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Fejős I, Tóth G, Várnai B, Szabó ZI, Köteles I, Malanga M, Béni S. Enantioseparation of solriamfetol and its major impurity phenylalaninol by capillary electrophoresis using sulfated gamma cyclodextrin. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1818-1825. [PMID: 34109644 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
R-solriamfetol is a recently approved drug used for the treatment of excessive sleepiness associated with narcolepsy and sleep apnea. Herein, a capillary electrophoretic method was developed, enabling the simultaneous analysis of the API and its S-enantiomer in addition to the enantiomers of its major impurity phenylalaninol. Twenty-nine different cyclodextrins (CDs), including native, neutral, and charged ones were screened as potential chiral selectors, and the best results were obtained with sulfated CDs. Randomly sulfated-β-CD exhibited outstanding enantioresolution, the peaks of phenylalaninol enantiomers inserted between the two peaks of solriamfetol enantiomers, while sulfated-γ-CD (S-γ-CD) showed remarkable resolution values in a much shorter analysis time with the optimal enantiomer migration order. Among the single isomer sulfated CD derivatives, substituent dependent enantiomer migration order reversal could also be observed in the case of heptakis(6-O-sulfo)-β-CD (HS-β-CD) or heptakis(2,3-O-dimethyl-6-O-sulfo)-β-CD (HDMS-β-CD) with R-,S-solriamfetol, and heptakis(2,3-O-diacetyl-6-O-sulfo)-β-CD (HDAS-β-CD) resulting S-,R-solriamfetol migration order. The sulfated-γ-CD system was chosen for method optimization applying orthogonal experimental design. The optimized method (45 mM Tris-acetate buffer, pH 4.5, 4 mM S-γ-CD, 21°C, +19.5 kV) was capable for the baseline separation of solriamfetol and phenylalaninol enantiomers within 7 min. The optimized method was validated according to the ICH guidelines and successfully applied for the analysis of pharmaceutical preparation (Sunosi® 75 mg tablet), thus it may serve as a routine procedure for the laboratories of regulatory authorities as well as in Pharmacopoeias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Fejős
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bianka Várnai
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán István Szabó
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry and Management, George Emil Palad University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - István Köteles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Milo Malanga
- CycloLab, Cyclodextrin R&D Ltd, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Béni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Ali I, Suhail M, Al-Othman ZA, Alwarthan A, Aboul-Enein HY. Enantiomeric resolution of multiple chiral centres racemates by capillary electrophoresis. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:683-94. [PMID: 26840015 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomeric resolution of multichiral centre racemates is an important area as some multichiral centre racemates are of great medicinal importance. However, enantioseparation of such types of racemates is a challenging task. Amongst many analytical techniques, capillary electrophoresis is a powerful technique and may be used to resolve such racemates. Only few papers are available describing enantiomeric resolution of such racemates. Therefore, efforts have been made to describe the enantiomeric resolution of multichiral centre racemates by capillary electrophoresis. This article discusses the importance of multichiral racemates, the need for capillary electrophoresis in enantiomeric resolution and chiral resolution of multichiral centre racemates using various chiral selectors. Further, attempts have been made to discuss the future challenges and prospects of enantiomeric resolution of multichiral racemates. The various chiral selectors used for the purpose are chiral crown ether, cyclodextrins, polysaccharides, macrocyclic glycopeptide antibiotics and ligand exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mohd Suhail
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Zeid A Al-Othman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alwarthan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Y Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12311, Egypt
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3
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Asensi-Bernardi L, Escuder-Gilabert L, Martín-Biosca Y, Sagrado S, Medina-Hernández MJ. Characterizing the interaction between enantiomers of eight psychoactive drugs and highly sulfated-β-cyclodextrin by counter-current capillary electrophoresis. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:120-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Asensi-Bernardi
- Departamento de Química Analítica; Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot; Valencia Spain
| | | | - Yolanda Martín-Biosca
- Departamento de Química Analítica; Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot; Valencia Spain
| | - Salvador Sagrado
- Departamento de Química Analítica; Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot; Valencia Spain
- Centro Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico; Unidad mixta Universidad Politécnica de Valencia - Universidad de Valencia; Valencia Spain
