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Zhao Y, Jaber V, Alexandrov PN, Vergallo A, Lista S, Hampel H, Lukiw WJ. microRNA-Based Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Front Neurosci 2020; 14:585432. [PMID: 33192270 PMCID: PMC7664832 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.585432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial, age-related neurological disease characterized by complex pathophysiological dynamics taking place at multiple biological levels, including molecular, genetic, epigenetic, cellular and large-scale brain networks. These alterations account for multiple pathophysiological mechanisms such as brain protein accumulation, neuroinflammatory/neuro-immune processes, synaptic dysfunction, and neurodegeneration that eventually lead to cognitive and behavioral decline. Alterations in microRNA (miRNA) signaling have been implicated in the epigenetics and molecular genetics of all neurobiological processes associated with AD pathophysiology. These changes encompass altered miRNA abundance, speciation and complexity in anatomical regions of the CNS targeted by the disease, including modified miRNA expression patterns in brain tissues, the systemic circulation, the extracellular fluid (ECF) and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). miRNAs have been investigated as candidate biomarkers for AD diagnosis, disease prediction, prognosis and therapeutic purposes because of their involvement in multiple brain signaling pathways in both health and disease. In this review we will: (i) highlight the significantly heterogeneous nature of miRNA expression and complexity in AD tissues and biofluids; (ii) address how information may be extracted from these data to be used as a diagnostic, prognostic and/or screening tools across the entire continuum of AD, from the preclinical stage, through the prodromal, i.e., mild cognitive impairment (MCI) phase all the way to clinically overt dementia; and (iii) consider how specific miRNA expression patterns could be categorized using miRNA reporters that span AD pathophysiological initiation and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Vivian Jaber
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | | | - Andrea Vergallo
- Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Simone Lista
- Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, Paris, France
- Institute of Memory and Alzheimer’s Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Boulevard de l’hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Harald Hampel
- Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Neurology, LSU Neuroscience Center Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Lowe AJ, Sjödin S, Rodrigues FB, Byrne LM, Blennow K, Tortelli R, Zetterberg H, Wild EJ. Cerebrospinal fluid endo-lysosomal proteins as potential biomarkers for Huntington's disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233820. [PMID: 32804976 PMCID: PMC7430717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular markers derived from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) represent an accessible means of exploring the pathobiology of Huntington's disease (HD) in vivo. The endo-lysosomal/autophagy system is dysfunctional in HD, potentially contributing to disease pathogenesis and representing a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Several endo-lysosomal proteins have shown promise as biomarkers in other neurodegenerative diseases; however, they have yet to be fully explored in HD. We performed parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry analysis (PRM-MS) of multiple endo-lysosomal proteins in the CSF of 60 HD mutation carriers and 20 healthy controls. Using generalised linear models controlling for age and CAG, none of the 18 proteins measured displayed significant differences in concentration between HD patients and controls. This was affirmed by principal component analysis, in which no significant difference across disease stage was found in any of the three components representing lysosomal hydrolases, binding/transfer proteins and innate immune system/peripheral proteins. However, several proteins were associated with measures of disease severity and cognition: most notably amyloid precursor protein, which displayed strong correlations with composite Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale, UHDRS Total Functional Capacity, UHDRS Total Motor Score, Symbol Digit Modalities Test and Stroop Word Reading. We conclude that although endo-lysosomal proteins are unlikely to have value as disease state CSF biomarkers for Huntington's disease, several proteins demonstrate associations with clinical severity, thus warranting further, targeted exploration and validation in larger, longitudinal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Lowe
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Sjödin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Filipe B. Rodrigues
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren M. Byrne
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rosanna Tortelli
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J. Wild
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Debnath M, Nagappa M, Dutta D, Talukdar PM, Subbanna M, Shivakumar V, Wahatule R, Sinha S, Bindu PS, Periyavan S, Umamaheswara Rao GS, Kumar MA, Taly AB. Evidence of altered Th17 pathway signatures in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Guillain Barré Syndrome. