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Mohinudeen IAHK, Kanumuri R, Soujanya KN, Shaanker RU, Rayala SK, Srivastava S. Sustainable production of camptothecin from an Alternaria sp. isolated from Nothapodytes nimmoniana. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1478. [PMID: 33446714 PMCID: PMC7809410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Camptothecin the third most in demand alkaloid, is commercially extracted in India from the endangered plant, Nothapodytes nimmoniana. Endophytes, the microorganisms that reside within plants, are reported to have the ability to produce host-plant associated metabolites. Hence, our research aims to establish a sustainable and high camptothecin yielding endophyte, as an alternative source for commercial production of camptothecin. A total of 132 endophytic fungal strains were isolated from different plant parts (leaf, petiole, stem and bark) of N. nimmoniana, out of which 94 were found to produce camptothecin in suspension culture. Alternaria alstroemeriae (NCIM1408) and Alternaria burnsii (NCIM1409) demonstrated camptothecin yields up to 426.7 ± 33.6 µg/g DW and 403.3 ± 41.6 µg/g DW, respectively, the highest reported production to date. Unlike the reported product yield attenuation in endophytes with subculture in axenic state, Alternaria burnsii NCIM1409 could retain and sustain the production of camptothecin up to ~ 200 μg/g even after 12 continuous subculture cycles. The camptothecin biosynthesis in Alternaria burnsii NCIM1409 was confirmed using 13C carbon labelling (and cytotoxicity analysis on different cancer cell lines) and this strain can now be used to develop a sustainable bioprocess for in vitro production of camptothecin as an alternative to plant extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A H Khwajah Mohinudeen
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Rahul Kanumuri
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - K N Soujanya
- School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, 560 065, India
- JSS College for Women (Autonomous), Saraswathipuram, Mysore, 570009, India
| | - R Uma Shaanker
- School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, 560 065, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Rayala
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Smita Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
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Aswani R, Jasim B, Arun Vishnu R, Antony L, Remakanthan A, Aravindakumar CT, Radhakrishnan EK. Nanoelicitor based enhancement of camptothecin production in fungi isolated from Ophiorrhiza mungos. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3039. [PMID: 32558398 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the study, endophytic fungi isolated from Ophiorrhiza mungos were screened for camptothecin (CPT) biosynthetic potential by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among the 16 fungi screened, OmF3, OmF4, and OmF6 were identified to synthesize CPT. Further LC-MS analysis also showed the presence of CPT specific m/z of 349 for the extracts from OmF3, OmF4, and OmF6. However, the fragmentation masses with m/z of 320, 305, 277 and 220 specific to the CPT could be identified only for the OmF3 and OmF4. These CPT producing fungi were further identified as Meyerozyma sp. OmF3 and Talaromyces sp. OmF4. The cultures of these two fungi were then supplemented with nanoparticles and analyzed for the quantitative enhancement of CPT production by LC-MS/MS. From the result, Meyerozyma sp. OmF3 was found to produce 947.3 ± 12.66 μg/L CPT, when supplemented with 1 μg/mL zinc oxide nanoparticles and the same for uninduced parental strain OmF3 was only 1.77 ± 0.13 μg/L. At the same time, Talaromyces sp. OmF4 showed the highest production of 28.97 ± 0.37 μg/L of CPT when cultured with 10 μg/mL silver nanoparticles and the same for uninduced strain was 1.19 ± 0.24 μg/L. The observed quantitative enhancement of fungal CPT production is highly interesting as it is a rapid and cost effective method. The study is remarkable due to the identification of novel fungal sources for CPT production and its enhancement by nanoparticle supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Aswani
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
| | - Basheer Jasim
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
| | | | - Liya Antony
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
| | | | - Charuvila T Aravindakumar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
- Inter University Instrumentation Centre, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
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Patil DM, Akamanchi KG. Ultrasound-assisted rapid extraction and kinetic modelling of influential factors: Extraction of camptothecin from Nothapodytes nimmoniana plant. Ultrason Sonochem 2017; 37:582-591. [PMID: 28427671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of commercially important natural product camptothecin (CPT) from Nothapodytes nimmoniana plant has been investigated. The influences of process factors such as electric acoustic intensity, solid to liquid ratio, duty cycle, temperature and particle size on the maximum extraction yield and kinetic mechanisms of the entire extraction process have been investigated. The kinetics results showed that increasing the intensity, duty cycle, solid to liquid ratio and decreasing the particle size lead to substantial increase in extraction yields compared to classical stirring extraction. Different kinetic models were applied to fit the experimental data. The second order rate model appears to be the best. The extraction rate constant, initial extraction rate and the equilibrium concentration for all experimental conditions have been calculated. SEM analysis of spent plant material clearly showed hollow openings on cell structure, which could be directly correlated to explosive disruption by the action of ultrasound waves. Overall 1.7-fold increase in extraction yields of CPT (0.32% w/w) and decrease in time from 6h to 18min was observed over the stirring method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj M Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Krishnacharya G Akamanchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
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Zeng XH, Li YH, Wu SS, Hao RL, Li H, Ni H, Han HB, Li HH. New and highly efficient column chromatographic extraction and simple purification of camptothecin from Camptotheca acuminata and Nothapodytes pittosporoides. Phytochem Anal 2013; 24:623-630. [PMID: 23722924 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Camptothecin, a widely used natural anti-cancer drug, is difficult to extract and purify effectively from plants. OBJECTIVE To develop new and highly efficient extraction and purification methods for analysis and production of camptothecin from leaves and fruits of Camptotheca acuminata and Nothapodytes pittosporoides roots. METHODS Dried materials were loaded in empty columns with fivefold 60% ethanol for leaves or 70% ethanol for fruits of C. acumnata, and sixfold 70% ethanol for N. pittosporoides roots. The columns were eluted with the same solvents at room temperature. Eluent was collected as extraction solution. Extraction solution from leaves and fruits of C. acuminata was vacuum-evaporated to remove ethanol, precipitated at pH 8.0 to remove alkaline insolubles and fractionated with chloroform at pH 3.0, which yields a crude product with 70% purity. Extraction solution from N. pittosporoides roots was concentrated to 1/10 volume and precipitated at pH 3.0, which yields a crude product with 60% purity. All crude products were purified by crystallisation. All steps were monitored by HPLC. RESULTS Camptothecin was extracted from the three plant materials at a 98% rate with 15- or 18-fold solvent for content analysis, or at a 97% rate with five- or sixfold solvent for production. All crude products were purified to 98%. The overall recovery rates of camptothecin from plant materials to purified products reached 92% or higher. CONCLUSION The new procedures are simple and highly efficient, and have multiple advantages for quantitative analysis and large production of camptothecin from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Hua Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China, 510631
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Shweta S, Bindu JH, Raghu J, Suma HK, Manjunatha BL, Kumara PM, Ravikanth G, Nataraja KN, Ganeshaiah KN, Uma Shaanker R. Isolation of endophytic bacteria producing the anti-cancer alkaloid camptothecine from Miquelia dentata Bedd. (Icacinaceae). Phytomedicine 2013; 20:913-917. [PMID: 23694750 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Camptothecine (CPT), a quinoline alkaloid, is a potent inhibitor of eukaryotic topoisomerase I. Because of this activity, several semi-synthetic derivatives of CPT are in clinical use against ovarian and small lung cancers. Together with its derivatives, CPT is the third largest anti-cancer drug in the world market. CPT is produced by several plant species belonging to the Asterid clade. In the recent past, several studies have reported the production of CPT by endophytic fungal associates of some of these plant species. In this paper, we report the production of CPT by endophytic bacteria isolated from Miquelia dentata Bedd. (Icacinaceae). Besides CPT, the bacteria also produced 9-methoxy CPT (9-MeO-CPT), in culture, independent of the host tissue. The chemical nature of CPT and 9-MeO-CPT was determined by LC-MS and ESI-MS/MS analysis, and was shown to be similar to that produced by the host tissue. One of the bacterial isolates examined, showed indications of attenuation of CPT production through sub-culture. This is the first report of production of CPT by endophytic bacteria. The identity of the bacteria was ascertained by Gram staining and 16s rRNA sequencing. We discuss the possible mechanisms that might be involved in the synthesis of CPT by endophytic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shweta