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4
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Chiral benzimidazole-derived mono azacrowns: synthesis and enantiomer recognition studies with chiral amines and their ammonium salts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Müllerová L, Dubský P, Svobodová J, Gaš B. Determination of effective mobilities of EOF markers in BGE containing sulfated β-cyclodextrin by a two-detector method. Electrophoresis 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Müllerová
- Faculty of Science; Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Charles University in Prague; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Dubský
- Faculty of Science; Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Charles University in Prague; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Jana Svobodová
- Faculty of Science; Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Charles University in Prague; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Gaš
- Faculty of Science; Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Charles University in Prague; Prague; Czech Republic
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6
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Analytical and Preparative Chiral Separation of β-Carboline Derivatives, LDL Oxidation Inhibitors, Using HPLC and CE Methodologies: Determination of Enantiomeric Purity. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Lipka E, Vaccher MP, Vaccher C, Bonte JP. Chiral Capillary Electrophoresis with Highly Sulfated Cyclodextrins; Resolution of Benzoxazolinone Aminoalcohols, and Aminoketon Precursors, Potential Adrenergic Ligands. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032711003717448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dubský P, Svobodová J, Tesařová E, Gaš B. Enhanced selectivity in CZE multi-chiral selector enantioseparation systems: Proposed separation mechanism. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1435-41. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lipka E, Charton J, Vaccher MP, Folly-Klan M, Bonte JP, Vaccher C. Enantioseparation of chiral benzimidazole derivatives by electrokinetic chromatography using sulfated cyclodextrins. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:1907-15. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Lipka E, Vaccher C, Bonte JP, Foulon C. Chiral Separation of Four Piperidinic Benzoxazolinone Compounds by CE and LC. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Sensitivity improvement by using contactless conductivity rather than indirect UV detection for the determination of enantiomeric purity of amines by CE. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:487-98. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Lipka E, Danel C, Orhan H, Bonte JP, Vaccher C. Chiral resolution of melatoninergic ligands by EKC using highly sulfated CDs. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:3915-21. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Stapf FI, Oehme M, Kiessig S, Schwarz MA, Kálmán F. Peak splitting in the CE separation of enantiomers caused by organic solvents in the sample. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:3625-38. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Goossens JF, Mahieu C, Dias N, Bailly C, Principe P, Bonte JP, Lansiaux A, Vaccher C, Foulon C. Chiral capillary electrophoretic determination of the enantiomeric purity of homocamptothecin derivatives, promising antitumor topoisomerase I inhibitors, using highly sulfated CDs and fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:4717-29. [PMID: 17091464 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
EKC methods for the enantiomeric resolution of homocamptothecin derivatives, potent anticancer agents targeting DNA topoisomerase I selected for clinical trials, were developed using highly sulfated beta-CD as chiral selectors at acidic pH. Optimal electrophoretic conditions, with migration times under 15 min, were as follows: for the neutral homocamptothecin analog 1, a BGE of 75 mM phosphate buffer pH 2.5 (H(3)PO(4) + triethanolamine)/ACN - 95/5 v/v, with 7.5% w/v highly S-beta-CD, an applied field of 0.2 kV/cm and a fused capillary temperature control of 30 +/- 0.1 degrees C (typical current approximately 175 microA); for the cationic homocamptothecin 2, a BGE of 25 mM phosphate buffer pH 2.5 (H(3)PO(4) + TEA)/ACN - 90/10 v/v, with 2.5% w/v highly S-beta-CD, an applied field of 0.15 kV/cm and a fused capillary temperature control of 25 +/- 0.1 degrees C (typical current approximately 45 muA), and both are validated. The best results in terms of LOQ were obtained by EC with fluorescence detection: 10 ng/mL and 20 ng/mL for 1 and 2, respectively (LOQ divided by 150 for 1 and 5 for 2 with respect to UV), thus making this method particularly convenient for enantiomeric purity determination of galenic forms. UV detection appears to be an alternative to fluorescence for the analysis of the main component either for the control of galenic forms or for therapeutic adaptation. Moreover, this method exhibits better performances than HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Goossens
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Lille 2, Lille, France.
