Neoplasia of plasma cells with atypical presentation and infection by the human immunodeficiency virus. A presentation of two cases

A Giant Solitary Adrenal Plasmacytoma in a Patient with HIV: A Rare Case Report and Review of the Literature

Solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) involving the adrenal gland is an extremely rare malignancy. We report a case of a solitary adrenal plasmacytoma in an HIV-positive 50-year-old woman on antiretroviral therapy who presented with a rapidly progressing lumbar left masse. A CT scan objectified a locally advanced left adrenal mass measuring 135mm long axis. A biopsy was taken, and the histopathology with the immunohistochemical study objectified an adrenal gland plasmacytoma. The skeletal survey and the sternal suction biopsy did not show any abnormalities. The diagnosis of a solitary EMP of the adrenal gland was made. There are only 10 cases of solitary adrenal plasmacytoma with only one case associated with an HIV-positive patient reported in the literature. Therefore, this paper is aimed at presenting the second case of an HIV-positive patient diagnosed with solitary adrenal plasmacytoma.

Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the kidney in an HIV-positive patient: A case report

RATIONALE

Extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) is a very rare malignant neoplasm arising from clonal proliferation of atypical plasma cells. Most EMPs involve mucosal lymphoid tissue, particularly in the nasopharyngeal area, respiratory tract, and head and neck region. Such neoplasms of the kidney in patients with a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are extremely rare.

PATIENT CONCERNS

A 55-year-old male who had been diagnosed with HIV 1 year previously presented with a 2-week history of intermittent right abdominal pain and gross hematuria.

DIAGNOSES

Ultrasonography and computed tomography detected a mass that occupied the upper half of the right kidney. A clinical diagnosis of a renal tumor was suspected.

INTERVENTIONS

The patient subsequently underwent a retroperitoneal radical nephrectomy. The postoperative pathological diagnosis was solitary EMP of the kidney. Adjuvant radiation therapy was provided at doses of 50 Gy in 20 fractions.

OUTCOMES

Currently, the patient is alive and disease free at 7 months postoperatively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of a primary renal EMP in a patient with HIV.

LESSONS

The present case illustrates that this rare type of solitary EMP associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome can occur in the kidney. Additionally, although rare, solitary EMP should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a renal mass in HIV-infected patients.

Extramedullary Plasmacytoma Diagnosed in an HIV-Positive Patient by an Unusual Clinical Presentation

The aim of this paper is to describe a case report of EMP in an HIV-positive patient. A 44-year-old, dark-skinned HIV-infected woman was referred to the Oral Diseases Treatment Center with a swelling at palate and left gingival fornix in the maxilla. Biopsy was taken and the oral lesion was diagnosed as EMP with well-differentiated plasma cells and restriction of the lambda light-chain. Skeletal survey was performed and no radiograph alterations were observed, thus supporting the diagnosis of EMP. Patient was referred to treatment and after two months of chemo and radiotherapy, an expanding lesion was observed in L5/S1 patient's vertebrae. Biopsy of the spinal lesion was consistent with lymphoma with plasmocitary differentiation, supporting the diagnosis of multiple myeloma (MM). Regarding the medical history, the final diagnostic was an oral extramedullary plasmacytoma with rapid progression into multiple myeloma. It is crucial to emphasize the relevance of HIV infection as a risk factor for both aggressive clinical behavior and unusual clinical presentation of extramedullary plasmacytoma cases.

Retroperitoneal laparoscopic management of a solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection: A case report

Extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) is a rare malignant tumor that is characterized by a malignant plasma cell neoplasm. Such neoplasms in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients are extremely rare. To the best of our knowledge, the present study describes the first case of a solitary adrenal EMP in a patient with HIV. A 35-year-old male who had been diagnosed with HIV 3 months previously presented with a 2-week history of intermittent right flank pain. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a soft-tissue density mass in the right adrenal gland area. The patient subsequently underwent a retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Post-operative pathological diagnosis revealed a solitary EMP. Although the patient refused to undergo post-operative radiotherapy and chemotherapy, no recurrence was detected after 2 years of follow-up. The present case illustrates the fact that this rare type of solitary EMP associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) can occur in the adrenal glands, and that retroperitoneal laparoscopic resection of the tumor may be a good method to manage this condition. In addition, although rare, solitary EMP should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an adrenal mass in HIV-infected patients.

Plasma cell tumors in HIV-positive patients: Report of a case and review of the literature

Plasma cell tumors show an increased incidence in HIV-positive patients. The cases reported in the literature suggest that plasma cell tumors occur in a younger age group than that encountered in the general population. Pathologically, many of these tumors show a plasmablastic morphology. Plasma cell tumors in HIV-positive patients may present at unusual sites and progress rapidly to involve multiple sites, including the soft tissues and viscera. The prognosis is generally poor. These features may be related to a combination of factors, including immunodeficiency, oncogenic viruses, and altered cytokine milieu in these patients. A case of plasma cell tumor in an HIV-positive patient is presented.

AIDS-related malignancies: emerging challenges in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients are at increased risk of developing cancer, particularly in the later stages of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Despite the advent of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), malignancy in this population is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (ARL) are the most common AIDS-defining malignancies. AIDS-related KS varies from minimal to fulminant disease. Treatment decisions for AIDS-related KS are guided largely by the presence and extent of symptomatic disease. In addition to HAART, excellent treatments exist for both localized disease (topical gel, radiotherapy, and intralesional therapy) and advanced disease (liposomal anthracyclines, paclitaxel). Novel therapies that have become available to treat AIDS-related KS include angiogenesis inhibitors and antiviral agents. ARL comprises a heterogeneous group of malignancies. With the immune restoration afforded by HAART, standard-dose chemotherapies now can be safely administered to treat ARL with curative intent. The role of analogous treatments used in HIV-negative patients, including monoclonal antibodies and autologous stem cell transplantation, requires further clarification in HIV-positive patients. HIV-infected patients also appear to be at increased risk for developing certain non-AIDS-defining cancers, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Although the optimal treatment of these neoplasms is at present uncertain, recent advances in chemotherapy, antiretroviral drugs, and supportive care protocols are allowing for more aggressive management of many of the AIDS-related cancers. This article provides an up-to-date review of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment of various AIDS-related malignancies that are likely to be encountered by an oncologist practicing in the current HAART era.

HIV and plasmablastic lymphoma manifesting in sinus, testicles, and bones: a further expansion of the disease spectrum

Patients with HIV infection are at increased risk for B-cell neoplasms and plasma cell dyscrasias. Both B cell and plasma cell tumors tend to be intermediate or high grade and are frequently associated with Epstein-Barr virus. Patients with HIV infection are also at higher risk of acquiring plasmablastic lymphoma. Until this time, only sinus, oral gastrointestinal, and lung manifestation have been noted. In this report we describe a 41-year-old male with HIV infection who developed multiple pleomorphic, extramedullary plasmablastic lymphomas associated with Epstein-Barr virus. We review the clinical and immunological features of his malignancy and thereby expand the spectrum of disease to include additional sites (bones, testicles) not previously reported.

High-dose chemotherapy and autologous CD34-positive blood stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma in an HIV carrier

The epidemiology and clinical outcome of multiple myeloma in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients is poorly documented. There are uncertainties concerning the optimal management of this rare disorder. We report on the use of myeloablative chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation in an HIV-positive patient with multiple myeloma.