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 75:176-180. [PMID: 32217048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Data indexing the contribution of various immuno-inflammatory components in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) towards the pathophysiology of Guillain Barré Syndrome (GBS) are limited. Th17 pathway plays crucial role in many immune mediated disorders of the nervous system. This study was aimed at exploring the role of Th17 pathway related cytokines in the CSF of patients with GBS. Levels of multiple key cytokines of Th17 pathway in CSF of patients with GBS (N = 37) and controls (N = 37) were examined in this prospective study using Bio-plex Pro Human Th17 cytokine assays in a Multiplex Suspension Array platform. The findings were correlated with clinical features and electrophysiological subtypes. Three key cytokines of Th17 pathway (IL-6, IL-17A and IL-22) were significantly elevated in CSF of patients with GBS as compared to controls. There was a positive correlation between the levels of IL-6 and IL-17A as well as between the levels of IL-17A and IL-22 in the CSF of patients with GBS. The CSF levels of IL-6 and IL-22 were negatively correlated with the duration of symptoms of GBS. None of the studied cytokines correlated with functional disability scores at admission to hospital or with the electrophysiological subtypes. Identification of Th17 pathway signatures in CSF sheds more insights into the pathogenic role of Th17 cells in GBS. These findings complement the contemporary knowledge and tender further support towards the involvement of Th17 pathway in GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
| | - Madhu Nagappa
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Debprasad Dutta
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Pinku Mani Talukdar
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Manjula Subbanna
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Venkataram Shivakumar
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Rahul Wahatule
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Sanjib Sinha
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Parayil Sankaran Bindu
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Sundar Periyavan
- Transfusion Medicine and Haematology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - G S Umamaheswara Rao
- Neuroanaesthesia and Neurocritical Care, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Malathi Anil Kumar
- Department of Anaesthesia, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Bangalore, India
| | - Arun B Taly
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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Kakuda N, Yamaguchi H, Akazawa K, Hata S, Suzuki T, Hatsuta H, Murayama S, Funamoto S, Ihara Y. γ-Secretase Activity Is Associated with Braak Senile Plaque Stages. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1323-1331. [PMID: 32201261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid β-proteins (Aβs) Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43 are converted via two product lines of γ-secretase to Aβ1-38 and Aβ1-40. This parallel stepwise processing model of γ-secretase predicts that Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43, and Aβ1-38 and Aβ1-40 are proportional to each other, respectively. To obtain further insight into the mechanisms of parenchymal Aβ deposition, these four Aβ species were quantified in insoluble fractions of human brains (Brodmann areas 9 to 11) at various Braak senile plaque (SP) stages, using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. With advancing SP stages, the amounts of deposited Aβ1-43 in the brain increased proportionally to those of Aβ1-42. Similarly, the amounts of deposited Aβ1-38 correlated with those of Aβ1-40. Surprisingly, the ratios of deposited Aβ1-38/Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40/Aβ1-43 were proportional and discriminated the Braak SP stages accurately. This result indicates that the generation of Aβ1-38 and Aβ1-40 decreased and the generation of Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43 increased with advancing SP stages. Thus, Aβs deposition might depend on γ-secretase activity, as it does in the cerebrospinal fluid. Here, the extracted γ-secretase from Alzheimer disease brains generates an amount of Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43 compared with cognitively normal brains. This refractory γ-secretase localized in detergent-solubilized fractions from brain cortices. But activity modulated γ-secretase, which decreases Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43 in the cerebrospinal fluid, localized in detergent-insoluble fractions. These drastic alterations reflect Aβ situation in Alzheimer disease brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuto Kakuda
- Department of Neuropathology, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; Center for Neurologic Research in Neurodegenerative, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Haruyasu Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Medicine School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kohei Akazawa
- Department of Medical Informatics, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hatsuta
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoru Funamoto
- Department of Neuropathology, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; Center for Neurologic Research in Neurodegenerative, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ihara
- Department of Neuropathology, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; Center for Neurologic Research in Neurodegenerative, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Brain Science and Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for preventing Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2017; 334:163-177. [PMID: 28743599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review provides the rationale for implementing cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There are known risk factors associated with the development of AD, some of which may be ameliorated with CBT. We posit that treating the risk factors of inactivity, poor diet, hyposmia and anosmia, sleep disorders and lack of regularly engaged challenging cognitive activity will modify the physiology of the brain sufficiently to avoid the accumulation of excess proteins, including amyloid beta, causal events in the development of AD. Further, the successful treatment of the listed risk factors is well within our technology to do so and, even further, it is cost effective. Also, there is considerable scientific literature to support the proposition that, if implemented by well-established practices, CBT will be effective and will be engaged by those of retirement age. That is, we present a biologically informed CBT for the prevention of the development of AD, i.e., an aspect of applied behavioral neuroscience.
