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Leu T, Denda J, Wrobeln A, Fandrey J. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2alpha Affects the MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway via Primary Cilia in Connection with the Intraflagellar Transport Protein 88 Homolog. Mol Cell Biol 2023; 43:174-183. [PMID: 37074220 PMCID: PMC10153011 DOI: 10.1080/10985549.2023.2198931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to communicate with their surrounding is a prerequisite for essential processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and differentiation. To this purpose, primary cilia serve as antennae-like structures on the surface of most mammalian cell types. Cilia allow signaling via hedgehog, Wnt or TGF-beta pathways. Their length, in part controlled by the activity of intraflagellar transport (IFT), is a parameter for adequate function of primary cilia. Here we show, in murine neuronal cells, that intraflagellar transport protein 88 homolog (IFT88) directly interacts with the hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α), hitherto known as an oxygen-regulated transcription factor. Furthermore, HIF-2α accumulates in the ciliary axoneme and promotes ciliary elongation under hypoxia. Loss of HIF-2α affected ciliary signaling in neuronal cells by decreasing transcription of Mek1/2 and Erk1/2. Targets of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway, such as Fos and Jun, were significantly decreased. Our results suggest that HIF-2α influences ciliary signaling by interacting with IFT88 under hypoxic conditions. This implies an unexpected and far more extensive function of HIF-2α than described before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Leu
- Institute of Physiology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jannik Denda
- Institute of Physiology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anna Wrobeln
- Institute of Physiology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Joachim Fandrey
- Institute of Physiology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Bourceau P, Michellod D, Geier B, Liebeke M. Spatial metabolomics shows contrasting phosphonolipid distributions in tissues of marine bivalves. PEERJ ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj-achem.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are an integral part of cellular membranes that allow cells to alter stiffness, permeability, and curvature. Among the diversity of lipids, phosphonolipids uniquely contain a phosphonate bond between carbon and phosphorous. Despite this distinctive biochemical characteristic, few studies have explored the biological role of phosphonolipids, although a protective function has been inferred based on chemical and biological stability. We analyzed two species of marine mollusks, the blue mussel Mytilus edulis and pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, and determined the diversity of phosphonolipids and their distribution in different organs. High-resolution spatial metabolomics revealed that the lipidome varies significantly between tissues within one organ. Despite their chemical similarity, we observed a high heterogeneity of phosphonolipid distributions that originated from minor structural differences. Some phosphonolipids are ubiquitously distributed, while others are present almost exclusively in the layer of ciliated epithelial cells. This distinct localization of certain phosphonolipids in tissues exposed to the environment could support the hypothesis of a protective function in mollusks. This study highlights that the tissue specific distribution of an individual metabolite can be a valuable tool for inferring its function and guiding functional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patric Bourceau
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
- MARUM—Center for Marine Environmental Sciences of the University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Dolma Michellod
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Benedikt Geier
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Manuel Liebeke
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
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Do TD, Katsuyoshi J, Cai H, Ohashi T. Mechanical Properties of Isolated Primary Cilia Measured by Micro-tensile Test and Atomic Force Microscopy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:753805. [PMID: 34858960 PMCID: PMC8632022 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.753805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction is a well-known mechanism by which cells sense their surrounding mechanical environment, convert mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals, and eventually change their morphology and functions. Primary cilia are believed to be mechanosensors existing on the surface of the cell membrane and support cells to sense surrounding mechanical signals. Knowing the mechanical properties of primary cilia is essential to understand their responses, such as sensitivity to mechanical stimuli. Previous studies have so far conducted flow experiments or optical trap techniques to measure the flexural rigidity EI (E: Young’s modulus, I: second moment of inertia) of primary cilia; however, the flexural rigidity is not a material property of materials and depends on mathematical models used in the determination, leading to a discrepancy between studies. For better characterization of primary cilia mechanics, Young’s modulus should be directly and precisely measured. In this study, the tensile Young’s modulus of isolated primary cilia is, for the first time, measured by using an in-house micro-tensile tester. The different strain rates of 0.01–0.3 s−1 were applied to isolated primary cilia, which showed a strain rate–dependent Young’s modulus in the range of 69.5–240.0 kPa on average. Atomic force microscopy was also performed to measure the local Young’s modulus of primary cilia, showing the Young’s modulus within the order of tens to hundreds of kPa. This study could directly provide the global and local Young’s moduli, which will benefit better understanding of primary cilia mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Dung Do
- Division of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jimuro Katsuyoshi
- Division of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haonai Cai
- Division of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Ohashi
- Division of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Sensory primary cilium is a responsive cAMP microdomain in renal epithelia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6523. [PMID: 31024067 PMCID: PMC6484033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are hair-like cellular extensions that sense microenvironmental signals surrounding cells. The role of adenylyl cyclases in ciliary function has been of interest because the product of adenylyl cyclase activity, cAMP, is relevant to cilia-related diseases. In the present study, we show that vasopressin receptor type-2 (V2R) is localized to cilia in kidney epithelial cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of V2R with tolvaptan increases ciliary length and mechanosensory function. Genetic knockdown of V2R, however, does not have any effect on ciliary length, although the effect of tolvaptan on ciliary length is dampened. Our study reveals that tolvaptan may have a cilia-specific effect independent of V2R or verapamil-sensitive calcium channels. Live-imaging of single cilia shows that V2R activation increases cilioplasmic and cytoplasmic cAMP levels, whereas tolvaptan mediates cAMP changes only in a cilia-specific manner. Furthermore, fluid-shear stress decreases cilioplasmic, but not cytoplasmic cAMP levels. Our data indicate that cilioplasmic and cytoplasmic cAMP levels are differentially modulated. We propose that the cilium is a critical sensor acting as a responsive cAMP microcompartment during physiologically relevant stimuli.