- School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
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Zhu FX, Wang JJ, Song J, Ding SM, Jia XB. [Chemical constituents of Nauclea officinalis]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2013; 48:276-280. [PMID: 23672026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the chemical constituents in the water extract of the stem of Nauclea officinalis, column chromatography over D101 macroporous resin and silica gel and an automatic purification system were used to isolate and purify the chemical constituents from the extract. Nine compounds were obtained. By analysis of the physicochemical properties and spectral data, their structures were identified as naucleamide G (1), 3, 4-dimethoxyphenol-beta-D-apiofuranosyl (1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), kelampayoside A (3), 3alpha, 5alpha-tetrahydrodeoxycordifoline lactam (4), naucleamide A-10-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), pumiloside (6), 3-epi-pumiloside (7), strictosamide (8) and vincosamide (9), separately. Among them, compound 1 is a new compound, compound 2 was found in plants of the genus Nauclea for the first time, and compounds 3 and 4 were isolated from this plant for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen-Xia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
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Xie Y, Ling J, Gu J. [Study on in vitro microdialysis recovery of hydroxycamptothecine]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2012; 37:1491-1493. [PMID: 22860468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish the mothod to dectect the microdialysis recovery of HCPT and to investigate the influencing factors, thus to supply experimental basis for in-vivo microdialysis of HCPT. METHOD The in vitro recovery of HCPT was detected by concentration difference method (increment method and decrement method). The influence of flow rates, medium concentration and temperature on the HCPT recovery and the stability were studied. RESULT The recovery detected by increment method was the same as by decrement method. The recovery was independent of HCPT concentrations in the medium. The hydroxycamptothecine recovery had good stability and increased as the temperature rose. CONCLUSION Microdialysis sampling can be used for the pharmacokinetic study of HCPT. Retrodialysis can be used for the determination of the HCPT in vivo recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xie
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Xie D, Li Y, Zhao L, Ding G, Yuan S, Xu J, Zhu H, Xiao W. [Study on chemical constituents from leaves of Naudea officinalis]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2011; 36:1037-1039. [PMID: 21809580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the chemical constituents of the leaves of Naudea officinalis. METHOD The chemical constituents were separated by column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC techniques, and their structures were determined by spectral analysis. RESULT Five compounds were isolated and identified as strictosamide (1), 10-hydroxy strictosamide (2), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (3), rutin (4), pumiloside(5). CONCLUSION Among these compounds, 2, 3, 4 are isolated from the leaves of Naudea officinalis for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawen Xie
- Jiangsu Zeukov Pharmaceutical S. & T. Inc., Nanjing 210017, China
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Pi Y, Jiang K, Hou R, Gong Y, Lin J, Sun X, Tang K. Examination of camptothecin and 10-hydroxycamptothecin in Camptotheca acuminata plant and cell culture, and the affected yields under several cell culture treatments. BIOCELL 2010; 34:139-143. [PMID: 21443144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Camptothecin and its derivatives are monoterpenoid indole alkaloids exhibiting significant anti-tumor actions. With the aim of improving the production of these pharmaceuticals, the contents of camptothecin and 10-hydroxycamptothecin in different tissues including roots, stems, leaves, young flower buds, opening flowers, fading flowers and seeds from Camptotheca acuminata, were investigated. The young flower buds had the highest alkaloid concentrations (camptothecin, 2.46 mg/g of dry weight; 10-hydroxycamptothecin, 1.41 mg/g of dry weight). Callus showed lower concentrations but it should also be considered as a potential source of these pharmaceuticals. In the present study, the growth rate of Camptotheca acuminata cells in culture did not correlate with contents of camptothecin and 10-hydroxycamptothecin. Alkaloid accumulation by cells under various treatments (heavy metal ions, UV-B), methyl-jasmonate, abscisic acid, salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide was examined, and the most notable effects appeared in the cells induced by UV-B light (which showed an 11-fold increase in camptothecin concentration) and by salicylic acid (which showed a 25-fold increase in 10-hydroxycamptothecin concentration). These results are significant in the context of the production of both pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Morgan-Tan International Center for Life Sciences, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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Fan L, Fan CL, Wang Y, Zhang XQ, Zhang QW, Zhang JQ, Ye WC. [Alkaloids from the leaves of Nauclea officinalis]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2010; 45:747-751. [PMID: 20939184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To study chemical constituents of the leaves of Nauclea officinalis, eight alkaloids were isolated from 95% ethanol extract by various chromatographic methods. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data (IR, UV, ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR) and identified as naucleactonin C (1), strictosamide (2), vincosamide (3), pumiloside (4), angustoline (5), angustine (6), 18, 19-dihydroangustine (7) and naucleofficine D (8). Compound 1 is a new indole alkaloid. Compounds 6 and 7 were isolated from this plant for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Fan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Namdeo AG, Sharma A, Sathiyanarayanan L, Fulzele D, Mahadik KR. HPTLC densitometric evaluation of tissue culture extracts of Nothapodytes foetida compared to conventional extracts for camptothecin content and antimicrobial activity. Planta Med 2010; 76:474-480. [PMID: 19862669 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1186219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tissue culture technique is becoming popular because of its well-known ability to enhance the content of secondary metabolites in plants. Callus tissue cultures of Nothapodytes foetida were developed using 250 different medium compositions to optimize this procedure. Methanolic extracts of callus (MEC) and of various parts of N. foetida were comparatively analyzed for camptothecin content, and a high performance thin layer chromatography method was developed for its quantitation. Chloroform-ethylacetate-methanol (4 : 5 : 0.5 v/v) was used as the mobile phase. The method was validated for linearity, precision (interday and intraday), repeatability, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), and accuracy. The relationship between the concentration of standard solutions and the peak response was linear within the range of 80 to 480 ng/spot with a correlation coefficient of 0.998 +/- 0.020. Instrumental precision was evaluated as 0.54 (% CV). Repeatability of sample and standard were estimated to be 1.08 and 1.01 (% CV), and LOD and LOQ were found to be 40 and 80 ng/spot, respectively. The accuracy of the method was checked out by a recovery study and the average percentage recovery was calculated as being 99.13 %. The methanolic extract of callus grown in tissue culture with medium composition picloram + thidiazuron + gibberellic acid (1 : 1 : 4; MEC-PTG) showed a higher percentage of camptothecin (5.74 % w/v) than the methanolic extract of fruits (3.56 % w/w), leaves (1.56 % w/w), stem (1.19 % w/w), and root (1.11 % w/w). The results of the antimicrobial screening indicate that MEC-PTG exhibited maximum activity against all microorganisms. Among the fungi tested, MEC-PTG showed maximum activity against A. niger and C. albicans (MIC value 10 microg/mL) whereas among bacteria strains, its activity was highest against B. subtilis and S. lutea (MIC 20 microg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Gajanan Namdeo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India.