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Vaccher MP, Bonte JP, Vaccher C. Capillary Electrophoretic Resolution of Enantiomers of Aromatic Amino-Acids with Highly Sulfated α-, β- and γ-Cyclodextrins. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0838-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Schappler J, Guillarme D, Prat J, Veuthey JL, Rudaz S. Enhanced method performances for conventional and chiral CE-ESI/MS analyses in plasma. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:1537-46. [PMID: 16532520 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Due to its high efficiency, selectivity, and sensitivity, CE-ESI/MS has evolved as an efficient technique for the drugs and metabolites analysis in biological matrices. However, a sample preparation is mandatory prior to CE-ESI/MS analysis. To achieve fast and simplified sample preparation of plasma samples, protein precipitation (PP) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) were used with two injection techniques: hydrodynamic (HD) and electrokinetic (EK) injection. CE-ESI/MS analyses of pharmaceutical compounds and amphetamine derivatives were developed. Detection limits of 1 ppm were reached with PP and HD injection whereas 1 ppb was detected when samples were prepared with LLE and injected by EK. Same experiments were performed for stereoselective determinations in partial-filling mode and detection limits achieved were equivalent to conventional analysis (0.5 ppb per enantiomer). When complex matrices are analyzed, MS signal suppression or enhancement effects are generally not reproducible and could compromise results with ESI. Therefore, matrix effect was investigated in CE-ESI/MS with a commercially available coaxial sheath-liquid ESI interface used as postcapillary infusion system to determine MS signal alterations. Matrix effects were differentially evidenced according to the selected sample preparation. With PP, signal suppression was observed out of the analyses migration window, while for LLE no relevant matrix effect occurred in all experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Schappler
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne,Geneva, Switzerland
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17
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Kavran-Belin G, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Enantioseparation of baclofen with highly sulfated β-cyclodextrin by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:2187-92. [PMID: 16318216 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The enantioseparation of baclofen (4-amino-3-p-chlorophenylbutyric acid) was achieved by CE-LIF with highly sulfated beta-CD (HS-beta-CD) as chiral selector. Naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde was used for the derivatization of nonfluorescent baclofen. HS-beta-CD (2%) containing 50 mM borate buffer at pH 9.5 was chosen as the optimal running electrolyte and applied to the analysis of baclofen enantiomers in human plasma. The linearity of calibration curves (R2 > or = 0.998) for R-(-) and S-(+)-baclofen was in the 0.1-2.0 microM concentration range. After a simple ACN-protein precipitation, the LOD of baclofen in plasma sample was found as low as 50 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Kavran-Belin
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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18
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Rudaz S, Geiser L, Souverain S, Prat J, Veuthey JL. Rapid stereoselective separations of amphetamine derivatives with highly sulfated γ-cyclodextrin. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3910-20. [PMID: 16167308 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The highly sulfated gamma-CD (HS-gamma-CD) is a chiral selector widely used in CE for the enantioseparation of pharmaceutical compounds. This paper investigated different approaches to reduce the stereoselective analysis time of amphetamine (AT) derivatives according to the chiral selector concentration in the BGE. With high HS-gamma-CD concentration, tested analytes were separated in 3.5 min as anionic complexes with short-end injection technique in reversed polarity mode. However, this procedure presented some limitations in terms of efficiency and resolution, excessive Joule heating and poor compatibility with MS detection. With low HS-gamma-CD concentration, compounds were separated as cations. Conventional approaches to reduce CE analysis time demonstrated critical resolution between some analytes. Therefore, the use of the partial-filling technique compatible with MS detection was carried out. Under optimized conditions, the analysis time for the chiral separation of seven AT like compounds was reduced to 6 min. Moreover, sensitivity of CE-MS was sufficient for the determination of ATs in plasma following a simple liquid-liquid extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Rudaz
