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Lesage S, Bras J, Cormier-Dequaire F, Condroyer C, Nicolas A, Darwent L, Guerreiro R, Majounie E, Federoff M, Heutink P, Wood NW, Gasser T, Hardy J, Tison F, Singleton A, Brice A. Loss-of-function mutations in RAB39B are associated with typical early-onset Parkinson disease. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2015; 1:e9. [PMID: 27066548 PMCID: PMC4821081 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rab proteins are small molecular weight guanosine triphosphatases involved in the regulation of vesicular trafficking.(1) Three of 4 X-linked RAB genes are specific to the brain, including RAB39B. Recently, Wilson et al.(2) reported that mutations in RAB39B cause X-linked intellectual disability (ID) and pathologically confirmed Parkinson disease (PD). They identified a ∼45-kb deletion resulting in the complete loss of RAB39B in an Australian kindred and a missense mutation in a large Wisconsin kindred. Here, we report an additional affected man with typical PD and mild mental retardation harboring a new truncating mutation in RAB39B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Lesage
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06 UMR S 1127 (S.L., F.C.-D., C.C., A.N., A.B.), Paris, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences CIC-1422 (F.C.-D.); AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière (A.B.), Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (J.B., L.D., R.G., M.F., N.W., J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (E.M., M.F., A.S.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (P.H., T.G.), University of Tübingen and DZNE (P.H., T.G.), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany; and Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (F.T.), Université de Bordeaux et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jose Bras
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06 UMR S 1127 (S.L., F.C.-D., C.C., A.N., A.B.), Paris, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences CIC-1422 (F.C.-D.); AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière (A.B.), Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (J.B., L.D., R.G., M.F., N.W., J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (E.M., M.F., A.S.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (P.H., T.G.), University of Tübingen and DZNE (P.H., T.G.), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany; and Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (F.T.), Université de Bordeaux et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Florence Cormier-Dequaire
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06 UMR S 1127 (S.L., F.C.-D., C.C., A.N., A.B.), Paris, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences CIC-1422 (F.C.-D.); AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière (A.B.), Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (J.B., L.D., R.G., M.F., N.W., J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (E.M., M.F., A.S.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (P.H., T.G.), University of Tübingen and DZNE (P.H., T.G.), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany; and Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (F.T.), Université de Bordeaux et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christel Condroyer
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06 UMR S 1127 (S.L., F.C.-D., C.C., A.N., A.B.), Paris, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences CIC-1422 (F.C.-D.); AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière (A.B.), Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (J.B., L.D., R.G., M.F., N.W., J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (E.M., M.F., A.S.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (P.H., T.G.), University of Tübingen and DZNE (P.H., T.G.), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany; and Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (F.T.), Université de Bordeaux et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aude Nicolas
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06 UMR S 1127 (S.L., F.C.-D., C.C., A.N., A.B.), Paris, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences CIC-1422 (F.C.-D.); AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière (A.B.), Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (J.B., L.D., R.G., M.F., N.W., J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (E.M., M.F., A.S.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (P.H., T.G.), University of Tübingen and DZNE (P.H., T.G.), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany; and Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (F.T.), Université de Bordeaux et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lee Darwent
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06 UMR S 1127 (S.L., F.C.-D., C.C., A.N., A.B.), Paris, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences CIC-1422 (F.C.-D.); AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière (A.B.), Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (J.B., L.D., R.G., M.F., N.W., J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (E.M., M.F., A.S.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (P.H., T.G.), University of Tübingen and DZNE (P.H., T.G.), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany; and Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (F.T.), Université de Bordeaux et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06 UMR S 1127 (S.L., F.C.-D., C.C., A.N., A.B.), Paris, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences CIC-1422 (F.C.-D.); AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière (A.B.), Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (J.B., L.D., R.G., M.F., N.W., J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (E.M., M.F., A.S.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (P.H., T.G.), University of Tübingen and DZNE (P.H., T.G.), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany; and Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (F.T.), Université de Bordeaux et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Elisa Majounie
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06 UMR S 1127 (S.L., F.C.-D., C.C., A.N., A.B.), Paris, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences CIC-1422 (F.C.-D.); AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière (A.B.), Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (J.B., L.D., R.G., M.F., N.W., J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (E.M., M.F., A.S.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (P.H., T.G.), University of Tübingen and DZNE (P.H., T.G.), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany; and Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (F.T.), Université de Bordeaux et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Monica Federoff
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06 UMR S 1127 (S.L., F.C.-D., C.C., A.N., A.B.), Paris, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences CIC-1422 (F.C.-D.); AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière (A.B.), Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (J.B., L.D., R.G., M.F., N.W., J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (E.M., M.F., A.S.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (P.H., T.G.), University of Tübingen and DZNE (P.H., T.G.), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany; and Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (F.T.), Université de Bordeaux et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Peter Heutink
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06 UMR S 1127 (S.L., F.C.-D., C.C., A.N., A.B.), Paris, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences CIC-1422 (F.C.-D.); AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière (A.B.), Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (J.B., L.D., R.G., M.F., N.W., J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (E.M., M.F., A.S.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (P.H., T.G.), University of Tübingen and DZNE (P.H., T.G.), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany; and Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (F.T.), Université de Bordeaux et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06 UMR S 1127 (S.L., F.C.-D., C.C., A.N., A.B.), Paris, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences CIC-1422 (F.C.-D.); AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière (A.B.), Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (J.B., L.D., R.G., M.F., N.W., J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (E.M., M.F., A.S.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (P.H., T.G.), University of Tübingen and DZNE (P.H., T.G.), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany; and Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (F.T.), Université de Bordeaux et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06 UMR S 1127 (S.L., F.C.-D., C.C., A.N., A.B.), Paris, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences CIC-1422 (F.C.-D.); AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière (A.B.), Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (J.B., L.D., R.G., M.F., N.W., J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (E.M., M.F., A.S.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (P.H., T.G.), University of Tübingen and DZNE (P.H., T.G.), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany; and Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (F.T.), Université de Bordeaux et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - John Hardy