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Shweta S, Zuehlke S, Ramesha BT, Priti V, Mohana Kumar P, Ravikanth G, Spiteller M, Vasudeva R, Uma Shaanker R. Endophytic fungal strains of Fusarium solani, from Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey. ex Arn (Icacinaceae) produce camptothecin, 10-hydroxycamptothecin and 9-methoxycamptothecin. Phytochemistry 2010; 71:117-22. [PMID: 19863979 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Camptothecin and 10-hydroxycamptothecin are two important precursors for the synthesis of the clinically useful anticancer drugs, topotecan and irinotecan. In recent years, efforts have been made to identify novel plant and endophytic fungal sources of camptothecin and 10-hydroxycamptothecin. In this study we have isolated endophytic fungi strains from Apodytes dimidiata (Icacinaceae), a medium sized tree from the Western Ghats, India. The fungi were identified as Fusarium solani using both ITS rDNA sequencing and spore morphology. Two strains, MTCC 9667 and MTCC 9668 were isolated, both of which produced camptothecin and 9-methoxycamptothecin in their mycelia; one of the strains, MTCC 9668 also produced 10-hydroxycamptothecin, though in small amounts. The yields of camptothecin in MTCC 9667 and MTCC 9668 were 37 and 53 microg/100g, respectively, after 4 days of incubation in broth culture. The yields of 10-hydroxycamptothecin and 9-methoxycamptothecin in MTCC 9668 were 8.2 and 44.9 microg/100g, respectively. Further research in optimizing the culture conditions of these fungal strains might permit their application for the production of camptothecin and 10-hydroxycamptothecin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shweta
- School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore 560065, India
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Abstract
The pentacyclic quinoline alkaloid camptothecin (1) is a potent antineoplastic agent. Two of its analogues, 9-methoxycamptothecin (2) and 10-hydroxycamptothecin (3), exhibit similar potency but do not have the potential therapeutic drawbacks produced by unmodified 1. We have established methodology for the isolation and unequivocal identification and characterization of a novel endophytic fungus isolated from the inner bark of the medicinal plant Camptotheca acuminata, which produced 1-3 in rich mycological medium (Sabouraud dextrose broth), under shake-flask fermentation conditions. The fungus was identified by its morphology and authenticated by ITS analysis (ITS1 and ITS2 regions and the intervening 5.8S rDNA region). Camptothecin (1) and its analogues were identified by 1H NMR spectroscopy and LC-HRMS and confirmed by comparison with authentic standards. The production pattern of the metabolites over seven successive subculture generations of this endophyte was studied. A sharp attenuation in the production of 1 and 2 was observed from the first- through to the seventh-generation subculture. Therefore, these results offer a caution as to the possibility of using endophytic fungi as alternate sources of plant secondary metabolite production. Further studies have been initiated on the analysis of the upstream metabolic intermediates to understand the steps at which the production of the metabolites in question is constrained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Kusari
- Institut für Umweltforschung (INFU), Technische UniVersität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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Shi WG, Zu YG, Yang L, Zhao CJ, Li JH. [Isolation and purification of 10-hydroxycamptothecin and vincoside-lactam from Camptotheca acuminata seed by polyamide]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2008; 33:2486-2489. [PMID: 19149254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the technological parameters of the isolation and purification of 10-hydroxycamptothecin and vincoside-lactam from Camptotheca acuminata seed by polyamide. The static arid dynamic adsorption characteristics of 10-hydroxycamptothecin and vincoside-lactam on polyamide were studied, and the contents were determined by HPLC. The optimum parameters for adsorption were as follows: the contents of 10-hydroxycamptothecin and vincoside-lactam in the extracts were 0.189 g x L(-1) and 0.334 g x L(-1), respectively, pH 6, flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1), processing volume was 3 BV; for desorption: ethanol-water (60:40), flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1), 5 BV as an eluent. After treated with polyamide, the contents of 10-hydroxycamptothecin and vincoside-lactam were 17.52% and 32.87%, respectively, the recovery yields were 66.05% and 75.86%, respectively. Results showed that polyamide revealed a good ability to separate 10-hydroxycamptothecin and vincoside-lactam. Therefore, we concluded that results in this study may provide scientific references for the large-scale production of 10-hydroxycamptothecin and vincoside-lactam extracted from C. acuminata seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Guo Shi
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Medical, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Xuan WD, Bian J, Chen HS. [Studies on the separation and purificaton of pumiloside from Nauclea officinalis by macroreticular resin]. Zhong Yao Cai 2007; 30:1301-1304. [PMID: 18300508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the technological parameters and the process for separation and purification of pumiloside (PML) from Nauclea officinalis Pierrc ex Pitard by macroreticular resin. METHODS PML was extracted by hot water, and the content of PML was determinated by HPLC method. The static capacity absorption, static elution ratios of five types of resin were studied respectively, and were compared to evaluate their absorption and desorption effect to PML. And then the absorption capacity, elution solution and elution volume of the AB-8 resin were researched to set up the optimum separation process for PML. Finally, PML was recrysallized from MeOH and identified by spectra analysis. RESULTS The AB-8 resin had the best absorptive and separative properties to PML. The dynamic absorption ratio was 2.44 mg/g. The applicable process was as follows: the water extracted solution of Nauclea officinalis flow through the resin column repeatedly, after being eluted with 6BV of distilled water, the resin column was eluted with 4BV 30% ethanol, the 30% ethanol fraction was combined and the solvent was recovered in vacuum. The precipitation was filtered and recrysallized from MeOH to give pure PML. The yield of PML was 75.1%, and the product purity was up to 99.5%. CONCLUSION AB-8 resin shows better comprehensive absorption property. It can be used for separation and purification of PML from Nauclea officinalis successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-dong Xuan
- Center of Pharmaceutics, 411th Hospital of PLA, Shanghai 200434, China
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16