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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19
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Danel C, Lipka E, Bonte JP, Goossens JF, Vaccher C, Foulon C. Enantioseparation of chiralN-imidazole derivatives by electrokinetic chromatography using highly sulfated cyclodextrins: Mechanism of enantioselective recognition. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3824-32. [PMID: 16217831 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Baseline separation of ten new substituted [1-(imidazo-1-yl)-1-phenylmethyl)] benzothiazolinone and benzoxazolinone derivatives, with one chiral center, was achieved by CD-EKC using highly sulfated CDs (alpha, beta, gamma highly S-CDs) as chiral selectors. The influence of the type and concentration of the chiral selectors on the enantioseparations was investigated. The highly S-CDs exhibit a very high enantioselectivity power since they allow excellent enantiomeric resolutions compared to those obtained with the neutral CDs. The enantiomers were resolved with analysis times inferior to 2.5 min and resolution factors R(s) of 3.73, 3.90, 1.40, and 4.35 for compounds 1, 2, 3, and 5, respectively, using 25 mM phosphate buffer at pH 2.5 containing either highly S-alpha-CD, highly S-beta-CD, and highly S-gamma-CD (3 or 4% w/v) at 298 K, with an applied field of 0.30 kV/cm. The determination of the enantiomer migration order for the various analytes and the study of the analyte structure-enantioseparation relationships display the high contribution of the interactions between the analytes phenyl ring and the CDs to the enantiorecognition process. The thermodynamic study of the analyte-CD affinities permits us to improve our knowledge about the enantioseparation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Danel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique EA 1043, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Lille 2, Lille Cedex, France
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20
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Yang GS, Chen DM, Yang Y, Tang B, Gao JJ, Aboul-Enein HY, Koppenhoefer B. Enantioseparation of Some Clinically Used Drugs by Capillary Electrophoresis Using Sulfated β-Cyclodextrin as a Chiral Selector. Chromatographia 2005. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0632-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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21
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Wang CY, Wang DH, Leng TH, Yu QS. Synthesis of a new enantiopure chiral aza crown ether and its application in enantiomeric separation. J Heterocycl Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570420602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Vaccher MP, Lipka E, Bonte JP, Foulon C, Goossens JF, Vaccher C. Enantiomeric analysis of baclofen analogs by capillary zone electrophoresis, using highly sulfated cyclodextrins: Inclusion ionization constant pKa determination. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:2974-83. [PMID: 15995978 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Using cyclodextrin-capillary zone electrophoresis (CD-CZE), baseline separation of baclofen phaclofen, saclofen, and hydroxy-saclofen, potent gamma-aminobutyric acid(B) (GABA(B)) agonist or antagonists was achieved. A method for the enantioresolution of those analogs of GABA was developed using anionic cyclodextrins (highly sulfated CD or highly S-CD) as chiral selectors and capillaries dynamically coated with polyethylene oxide (PEO). With charged CDs we observed good resolutions due to the large electrophoretic mobility of these chiral selectors opposite to the mobility of the solutes. The highly S-alpha-CD and S-beta-CD were found to be complementary and the most effective complexing agent, allowing good enantiomeric resolution in short runtimes. The complete resolution was obtained using 25 mM phosphate buffer at pH 2.5 containing 3% w/v of highly S-alpha-CD or S-beta-CD at 25 degrees C with an applied field of 0.30 kV/cm. The apparent binding constants of the inclusion complexes were evaluated and the migration order was determined. A comparison was possible to investigate the importance of the anionic group of the molecules in the separations. The pK(a) values were determined for all four compounds in order to explain relative electrophoretic migration of the solutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Vaccher
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Lille, France.
