyclin E mimicked the effects of c-Myc on both proliferation and differentiation, indicating that the ability of c-Myc to drive proliferation is responsible for blocking BCL-1 differentiation. However, inhibition of c-Myc by a dominant negative form was not sufficient to drive BCL-1 differentiation. Thus, during Blimp-1-dependent plasma cell differentiation, repression of c-myc is necessary but not sufficient, demonstrating the existence of additional Blimp-1 target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Lin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Angelin-Duclos C, Cattoretti G, Lin KI, Calame K. Commitment of B lymphocytes to a plasma cell fate is associated with Blimp-1 expression in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:5462-71. [PMID: 11067898 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.10.5462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) is a transcriptional repressor that is sufficient to trigger terminal differentiation in the B cell lymphoma BCL-1. In this study, we have determined the expression pattern of Blimp-1 in vivo in primary and secondary lymphoid organs of humans and immunized mice. Blimp-1 is expressed in plasma cells derived from either a T-independent or T-dependent response in plasma cells that have undergone isotype switching and those resulting from secondary immunization. Blimp-1 is also present in long-lived plasma cells residing in the bone marrow. However, Blimp-1 was not detected in memory B cells. This expression pattern provides further evidence of a critical role for Blimp-1 in plasma cell development, supporting earlier studies in cultured lines. Significantly, Blimp-1 was also found in a fraction (4-15%) of germinal center B cells in murine spleen and human tonsils. Blimp-1 expression in the germinal center is associated with an interesting subset of cells with a phenotype intermediate between germinal center B cells and plasma cells. In the mouse, Blimp-1(+) germinal center B cells peak at day 12 postimmunization and disappear soon thereafter. They are not apoptotic, some are proliferating, they express germinal center markers peanut agglutinin or CD10 but not Bcl-6, and most express CD138 (syndecan-1), IRF4, and cytoplasmic Ig. Together, these data support a model in which B cell fate decisions occur within the germinal center and Blimp-1 expression is critical for commitment to a plasma cell, rather than a memory cell, fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Angelin-Duclos
- Departments of Microbiology and Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Abstract
Apoptosis in the immune system is a fundamental process regulating lymphocyte maturation, receptor repertoire selection and homeostasis. Thus, death by apoptosis is as essential for the function of lymphocytes as growth and differentiation. This article focuses on death receptor-associated apoptosis and the role of CD95 (Apo-1/Fas)-mediated signalling in T-cell and B-cell development and during the course of an immune response. Gaining an insight into these processes improves our understanding of the pathogenesis of diseases such as cancer, autoimmunity and AIDS, and opens new approaches to rational treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Krammer
- Tumorimmunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Shaffer AL, Yu X, He Y, Boldrick J, Chan EP, Staudt LM. BCL-6 represses genes that function in lymphocyte differentiation, inflammation, and cell cycle control. Immunity 2000; 13:199-212. [PMID: 10981963 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)00020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BCL-6, a transcriptional repressor frequently translocated in lymphomas, regulates germinal center B cell differentiation and inflammation. DNA microarray screening identified genes repressed by BCL-6, including many lymphocyte activation genes, suggesting that BCL-6 modulates B cell receptor signals. BCL-6 repression of two chemokine genes, MIP-1alpha and IP-10, may also attenuate inflammatory responses. Blimp-1, another BCL-6 target, is important for plasmacytic differentiation. Since BCL-6 expression is silenced in plasma cells, repression of blimp-1 by BCL-6 may control plasmacytic differentiation. Indeed, inhibition of BCL-6 function initiated changes indicative of plasmacytic differentiation, including decreased expression of c-Myc and increased expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p27kip1. These data suggest that malignant transformation by BCL-6 involves inhibition of differentiation and enhanced proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Shaffer
- Metabolism Branch, Division of Clinical Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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