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Puri SC, Amna T, Khajuria A, Gupta A, Arora R, Spiteller M, Qazi GN. Immunomodulatory activity of an extract of the novel fungal endophyte Entrophospora infrequens isolated from Nothapodytes foetida (Wight) Sleumer. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2007; 54:237-60. [PMID: 17896474 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.54.2007.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel camptothecin-producing endophytic fungus viz., Entrophospora infrequens was isolated from an important Indian medicinal plant Nothapodytes foetida. The present study reports evaluation ofbioactivities of two novel extracts viz., chloroform (CEEI) and methanolic (MEEI) extracts of Entrophospora infrequens with respect to their immunomodulatory potential in vitro and in vivo (in Balb/c mice). The endophyte E. infrequens was found to synthesize camptothecin, which tested positive in CEEI. The immunomodulatory potential of CEEI and MEEI was compared with standard camptothecin (CPT). Doses of the chloroform extract (CEEI) ranging from 12.5-100 mg/kg body weight, significantly (p < 0.05) stimulated the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in a dose-dependent manner. MEEI on the other hand significantly (p < 0.05) stimulated the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction (by nearly 80%), plaque forming cell (PFC) assay (33%), phagocytic response (38%) and haemagglutination antibody (HA) titre [IgM by 79.07% and IgG by 62.05%] at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg body weight. The present study is the first report of the immunomodulatory potential of this neoteric camptothecin-producing endophyte from Nothapodytes foetida.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Puri
- Division of Natural Products Chemistry, Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.
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17
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Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT) and its derivatives have been received considerable attention recently. Two semi-synthetic derivatives, topotecan and irinotecan, are currently prescribed as anticancer drugs. Several more are now in clinical trial. CPT is produced in many plants belonging to unrelated orders of angiosperms. At present, CPT supplied for pharmaceutical use is extracted from the plants, Camptotheca acuminata and Nothapodytes foetida. Several efforts have been made to sustain a stable production of CPT by in vitro cell cultures of C. acuminata, N. foetida and Ophiorrhiza pumila. Recent report showed that plants are not the only sources that produce CPT. CPT was reported to be produced from the endophytic fungus isolated from the inner bark of N. foetida. The hairy root cultures of C. acuminata and O. pumila produce and secrete CPT into the medium in large quantities. These reports suggest the possibility to develop large-scale production of CPT. In addition, recent advance in the cloning and characterization of biosynthetic enzymes involved in CPT biosynthetic pathway provides valuable information for developing genetically engineered CPT-producing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaart Sirikantaramas
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
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18
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Goossens JF, Mahieu C, Dias N, Bailly C, Principe P, Bonte JP, Lansiaux A, Vaccher C, Foulon C. Chiral capillary electrophoretic determination of the enantiomeric purity of homocamptothecin derivatives, promising antitumor topoisomerase I inhibitors, using highly sulfated CDs and fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:4717-29. [PMID: 17091464 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
EKC methods for the enantiomeric resolution of homocamptothecin derivatives, potent anticancer agents targeting DNA topoisomerase I selected for clinical trials, were developed using highly sulfated beta-CD as chiral selectors at acidic pH. Optimal electrophoretic conditions, with migration times under 15 min, were as follows: for the neutral homocamptothecin analog 1, a BGE of 75 mM phosphate buffer pH 2.5 (H(3)PO(4) + triethanolamine)/ACN - 95/5 v/v, with 7.5% w/v highly S-beta-CD, an applied field of 0.2 kV/cm and a fused capillary temperature control of 30 +/- 0.1 degrees C (typical current approximately 175 microA); for the cationic homocamptothecin 2, a BGE of 25 mM phosphate buffer pH 2.5 (H(3)PO(4) + TEA)/ACN - 90/10 v/v, with 2.5% w/v highly S-beta-CD, an applied field of 0.15 kV/cm and a fused capillary temperature control of 25 +/- 0.1 degrees C (typical current approximately 45 muA), and both are validated. The best results in terms of LOQ were obtained by EC with fluorescence detection: 10 ng/mL and 20 ng/mL for 1 and 2, respectively (LOQ divided by 150 for 1 and 5 for 2 with respect to UV), thus making this method particularly convenient for enantiomeric purity determination of galenic forms. UV detection appears to be an alternative to fluorescence for the analysis of the main component either for the control of galenic forms or for therapeutic adaptation. Moreover, this method exhibits better performances than HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Goossens
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Lille 2, Lille, France.
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19
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Amna T, Puri SC, Verma V, Sharma JP, Khajuria RK, Musarrat J, Spiteller M, Qazi GN. Bioreactor studies on the endophytic fungus Entrophospora infrequens for the production of an anticancer alkaloid camptothecin. Can J Microbiol 2006; 52:189-96. [PMID: 16604115 DOI: 10.1139/w05-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Twigs (young and old) from Nothapodytes foetida growing in the Jammu and Mahabaleshwar regions in India were used for the isolation of 52 strains of endophytic fungi and were tested for their ability to produce the anticancer alkaloid camptothecin. One of the isolates from the inner bark tissue of the N. foetida plant growing in the Jammu region of J&K state, India, was found to produce detectable quantities of camptothecin and its derivatives when grown in a semi-synthetic liquid medium. Camptothecin was identified by physicochemical analysis and further confirmed by spectroscopic studies. No camptothecin was detected in zero time cultures or in uninoculated culture broth. The maximum yield of camptothecin was 0.575 ± 0.031 mg/100 g of dry cell mass in 96 h in shake flasks, whereas 4.96 ± 0.73 mg/100 g of dry mass was recorded in 48 h in a bioreactor.Key words: endophytes, camptothecin, anticancer drug, Nothapodytes foetida, Entrophospora infrequens, bioreactor, scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Touseef Amna
- Regional Research Laboratory, (CSIR), Jammu, India
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20
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Abstract
A fungal endophytic isolate, camptothecin, has been isolated from the inner bark of the plant Nothapodytes foetidafrom the Western coast of India. The fungus, which belongs to the family Phycomycetes, produced the anticancer drug lead compound camptothecin (1) when grown in a synthetic liquid medium (Sabouraud broth) under shake flask and bench scale fermentation conditions. Compound 1 was identified by means of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. It was also compared with an authentic example for its biological activity against a number of human cancer cell lines. Isolation of an organism producing 1 and its fermentation may, in the future, provide an easily accessible source for the production of this anticancer drug precursor molecule.