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Gong XY, Kubán P, Tanyanyiwa J, Hauser PC. Separation of enantiomers in capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1082:230-4. [PMID: 16035366 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Contactless conductivity detection is successfully demonstrated for the enantiomeric separation of basic drugs and amino acids in capillary electrophoresis (CE). Derivatization of the compounds or the addition of a visualization agent as for indirect optical detection schemes were not needed. Non-charged chiral selectors were employed, hydroxypropylated cyclodextrin (CD) for the more lipophilic basic drugs and 18-crown-6-tetracarboxylic acid (18C6H4) for the amino acids. Acidic buffer solutions based on lactic or citric acid were used. The detection limits were determined as 0.3 microM for pseudoephedrine as an example of a basic drug and were in the range from 2.5 to 20 microM for the amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, 4004 Basel, Switzerland
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Vander Heyden Y, Mangelings D, Matthijs N, Perrin C. 18 Chiral separations. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(05)80062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Matthijs N, Hemelryck SV, Maftouh M, Massart DL, Vander Heyden Y. Electrophoretic separation strategy for chiral pharmaceuticals using highly-sulfated and neutral cyclodextrins based dual selector systems. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Zhou MX, Foley JP. Analytical method for the quantitation of sertraline hydrochloride stereoisomers by electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1052:13-23. [PMID: 15527116 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.08.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sertraline is a basic compound and of pharmaceutical application for antidepressant treatment. The compound has two chiral centers. Separation of the three enantiomeric impurities from the parent compound is challenging. In this study, we successfully separated all four stereoisomers by electrokinetic chromatography using highly sulfated gamma-cyclodextrin and highly sulfated alpha-cyclodextrin as the chiral selectors. The two chiral selectors provided different selectivity and therefore affected the overall separation profiles. This may be due to the size difference between the dichlorophenyl moiety end and naphthalenamine moiety end, resulting in two different types of inclusion complexes with the different cyclodextrins. For routine analysis, highly sulfated gamma-cyclodextrin was better than highly sulfated alpha-cyclodextrin. For each stereoisomeric impurity, the method using sulfated gamma-cyclodextrin provided a limit of quantitation at or lower than 0.1% of the drug substance with adequate resolution. The critical resolution at this concentration level was not less than 4.0. Experimental data suggested that an internal standard was necessary for the purpose of quantitation, and the practical linearity range for analysis of sertraline stereoisomeric impurities was of about two orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn X Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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27
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Evans CE, Stalcup AM. Comprehensive strategy for chiral separations using sulfated cyclodextrins in capillary electrophoresis. Chirality 2003; 15:709-23. [PMID: 12923809 DOI: 10.1002/chir.10285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the emerging role of sulfated cyclodextrins in the capillary electrophoretic (CE) separation of chiral analytes. Since being introduced as enantioselective agents for CE in 1995, these anionic additives have continued to demonstrate remarkable application universality. The broad spectrum of chiral compounds successfully separated using this approach includes acidic, basic, neutral, and zwitterionic species. This impressive array of analyte structures is derived from a growing diversity of compound classes including pharmaceuticals, plant extracts, biomarkers, herbicides, alkaloids, fungicides, and metal ions. Moreover, literature reports highlight the minimal optimization required to achieve a successful separation. Based on these findings, sulfated cyclodextrins appear to be well suited for the development of a more universal, comprehensive separation strategy for chiral compounds. This review explores this proposition by beginning with the structure and migration properties of sulfated cyclodextrins, using applications to highlight the separating power of this technique and ending with a pragmatic, comprehensive separation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, USA
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Brunnkvist H, Karlberg B, Granelli I. Enantiomeric separation of TAPP, H-Tyr-(D)Ala-Phe-Phe-NH(2), by capillary electrophoresis using 18-crown-6-tetracarboxylic acid as a chiral selector. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 793:343-50. [PMID: 12906909 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis method for the enantiomeric separation of the tetrapeptide H-Tyr-(D)Ala-Phe-Phe-NH(2) (TAPP), has been developed and validated. The preferred background electrolyte (BGE) consisted of 0.1 M aqueous phosphoric acid adjusted to pH 3.0 with triethanolamine. The chiral selectors 18-crown-6-tetracarboxylic acid (18C6H(4)) and heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (2,6-DM-beta-CD) were compared and the crown ether 18C6H(4) was found to be superior. The separation of TAPP and its enantiomer was accomplished within 30 min with a resolution greater than 3.5. The method was then investigated with respect to selectivity, linearity, accuracy, range, precision, detection limit (DL), quantitation limit (QL) and robustness, essentially following International Conference of Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines for the validation of analytical methods. The DL and QL for the TAPP enantiomer were found to be 0.3 and 0.8%, respectively, at the target TAPP concentration of 1 mg/ml. Robustness was tested using a full factorial design for the following four experimental variables varied at two levels: pH of the BGE, chiral selector concentration in the BGE, phosphoric acid concentration in the BGE, and temperature. The method showed good performance with respect to all of the validation parameters, and proved to be robust to changes in the experimental parameters within the tested domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Brunnkvist