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Raleigh DR, Sever N, Choksi PK, Sigg MA, Hines KM, Thompson BM, Elnatan D, Jaishankar P, Bisignano P, Garcia-Gonzalo FR, Krup AL, Eberl M, Byrne EFX, Siebold C, Wong SY, Renslo AR, Grabe M, McDonald JG, Xu L, Beachy PA, Reiter JF. Cilia-Associated Oxysterols Activate Smoothened. Mol Cell 2018; 72:316-327.e5. [PMID: 30340023 PMCID: PMC6503851 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are required for Smoothened to transduce vertebrate Hedgehog signals, but how Smoothened accumulates in cilia and is activated is incompletely understood. Here, we identify cilia-associated oxysterols that promote Smoothened accumulation in cilia and activate the Hedgehog pathway. Our data reveal that cilia-associated oxysterols bind to two distinct Smoothened domains to modulate Smoothened accumulation in cilia and tune the intensity of Hedgehog pathway activation. We find that the oxysterol synthase HSD11β2 participates in the production of Smoothened-activating oxysterols and promotes Hedgehog pathway activity. Inhibiting oxysterol biosynthesis impedes oncogenic Hedgehog pathway activation and attenuates the growth of Hedgehog pathway-associated medulloblastoma, suggesting that targeted inhibition of Smoothened-activating oxysterol production may be therapeutically useful for patients with Hedgehog-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Raleigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Navdar Sever
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pervinder K Choksi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monika Abedin Sigg
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kelly M Hines
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bonne M Thompson
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Elnatan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Priyadarshini Jaishankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paola Bisignano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Francesc R Garcia-Gonzalo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexis Leigh Krup
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Markus Eberl
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eamon F X Byrne
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sunny Y Wong
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Grabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Philip A Beachy
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Urology and Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Mohieldin AM, Haymour HS, Lo ST, AbouAlaiwi WA, Atkinson KF, Ward CJ, Gao M, Wessely O, Nauli SM. Protein composition and movements of membrane swellings associated with primary cilia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2415-29. [PMID: 25650235 PMCID: PMC4503369 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of many ciliary proteins has been linked to a list of diseases, from cystic kidney to obesity and from hypertension to mental retardation. We previously proposed that primary cilia are unique communication organelles that function as microsensory compartments that house mechanosensory molecules. Here we report that primary cilia exhibit membrane swellings or ciliary bulbs, which based on their unique ultrastructure and motility, could be mechanically regulated by fluid-shear stress. Together with the ultrastructure analysis of the swelling, which contains monosialodihexosylganglioside (GM3), our results show that ciliary bulb has a distinctive set of functional proteins, including GM3 synthase (GM3S), bicaudal-c1 (Bicc1), and polycystin-2 (PC2). In fact, results from our cilia isolation demonstrated for the first time that GM3S and Bicc1 are members of the primary cilia proteins. Although these proteins are not required for ciliary membrane swelling formation under static condition, fluid-shear stress induced swelling formation is partially modulated by GM3S. We therefore propose that the ciliary bulb exhibits a sensory function within the mechano-ciliary structure. Overall, our studies provided an important step towards understanding the ciliary bulb function and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M. Mohieldin
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Hanan S. Haymour
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Shao T. Lo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Wissam A. AbouAlaiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Kimberly F. Atkinson
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA 92618-1908, USA
| | - Christopher J. Ward
- Department of Medicine, The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, KS 66160, USA
| | - Min Gao
- Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, 1425 University Esplanade, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Surya M. Nauli
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA 92618-1908, USA
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