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21
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Puri SC, Handa G, Bhat BA, Gupta VK, Amna T, Verma N, Anand R, Dhar KL, Qazi GN. Separation of 9-Methoxycamptothecin and Camptothecin from Nothapodytes foetida by Semipreparative HPLC. J Chromatogr Sci 2005; 43:348-50. [PMID: 16176645 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/43.7.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The present work describes the isolation of camptothecin and 9-methoxycamptothecin from the aerial parts of Nothapodytes foetida by semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography because the separation of compounds by conventional procedures is tedious and cumbersome. The purity of the isolates is determined by physicochemical data and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Puri
- Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Jammu-180 001, India
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22
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Oguma T, Cicci D, Gaudette F, Gauthier-Dubois G, Guilbaud R, Atsumi R. Validation study of a method for assaying DE-310, a macromolecular carrier conjugate containing an anti-tumor camptothecin derivative, and the free drug in human plasma by HPLC and LC/MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 818:249-56. [PMID: 15734166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DE-310 is a macromolecular carrier conjugate containing an anti-tumor camptothecin derivative, DX-8951, conjugated to a water-soluble polymer by means of a peptide spacer. New assay methods have been developed to determine the polymer-bonded DX-8951 conjugate, free DX-8951, and Glycyl-DX-8951 in human plasma. Solid-phase extraction was used to extract free DX-8951 and Glycyl-DX-8951 from plasma, and LC/MS/MS (Method I) was used to determine the amount of each analyte. Protein precipitation was used to extract Conjugated DX-8951, which was then digested with thermolysin. HPLC (Method II) was used to determine the productive compound (Phenylalanyl-Glycyl-DX-8951). The lower limit of quantitation of DX-8951 was 50 pg/ml, of Glycyl-DX-8951 was 80 pg/ml, and of Conjugated DX-8951 was 100 ng/ml (as DX-8951 equivalent). Both methods showed satisfactory sensitivity, precision, and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Oguma
- Drug Metabolism and Physicochemical Property Research Laboratory, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan.
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23
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Abstract
An organic extract prepared from Rinorea anguifera was investigated in order to identify the natural principle(s) responsible for stabilization of a topoisomerase I-DNA covalent binary complex. Bioassay-guided fractionation resulted in the isolation of mauritianin and (+)-syringaresinol as new topoisomerase I inhibitors, and also of the known inhibitor camptothecin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA
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24
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Li S, Zhang Z, Cain A, Wang B, Long M, Taylor J. Antifungal activity of camptothecin, trifolin, and hyperoside isolated from Camptotheca acuminata. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53:32-37. [PMID: 15631505 DOI: 10.1021/jf0484780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Leaf spots and root rots are major fungal diseases in Camptotheca acuminata that limit cultivation of the plant for camptothecin (CPT), a promising anticancer and antiviral alkaloid. Bioassays showed that pure CPT and flavonoids (trifolin and hyperoside) isolated from Camptotheca effectively control fungal pathogens in vitro, including Alternaria alternata, Epicoccum nigrum, Pestalotia guepinii, Drechslera sp., and Fusarium avenaceum, although antifungal activity of these compounds in the plant is limited. CPT inhibited mycelial growth by approximately 50% (EC50) at 10-30 microg/mL and fully inhibited growth at 75-125 microg/mL. The flavonoids were less effective than CPT at 50 microg/mL, particularly within 20 days after treatment, but more effective at 100 or 150 microg/mL. CPT, trifolin, and hyperoside may serve as leads for the development of fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyou Li
- Center for Medicinal Plant Research of the Arthur Temple College of Forestry, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas 75962, USA.
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25
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Oguma T, Morikawa H, Iwasaki D, Atsumi R. Validation study of a method for assaying DE-310, a macromolecular carrier conjugate containing an anti-tumor camptothecin derivative, and the free drug in tumor tissue by high performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2005; 19:19-26. [PMID: 15484225 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
DE-310 is a macromolecular carrier conjugate containing an anti-tumor camptothecin derivative, DX-8951, which is conjugated to a water-soluble polymer via a peptide spacer. Assay methods have been developed for the determination of a polymer-bonded DX-8951 conjugate, DX-8951, and Glycyl-DX-8951 concentrations in murine Meth A tumor tissue. Free DX-8951 and Glycyl-DX-8951 were extracted from tumor tissue homogenates by protein precipitation and analyzed by LC/MS/MS (method I). Conjugated DX-8951 was isolated by solid-phase extraction after digestion with a thermolysin. The productive phenylalanyl-glycyl-DX-8951 was analyzed by LC/MS/MS (method II). The lower limits of quantitation of DX-8951, Glycyl-DX-8951, and conjugated DX-8951 were 1.36, 1.34 and 73.7 ng/g (as DX-8951 equivalent). These two methods showed satisfactory sensitivity, precision and accuracy. To study the pharmacokinetics of DE-310, it would be of great help to assay the polymer-bonded DX-8951 and its released drugs in tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Oguma
- Drug Metabolism and Physicochemical Property Research Laboratory, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan.
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26
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Abstract
Extraction methods using stirring extraction, Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic extraction and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were evaluated for the percentage extraction of camptothecin (CPT) and 9-methoxycamptothecin (9-Me-CPT) from Nothapodytes foetida. The extracts were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Methanol (90%, v/v) extracted high percentage extraction of CPT and 9-Me-CPT compared to ethanol (90%, v/v). The results shows that the percentage extraction of CPT and 9-Me-CPT from N. foetida by MAE was more efficient in short time followed by Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic and stirring extraction methods. Maximum percentage extraction of CPT (2.67%, w/w) was obtained by MAE technique. MAE has need of 3 min, whereas ultrasonic extraction, Soxhlet extraction and stirring extraction techniques require 30, 120 and 30 min, respectively to leach higher percentage extraction of CPT and 9-Me-CPT. The times taken by the microwave extraction process was 40 times less than the Soxhlet extraction for percentage extraction of alkaloids. The present results show that the extraction efficiency and considerable saving of time by MAE was more competent than the other extraction techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devanand P Fulzele
- Plant Biotechnology and Secondary Products Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India.