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Perrin C, Fabre H, Maftouh M, Massart DL, Vander Heyden Y. Robustness testing of chiral separations by capillary electrophoresis using highly-sulfated cyclodextrins. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1007:165-77. [PMID: 12924562 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The robustness of a generic method for chiral separation in capillary electrophoresis using highly-sulfated cyclodextrins in a low pH phosphate buffer and the "short-end injection technique" was studied. In this study, we focused on the robustness of the separations and not of the quantitative analysis of the enantiomers. The robustness was evaluated for the enantiomeric separation of a basic (propranolol), a neutral (praziquantel) and an acidic (warfarin) compound. The influence of eight factors which were believed to affect significantly the separations was studied using a 11-factor, 12-experiment Plackett-design. Statistical interpretation of the factor effects on different analytical responses (selectivity and resolution) was performed. The separations of the three compounds could be considered as rather robust as the factor effects were generally not significant (alpha = 0.05) and small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Perrin
- Department Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 (VUB), Brussel, Belgium
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Guo L, Lin SJ, Yang YF, Qi L, Wang MX, Chen Y. Fast enantioseparation of arylglycine amides by capillary electrophoresis with highly sulfated-beta-cyclodextrin as a chiral selector. J Chromatogr A 2003; 998:221-8. [PMID: 12862386 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00653-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nine racemic arylglycine amides were synthesized and successfully enantioseparated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) using highly sulfated beta-cyclodextrin (HS-beta-CD) as a chiral selector. Baseline enantioseparation of the analytes was obtained around neutral pH but not in the acidic conditions that are commonly used. HS-beta-CD content, buffer pH, type and concentration, and organic modifier concentration were studied and optimized for fast and efficient separation. A chiral CE separation system composed of 1.5% (w/v) HS-beta-CD, 0 to 10% (v/v) methanol and 20 mM 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid at pH 6.5 was shown suitable for baseline enantioseparation of the mentioned amides within 6 min, including simultaneous enantioseparation of three positional isomer series (methyl-, methoxyl or chloro-substituted). By using this system, D-enantiomers migrated ahead of the L-enantiomers and the enantiomeric resolution order of arylglycine amides was more or less parallel to the pK(a), order of the analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2709, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
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Schultz CL, Moini M. Analysis of underivatized amino acids and their D/L-enantiomers by sheathless capillary electrophoresis/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2003; 75:1508-13. [PMID: 12659216 DOI: 10.1021/ac0263925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (CE/ESI-MS) was applied to the analysis of underivatized amino acids and the separation of their D/L-enantiomers. Under full-scan mode, all standard protein amino acids were separated and detected at low-femtomole levels using a 130-cm-long, 20-microm-i.d., 150-microm-o.d. underivatized fused-silica capillary with 1 M formic acid as the background electrolyte. The CE/ESI-MS technique was also applied to the separation of L-arginine from L-canavanine (a close analogue of arginine where the terminal methylene linked to the guanidine group of arginine is replaced by an oxygen atom) in a complex mixture containing all standard protein amino acids. The utility of CE/ESI-MS in the analysis of real-world samples was demonstrated by the identification of two metabolic diseases (PKU and tyrosinemia) through blood analysis with minimal sample preparation. In addition, the on-line separation of 11 underivatized L-amino acids from their D-enantiomers was achieved by using a 30 mM solution of (+)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid as the background electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey L Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Matthijs N, Perrin C, Maftouh M, Massart DL, Vander Heyden Y. Knowledge-based system for method development of chiral separations with capillary electrophoresis using highly-sulphated cyclodextrins. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 27:515-29. [PMID: 11755753 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Method development for chiral separations is not easy because it requires experience and many experimental possibilities can be chosen. In order to help the analyst, a knowledge-based system (KBS) for the rapid determination of experimental parameters, which allow a baseline separation of enantiomers, has been developed. On the basis of own laboratory knowledge, completed with literature data, rules were defined and a KBS was built. Five different techniques are considered in this KBS. This paper describes the capillary electrophoresis (CE) section, in which a strategy has been defined based on the use of highly-sulfated cyclodextrins as chiral selectors. A structured representation of the knowledge and its implementation in Toolbook software is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Matthijs