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Leuzy A, Chiotis K, Hasselbalch SG, Rinne JO, de Mendonça A, Otto M, Lleó A, Castelo-Branco M, Santana I, Johansson J, Anderl-Straub S, von Arnim CAF, Beer A, Blesa R, Fortea J, Herukka SK, Portelius E, Pannee J, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Nordberg A. Pittsburgh compound B imaging and cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β in a multicentre European memory clinic study. Brain 2016; 139:2540-53. [PMID: 27401520 PMCID: PMC4995359 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the agreement between data on cerebral amyloidosis, derived using Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography and (i) multi-laboratory INNOTEST enzyme linked immunosorbent assay derived cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of amyloid-β42; (ii) centrally measured cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β42 using a Meso Scale Discovery enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; and (iii) cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β42 centrally measured using an antibody-independent mass spectrometry-based reference method. Moreover, we examined the hypothesis that discordance between amyloid biomarker measurements may be due to interindividual differences in total amyloid-β production, by using the ratio of amyloid-β42 to amyloid-β40 Our study population consisted of 243 subjects from seven centres belonging to the Biomarkers for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease Initiative, and included subjects with normal cognition and patients with mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and vascular dementia. All had Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography data, cerebrospinal fluid INNOTEST amyloid-β42 values, and cerebrospinal fluid samples available for reanalysis. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were reanalysed (amyloid-β42 and amyloid-β40) using Meso Scale Discovery electrochemiluminescence enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technology, and a novel, antibody-independent, mass spectrometry reference method. Pittsburgh compound B standardized uptake value ratio results were scaled using the Centiloid method. Concordance between Meso Scale Discovery/mass spectrometry reference measurement procedure findings and Pittsburgh compound B was high in subjects with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease, while more variable results were observed for cognitively normal and non-Alzheimer's disease groups. Agreement between Pittsburgh compound B classification and Meso Scale Discovery/mass spectrometry reference measurement procedure findings was further improved when using amyloid-β42/40 Agreement between Pittsburgh compound B visual ratings and Centiloids was near complete. Despite improved agreement between Pittsburgh compound B and centrally analysed cerebrospinal fluid, a minority of subjects showed discordant findings. While future studies are needed, our results suggest that amyloid biomarker results may not be interchangeable in some individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Leuzy
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, Care Science, and Society, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konstantinos Chiotis
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, Care Science, and Society, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steen G Hasselbalch
- 2 Danish Dementia Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juha O Rinne
- 3 Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland 4 Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Alexandre de Mendonça
- 5 Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Markus Otto
- 6 Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alberto Lleó
- 7 Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain 8 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- 9 Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), Brain Imaging Network of Portugal, Coimbra, Portugal 10 Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santana
- 11 Department of Neurology, Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal 12 Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Ambros Beer
- 13 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rafael Blesa
- 7 Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain 8 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- 7 Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain 8 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- 14 Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Erik Portelius
- 15 Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Josef Pannee
- 15 Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- 15 Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden 16 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- 15 Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, Care Science, and Society, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 17 Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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Paleček E, Bartošík M, Ostatná V, Trefulka M. Electrocatalysis in proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates. CHEM REC 2012; 12:27-45. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Koric L, Felician O, Ceccaldi M. [Use of CSF biomarkers in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in clinical practice]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2011; 167:474-84. [PMID: 21420704 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) currently relies on clinical criteria that are primarily based on the presence of an amnestic syndrome of the mesial temporal lobe type. In recent years, new diagnostic tools have been developed, such as the possibility of measuring a set of proteins directly involved in the pathophysiological process of AD. A profile suggestive of AD has been defined, characterized by decreased beta-amyloid peptide, combined with increased Tau protein and phopho-Tau. STATE OF KNOWLEDGE According to current data available in the medical literature, the potential usefulness of CSF biomarkers in the common forms of AD fulfilling usual clinical criteria remains modest. In contrast however, they could be of significant help in the diagnosis of early-onset AD, in particular in atypical forms with prominent non-memory impairment (involving vision, language or behavior). In addition, due to their close relationship with the pathological process, they bring useful prognosis information upon the aggressiveness of the disease. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE Taken together, in the current state of knowledge, use of CSF biomarkers in clinical practice should first be recommended for the assessment of early-onset cognitive disturbances, in particular when initial symptoms are of a non-memory type. Their development, however, offers new avenues in the fields of clinical and pharmacological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Koric
- Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Hôpital de la Timone, 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France.