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27
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Pan XW, Xu HH, Liu X, Gao X, Lu YT. Improvement of growth and camptothecin yield by altering nitrogen source supply in cell suspension cultures of Camptotheca acuminata. Biotechnol Lett 2004; 26:1745-8. [PMID: 15604829 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-004-4580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitrate at 70 mM gave the highest biomass of Camptotheca acuminata in suspension culture in MS medium, but a NH4+/NO3- molar ratio of 5:1 (giving a total of 40 mM N) gave the maximum camptothecin yield. A two-stage flask culture system was established to improve culture efficiency; cell dry weight, camptothecin content and yield was increased by 30%, 280% and 340%, respectively when compared with those of control, reaching up to 36 g l(-1), 0.36 mg g(-1), and 12.8 mg l(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Wu Pan
- Key Lab of MOE for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, P.R. China
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28
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Sano K, Yoshikawa M, Hayasaka S, Satake K, Ikegami Y, Yoshida H, Ishikawa T, Sawada S, Tanabe S. Simple non-ion-paired high-performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous quantitation of carboxylate and lactone forms of 14 new camptothecin derivatives. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 795:25-34. [PMID: 12957166 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
SN-38 (7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin) is an active metabolite derived from the semi-synthetic compound camptothecin (CPT) named Irinotecan (CPT-11). The antitumor activity of SN-38 is 1000-fold more potent than the parent CPT-11. Fourteen new derivatives of camptothecin have recently been developed by Yakult Honsha (Tokyo, Japan). Here we describe a simple and cost-effective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method without an ion-pairing agent, which allows the simultaneous determination of both lactone and carboxylate forms of SN-38 and other camptothecin derivatives. A weak linear relationship between the HPLC retention factors (ln k') and the cellular concentrations of these compounds was observed. These results suggest that low-polarity compounds easily accumulate in cancer cells and may circumvent drug resistance. The HPLC analysis herein described is expected to greatly assist in derivative synthesis and chemical modification of camptothecin-based antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Sano
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 204-8588 Tokyo, Japan.
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Mendichi R, Rizzo V, Gigli M, Schieroni AG. Fractionation and characterization of a conjugate between a polymeric drug-carrier and the antitumor drug camptothecin. Bioconjug Chem 2002; 13:1253-8. [PMID: 12440860 DOI: 10.1021/bc025522d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A conjugate between the antitumor drug camptothecin and the polymeric drug-carrier poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] was synthesized and fractionated. The conjugate samples, both fractionated and unfractionated, were characterized with a multi-detector SEC system using three on-line detectors: a multi-angle light scattering photometer, a viscometer, and a refractometer. The used mobile phase (DMF + 0.01 M LiBr + 0.05 M CH(3)COOH) derives from previous experience with similar conjugates. Narrow molar mass distribution fractions of the conjugate obtained by means of a semipreparative LC system were used to derive the coefficients of the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada relationship and to check the universal calibration of the SEC system. This study has demonstrated that the conjugate elutes according to the hydrodynamic volume. Thus, a conventional SEC method that uses only an on-line refractometer detector, commercially available narrow standards, and the universal calibration is adequate for the characterization of the molar mass distribution. Also the size and the conformation of the conjugate were studied by means of the gyration radius-molar mass power law.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mendichi
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (CNR), Via E. Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Loos WJ, Verweij J, Kehrer DFS, de Bruijn P, de Groot FMH, Hamilton M, Nooter K, Stoter G, Sparreboom A. Structural identification and biological activity of 7-methyl-10,11-ethylenedioxy-20(S)-camptothecin, a photodegradant of lurtotecan. Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8:856-62. [PMID: 11895919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
An additional chromatographic peak was observed in plasma samples of patients receiving NX 211, a liposomal formulation of the topoisomerase I inhibitor lurtotecan. We have isolated and purified this product by sequential solid-phase extractions, and we report its structure and cytotoxicity relative to lurtotecan and related agents. Nuclear magnetic resonance data indicate that cleavage of the piperazino moiety occurred at the N-C bond of the B-ring, yielding 7-methyl-10,11-ethylenedioxy-20(S)-camptothecin (MEC). Tests of the growth inhibition potential of MEC in seven human tumor cell lines showed that the compound was approximately 2-18-fold more cytotoxic than lurtotecan, topotecan, and 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-20(S)-camptothecin (SN-38). Subsequently, we found that MEC was the product of rapid photolysis of lurtotecan, with the rate of degradation inversely proportional to NX 211 concentrations, and greatly depends on light intensity. Furthermore, MEC concentrations were found to increase significantly in plasma samples exposed to laboratory light but not in blood. MEC was not produced from NX 211 in the presence of human liver microsomes, suggesting that it is not a product of cytochrome P-450 metabolism. Using a validated analytical method, trace levels of MEC were quantitated in blood samples of two patients. These observations confirm that the precautions for protection from light currently specified for preparation and administration of NX 211 dose solutions are critical. Procedures to minimize formation of MEC, by the use of amber vials for NX 211 and by preparation of dilutions immediately before clinical use in a fashion completely protected from light, are now being routinely implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Loos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Rotterdam Cancer Institute (Daniel den Hoed Kliniek) and University Hospital Rotterdam, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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31
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Abstract
This paper reviews working procedures for the analytical determination of camptothecin and analogues. We give an overview of aspects such as the chemistry, structure-activity relationships, stability and mechanism of action of these antitumor compounds. The main body of the review describes separation techniques. Sample treatment and factors influencing high-performance liquid chromatography development are delineated. Published high-performance liquid chromatographic methods are summarized to demonstrate the variability and versatility of separation techniques and a critical evaluation of separation efficiency, detection sensitivity and specificity of these methods is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zufía
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospital of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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32
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Abstract
A micro-assay has been developed to extract and rapidly quantify the anticancer alkaloid, camptothecin (CPT), from two leaf disks of Camptotheca acuminata Decaisne (Nyssaceae). This assay utilizes thin-layer chromatography in conjunction with fluorescence imaging to obtain reproducible measurements in the nanogram range. A large number of trees can be screened using this procedure to identify high producers of CPT in a relatively short period of time.