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Gübitz G, Schmid MG. Chiral separation by chromatographic and electromigration techniques. A review. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2001; 22:291-336. [PMID: 11835252 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This review gives a survey of different chiral separation principles and their use in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) highlighting new developments and innovative techniques. The mechanisms of the different separation principles are briefly discussed and some selected applications are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gübitz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens University, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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Amini A. Recent developments in chiral capillary electrophoresis and applications of this technique to pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:3107-30. [PMID: 11589272 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200109)22:15<3107::aid-elps3107>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the current status of chiral capillary electrophoresis (CE). The emphasis is placed on the application of CE in chiral separation of various racemic compounds. During the last two years about 280 papers, several review articles, and two entire issues, edited by S. Fanali (Electrophoresis 1999, 20, 2577-2798, and H. Nishi and S. Terabe (J. Chromatogr. A 2000, 879, 1-471.) have been devoted to chiral CE. Enantiomeric separations of various compounds, e.g., pharmaceuticals, drug candidates, drugs and related metabolites in biological fluids, amino acids, di- and tri peptides, pesticides and fungicides, have been performed using different chiral selectors. Native and derivatized cyclodextrins continue to be the most widely used chiral selectors. Other chiral selectors such as natural and synthetic chiral micelles, crown ethers, chiral ligands, proteins, oligo- and polysaccharides, and macrocyclic antibiotics have also been applied to chiral CE separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Amini
- Medical Product Agency, Division of Biotechnology, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Perrin C, Vander Heyden Y, Maftouh M, Massart DL. Rapid screening for chiral separations by short-end injection capillary electrophoresis using highly sulfated cyclodextrins as chiral selectors. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:3203-15. [PMID: 11589281 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200109)22:15<3203::aid-elps3203>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two series of amino acid derivatives and phenylamines were used to evaluate the potential of highly sulfated cyclodextrins (HS-CDs) for the screening for chiral separations by capillary electrophoresis (CE). HS-CDs showed to be very versatile and to exhibit very high enantioselectivity. The use of short-end injection allowed to reduce dramatically the analysis time. From the results obtained, a scheme for the rapid screening of enantiomeric molecules was developed and applied to various chiral drugs. Results are very satisfying as almost all compounds (62 out of 67) could be baseline-resolved. Usually, less than three experiments were necessary to obtain very good separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Perrin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
A class of highly sulfated cyclodextrins (HS-CDs) was developed for enantiomeric separation of chiral compounds by capillary electrophoresis (CE). The HS-CDs were produced by a facile single-step direct sulfation of cyclodextrin using sulfur trioxide-trimethylamine complex in dimethylformamide. Characterization of the HS-CDs by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and by CE using a well-established indirect detection method indicated the species have very narrow heterogeneity in terms of degree of sulfation. Elemental analysis of the HS-alpha-, beta- and gamma-CDs showed that the average sulfate contents were 11, 12, and 13 per CD molecule, respectively. The 13C NMR of HS-CDs is consistent with the structural assignment of nearly complete sulfation at C-6 primary hydroxyl groups and partial sulfation at the C-2 secondary hydroxyls (>70%), while the C-3 hydroxyls remain unsubstituted. Enantiomeric separation by CE using the HS-CDs as chiral selectors showed that HS-alpha-, beta- and gamma-CDs complement each other by exhibiting different chiral selectivities, resulting in resolution of many chiral neutral, acidic and basic compounds of greatly varying structural features. The part of HS-CD that interacts with the guest molecule during complexation and, therefore, the receiving end of the cyclodextrin hydrophobic bucket was surrounded with largely regiospecifically substituted C-2 sulfates and intact C-3 hydroxyls, both at the equatorial positions. Such global regiospecific structural arrangement in HS-CDs provides differential diasteroisomeric complexation is proposed to be the principal contributing factor in the resolving racemates.
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Affiliation(s)
- F T Chen
- Beckman Coulter, Inc., Fullerton, CA 92835, USA.
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Desmet K, Sandra P, Vízvárdi K, Hoornaert GJ, Van der Eycken E. Enantioselective packed column SFC for the separation of 2-oxatetracyclo [5.4.0.01,8.05,11] undec-9-ene derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/mcs.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
This review summarizes recent developments in the field of chiral separations by electromigration techniques including capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), isotachophoresis (ITP), electrokinetic chromatography (EKC), and capillary electrochromatography (CEC). This overview focuses on the development of new chiral selectors and the introduction of new techniques rather than applications of already established selectors and methods. The mechanisms of the different chiral separation principles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gübitz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria.
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