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06 UMR S 1127 (S.L., F.C.-D., C.C., A.N., A.B.), Paris, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences CIC-1422 (F.C.-D.); AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière (A.B.), Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (J.B., L.D., R.G., M.F., N.W., J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (E.M., M.F., A.S.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (P.H., T.G.), University of Tübingen and DZNE (P.H., T.G.), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany; and Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (F.T.), Université de Bordeaux et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - François Tison
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06 UMR S 1127 (S.L., F.C.-D., C.C., A.N., A.B.), Paris, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences CIC-1422 (F.C.-D.); AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière (A.B.), Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (J.B., L.D., R.G., M.F., N.W., J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (E.M., M.F., A.S.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (P.H., T.G.), University of Tübingen and DZNE (P.H., T.G.), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany; and Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (F.T.), Université de Bordeaux et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06 UMR S 1127 (S.L., F.C.-D., C.C., A.N., A.B.), Paris, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences CIC-1422 (F.C.-D.); AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière (A.B.), Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (J.B., L.D., R.G., M.F., N.W., J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (E.M., M.F., A.S.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (P.H., T.G.), University of Tübingen and DZNE (P.H., T.G.), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany; and Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (F.T.), Université de Bordeaux et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06 UMR S 1127 (S.L., F.C.-D., C.C., A.N., A.B.), Paris, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences CIC-1422 (F.C.-D.); AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière (A.B.), Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (J.B., L.D., R.G., M.F., N.W., J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (E.M., M.F., A.S.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (P.H., T.G.), University of Tübingen and DZNE (P.H., T.G.), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany; and Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (F.T.), Université de Bordeaux et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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6
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Wilson GR, Sim JCH, McLean C, Giannandrea M, Galea CA, Riseley JR, Stephenson SEM, Fitzpatrick E, Haas SA, Pope K, Hogan KJ, Gregg RG, Bromhead CJ, Wargowski DS, Lawrence CH, James PA, Churchyard A, Gao Y, Phelan DG, Gillies G, Salce N, Stanford L, Marsh APL, Mignogna ML, Hayflick SJ, Leventer RJ, Delatycki MB, Mellick GD, Kalscheuer VM, D'Adamo P, Bahlo M, Amor DJ, Lockhart PJ. Mutations in RAB39B cause X-linked intellectual disability and early-onset Parkinson disease with α-synuclein pathology. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 95:729-35. [PMID: 25434005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in understanding the etiology of Parkinson disease have been driven by the identification of causative mutations in families. Genetic analysis of an Australian family with three males displaying clinical features of early-onset parkinsonism and intellectual disability identified a ∼45 kb deletion resulting in the complete loss of RAB39B. We subsequently identified a missense mutation (c.503C>A [p.Thr168Lys]) in RAB39B in an unrelated Wisconsin kindred affected by a similar clinical phenotype. In silico and in vitro studies demonstrated that the mutation destabilized the protein, consistent with loss of function. In vitro small-hairpin-RNA-mediated knockdown of Rab39b resulted in a reduction in the density of α-synuclein immunoreactive puncta in dendritic processes of cultured neurons. In addition, in multiple cell models, we demonstrated that knockdown of Rab39b was associated with reduced steady-state levels of α-synuclein. Post mortem studies demonstrated that loss of RAB39B resulted in pathologically confirmed Parkinson disease. There was extensive dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra and widespread classic Lewy body pathology. Additional pathological features included cortical Lewy bodies, brain iron accumulation, tau immunoreactivity, and axonal spheroids. Overall, we have shown that loss-of-function mutations in RAB39B cause intellectual disability and pathologically confirmed early-onset Parkinson disease. The loss of RAB39B results in dysregulation of α-synuclein homeostasis and a spectrum of neuropathological features that implicate RAB39B in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease and potentially other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle R Wilson
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Joe C H Sim
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Catriona McLean
- Anatomical Pathology, The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC 3181, Australia; Australian Brain Bank Network, National Neuroscience Facility, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Maila Giannandrea
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Charles A Galea
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jessica R Riseley
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sarah E M Stephenson
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Fitzpatrick
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Stefan A Haas
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Kate Pope
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kirk J Hogan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Ronald G Gregg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Catherine J Bromhead
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David S Wargowski
- Waisman Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Christopher H Lawrence
- Office of the State Forensic Pathologist, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Paul A James
- Genetic Medicine Department, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Andrew Churchyard
- Department of Neurology, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Yujing Gao
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Dean G Phelan
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Greta Gillies
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas Salce
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lynn Stanford
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Ashley P L Marsh
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Maria L Mignogna
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Susan J Hayflick
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Richard J Leventer
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Martin B Delatycki
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Clinical Genetics, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - George D Mellick
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Vera M Kalscheuer
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Patrizia D'Adamo
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - David J Amor
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Paul J Lockhart
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
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