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Abstract
Callus cultures were initiated from stem parts of Nothapodytes foetida on Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with different growth regulators. Suspension cultures were established and the cell biomass was higher in the presence of NAA in comparison with 2,4-D. Culture medium supplemented with NAA (10.74 microM) and BA (2.22 microM) attained 31.3 g/l DW during 20 days of cultivation in shake flasks. In the presence of NAA, maximum concentrations of camptothecin (0.035 mg/ml) and 9-methoxycamptothecin (0.026 mg/ml) were found in the medium. Alkaloid production was reduced in presence of 2,4-D in the culture medium. Cells contained trace amount of alkaloids. Alkaloids were detected and identified by means of TLC and HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Fulzele
- Plant Biotechnology and Secondary Products Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India.
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34
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Bailly C, Laine W, Baldeyrou B, Demarquay D, Huchet M, Coulomb H, Lanco C, Lavergne O, Bigg DC. A novel B-ring modified homocamptothecin, 12-Cl-hCPT, showing antiproliferative and topoisomerase I inhibitory activities superior to SN-38. Anticancer Drug Des 2001; 16:27-36. [PMID: 11762642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a novel homocamptothecin (hCPT) derivative, 12-Cl-hCPT, which contains a seven-membered beta-hydroxylactone in place of the conventional six-membered alpha-hydroxylactone found in camptothecin (CPT) and bears a chloro substituent at position 12. The capacity of 12-Cl-hCPT to inhibit DNA topoisomerase I was compared with that of SN-38, the active metabolite of the clinically used antitumour prodrug CPT-11. In the DNA relaxation assay, 12-Cl-hCPT proved to be slightly more potent than SN-38 at stimulating the formation of nicked plasmid DNA molecules. A series of radiolabelled DNA restriction fragments were employed to identify and compare the position of the DNA cleavage sites induced by topoisomerase I in the presence of 12-Cl-hCPT and SN-38. These sequencing studies confirm that both 12-Cl-hCPT and SN-38 strongly promote DNA cleavage by topoisomerase I and reveal that the majority of the cleavage sites are located at the same nucleotide positions for the two drugs. However, a certain number of DNA cleavage sites were found to be specific to 12-Cl-hCPT. These sites, previously characterized with unsubstituted hCPT, generally correspond to 5'-CG sites whereas the sites common to the 12-Cl-hCPT and SN-38 essentially correspond to 5'-TG sites. We also quantified the formation of drug-induced protein-DNA complexes formed in HT29 human colon carcinoma cells. Trapping of endogenous proteins onto DNA was found to be much more efficient with 12-Cl-hCPT than with SN-38. These data provide a molecular basis to account for the enhanced antiproliferative activity of 12-Cl-hCPT compared with that of SN-38. Biological evaluation on a panel of sensitive and drug-resistant cell lines revealed 12-Cl-hCPT to be more cytotoxic to tumour cells than SN-38. 12-Cl-hCPT proved 14- and 23-fold more active than SN-38 toward the K562adr and T24anp multidrug-resistant cell lines, respectively. The marked topoisomerase I inhibitory properties of 12-Cl-hCPT coupled with its interesting antiproliferative activity, in particular against cancer cells presenting multidrug resistance phenotype with overexpression of P-glycoprotein, makes 12-Cl-hCPT a valid candidate for subsequent preclinical evaluation. Collectively, the data strengthen homocamptothecin as an extremely promising template to generate novel and potent antitumour agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bailly
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Antitumorale du Centre Oscar Lambret, et INSERM U-524, IRCL, Lille, France.
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Zhou BN, Hoch JM, Johnson RK, Mattern MR, Eng WK, Ma J, Hecht SM, Newman DJ, Kingston DG. Use of COMPARE analysis to discover new natural product drugs: isolation of camptothecin and 9-methoxycamptothecin from a new source. J Nat Prod 2000; 63:1273-1276. [PMID: 11000035 DOI: 10.1021/np000058r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of cytotoxicity data of extracts from the National Cancer Institute's Active Repository by the COMPARE protocol was carried out using camptothecin as a reference point. Extracts identified by this process were further characterized by a selective yeast bioassay for inhibitors of topoisomerase I and by a biochemical assay for compounds that stabilize the topoisomerase I-DNA covalent binary complex. Five of the extracts were positive in the yeast bioassay, and eight extracts showed activity on the assay that monitors stabilization of the topoisomerase I-DNA complex. Four of the latter extracts were inactive in the yeast bioassay, and thus would not have been identified as hits without the COMPARE preselection process. One of the extracts, from Pyrenacantha klaineana, was selected for detailed investigation, and fractionation of this extract yielded camptothecin and 9-methoxycamptothecin as the bioactive constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, USA
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Dai JR, Hallock YF, Cardellina II JH, Boyd MR. 20-O-beta-glucopyranosyl camptothecin from mostuea brunonis: A potential camptothecin pro-drug with improved solubility. J Nat Prod 1999; 62:1427-1429. [PMID: 10543908 DOI: 10.1021/np990100m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation of the organic extracts of whole plants of Mostuea brunonis (Loganiaceae), using the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) human tumor-based in vitro antitumor screen, led to the isolation and identification of camptothecin 20-O-beta-D-glucoside (1) and three moderately cytotoxic alkaloids, the known deoxypumiloside (2) and strictosamide (3), and the new 2'-O-acetylstrictosamide (4), from the cytotoxic alkaloid fractions. While the previously unknown 20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl camptothecin exhibited greater solubility in alcohol, DMSO-H(2)O and H(2)O than camptothecin, it was essentially inactive in the NCI's in vitro 60-cell line primary antitumor screen. However, it could be vulnerable to de-glucosidation in vivo, and may, therefore, merit additional evaluation as a potential prodrug of camptothecin that could be more readily formulated than the parent agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Dai
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research & Development Center, Building 1052, Room 121 Frederick, MD
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Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT) is a pentacyclic alkaloid isolated from wood and bark of Camptotheca acuminata. Initially it was found to be highly active in a number of mouse in vivo cancer assays. Subsequently, CPT was found to uniquely inhibit an enzyme, topoisomerase I, which is involved in DNA replication. A number of CPT analogs are in advanced clinical trial, and two, Topotecan and CPT-11, have been approved for marketing by the FDA. taxol, a taxane alkaloid, was isolated from Taxus brevifolia. Taxol is a highly cytotoxic compound active in several mouse antitumor assays. It was subsequently found to uniquely inhibit tubulin, a protein involved in mitosis. After clinical evaluation, it has become the drug of choice for treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Wall
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
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Vincent RM, López-Meyer M, McKnight TD, Nessler CL. Sustained harvest of camptothecin from the leaves of Camptotheca acuminata. J Nat Prod 1997; 60:618-619. [PMID: 9214735 DOI: 10.1021/np9700228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Over a 12-week period, new growth was collected at different intervals from Camptotheca acuminata trees to determine whether a leaf harvest strategy would be an efficient means for the production of the alkaloid camptothecin. Because camptothecin accumulates in young leaves and because the harvesting of young tissue stimulates axillary bud outgrowth, this strategy increased the harvestable amount of camptothecin from trees in a nondestructive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Vincent
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA
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Rosing H, Herben VM, van Gortel-van Zomeren DM, Hop E, Kettenes-van den Bosch JJ, ten Bokkel Huinink WW, Beijnen JH. Isolation and structural confirmation of N-desmethyl topotecan, a metabolite of topotecan. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1997; 39:498-504. [PMID: 9118461 DOI: 10.1007/s002800050605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of topotecan and total levels of topotecan (lactone plus its ring-opened hydroxycarboxylate form) was developed by the authors and used in several pharmacokinetics studies. During the analysis of plasma and urine samples collected in those studies, an additional peak eluting just after topotecan was observed. Approximately 100 ng of this potential metabolite was isolated from human urine using a solid-phase extraction procedure and purification by HPLC. Analysis of the isolated material by HPLC showed it to be approximately 95% pure. Mass spectrometry data along with the HPLC retention data and fluorescence data (in comparison with synthetic reference standard) are consistent with the metabolite's being N-desmethyl topotecan. The maximal concentrations of metabolite detected in human plasma and urine were relatively low. When topotecan was given as a 30-min infusion at 1.0 mg/m2 daily for 5 days every 3 weeks, the maximal plasma metabolite concentration (lactone plus the ring-opened hydroxycarboxylate form) was about 0.7% (n = 4) of the maximal total topotecan concentration. The average amount of metabolite excreted in urine during the treatment was 1-4% (n = 20) of the delivered dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rosing
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Wall
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, USA
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Rivory LP, Riou JF, Haaz MC, Sable S, Vuilhorgne M, Commerçon A, Pond SM, Robert J. Identification and properties of a major plasma metabolite of irinotecan (CPT-11) isolated from the plasma of patients. Cancer Res 1996; 56:3689-94. [PMID: 8706009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Irinotecan [7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino]carbonyloxycamptothecin (CPT-11)] is a promising water-soluble analogue of camptothecin [S. Sawada et al., Chem. & Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 39: 1446-1454, 1991]. We have reported previously the presence of an important polar metabolite, in addition to 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) beta-glucuronide, in samples of plasma taken from patients undergoing treatment with CPT-11 (L.P. Rivory and J. Robert, Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 36: 176-179, 1995; L. P. Rivory and J. Robert, J. Cromatogr., 661: 133-141, 1994). Plasma samples (0.5 ml) containing comparatively large amounts of this metabolite were extracted by solid-phase columns and subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry in parallel to fluorometric detection. The metabolite yielded [M + 1] ions with a m/z of 619, representing the addition of 32 atomic mass units to CPT-11. Purified fractions were subjected to proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and the structure determined, 7-ethyl-10-[4-N-(5-aminopentanoic acid)-1-piperidino]carbonyloxycampothecin (APC), was further validated following synthesis. Like CPT-11, APC was found to be only a weak inhibitor of the cell growth of KB cells in culture (IC50, 2.1 versus 5.5 micrograms/ml for CPT-11 and 0.01 microgram/ml for SN-38, the active metabolite of CPT-11) and was a poor inducer of topoisomerase I DNA-cleavable complexes (100-fold less potent than SN-38). In contrast to CPT-11, APC was not hydrolyzed to SN-38 by human liver microsomes or purified human liver carboxylesterase. Furthermore, APC did not inhibit the hydrolysis of CPT-11 in these preparations. Interestingly, APC was only a weak inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase in comparison to CPT-11 and neostigmine. It appears likely, therefore, that APC does not contribute directly to the activity and toxicity profile of CPT-11 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Rivory
- University of Queensland, Department of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia
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Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT) and taxol are secondary metabolites found in the stembark of Camptotheca acuminata, a native of China, and Taxus brevifolia, found in the northwest Pacific coastal region of the USA, respectively. The compounds were isolated through bioassay-guided fractionation of various extracts and through chromatographic fractions. Their unique and hitherto unknown structures were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry and X-ray analysis. Both compounds have unique mechanisms of antitumor activity; CPT uniquely inhibits an enzyme, topoisomerase I, involved in DNA replication, while taxol binds to a protein, tubulin, thus inhibiting cell division. Taxol has been called the best new anticancer agent developed from natural products, showing particular efficacy against ovarian cancer. CPT and analogs singly or combined with cisplatinum show efficacy against solid tumors, breast, lung, and colorectal, which hitherto have been unaffected by most cancer chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Wall
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
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Abstract
A new naturally occurring alkaloid, acetylcamptothecin, together with 17 known compounds, (+)-1-hydroxypinoresinol, omega-hydroxypropioguaiacone, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, scopoletin, uracil, thymine, sitosterol, sitosteryl-beta-D-glucoside, 3 beta-hydroxy-stigmast-5-en-7-one, stigmast-5-en-3 beta,7 alpha-diol, 6 beta-hydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one, sitost-4-en-3-one, linoleic acid, trigonelline, camptothecin, 9-O-methoxycamptothecin and pumiloside were isolated and characterized from the stem of Nothapodytes foetida. Among them, scopoletin, camptothecin, 9-O-methoxycamptothecin and O-acetylcamptothecin showed significant cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Lin LZ, Zhang JS, Shen JH, Zhou T, Zhang WY. [A new alkaloid--18-hydroxycamptothecin]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 1988; 23:186-8. [PMID: 3421106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Wall ME, Wani MC, Natschke SM, Nicholas AW. Plant antitumor agents. 22. Isolation of 11-hydroxycamptothecin from Camptotheca acuminata Decne: total synthesis and biological activity. J Med Chem 1986; 29:1553-5. [PMID: 3735324 DOI: 10.1021/jm00158a044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The antitumor alkaloid 11-hydroxy-(20S)-camptothecin was isolated from the woody tissue of Camptotheca acuminata. Structural proof derived from comparison with racemic 4 prepared by total synthesis. Antitumor activity of racemic 4 in L1210 leukemia in mice was considerably greater than that of natural (20S)-camptothecin and its sodium salt. There was also no toxic effect observed even at relatively high doses.
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Tafur S, Nelson JD, DeLong DC, Svoboda GH. Antiviral components of Ophiorrhiza mungos. Isolation of camptothecin and 10-methoxycamptothecin. Lloydia 1976; 39:261-2. [PMID: 957920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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