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Mattsson N, Bremell D, Anckarsäter R, Blennow K, Anckarsäter H, Zetterberg H, Hagberg L. Neuroinflammation in Lyme neuroborreliosis affects amyloid metabolism. BMC Neurol 2010; 10:51. [PMID: 20569437 PMCID: PMC2902447 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-10-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The metabolism of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and β-amyloid (Aβ) is widely studied in Alzheimer's disease, where Aβ deposition and plaque development are essential components of the pathogenesis. However, the physiological role of amyloid in the adult nervous system remains largely unknown. We have previously found altered cerebral amyloid metabolism in other neuroinflammatory conditions. To further elucidate this, we investigated amyloid metabolism in patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB). Methods The first part of the study was a cross-sectional cohort study in 61 patients with acute facial palsy (19 with LNB and 42 with idiopathic facial paresis, Bell's palsy) and 22 healthy controls. CSF was analysed for the β-amyloid peptides Aβ38, Aβ40 and Aβ42, and the amyloid precursor protein (APP) isoforms α-sAPP and β-sAPP. CSF total-tau (T-tau), phosphorylated tau (P-tau) and neurofilament protein (NFL) were measured to monitor neural cell damage. The second part of the study was a prospective cohort-study in 26 LNB patients undergoing consecutive lumbar punctures before and after antibiotic treatment to study time-dependent dynamics of the biomarkers. Results In the cross-sectional study, LNB patients had lower levels of CSF α-sAPP, β-sAPP and P-tau, and higher levels of CSF NFL than healthy controls and patients with Bell's palsy. In the prospective study, LNB patients had low levels of CSF α-sAPP, β-sAPP and P-tau at baseline, which all increased towards normal at follow-up. Conclusions Amyloid metabolism is altered in LNB. CSF levels of α-sAPP, β-sAPP and P-tau are decreased in acute infection and increase after treatment. In combination with earlier findings in multiple sclerosis, cerebral SLE and HIV with cerebral engagement, this points to an influence of neuroinflammation on amyloid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Mattsson
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
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10
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Schmitz M, Schlomm M, Hasan B, Beekes M, Mitrova E, Korth C, Breil A, Carimalo J, Gawinecka J, Varges D, Zerr I. Codon 129 polymorphism and the E200K mutation do not affect the cellular prion protein isoform composition in the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 31:2024-31. [PMID: 20529115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP(c)) is a multifunctional, highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed protein. It undergoes a number of modifications during its post-translational processing, resulting in different PrP(c) glycoforms and truncated PrP(c) fragments. Limited data are available in humans on the expression and cleavage of PrP(c). In this study we investigated the PrP(c) isoform composition in the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with different human prion diseases. The first group of patients was affected by sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease exhibiting different PrP codon 129 genotypes. The second group contained patients with a genetic form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (E200K). The third group consisted of patients with fatal familial insomnia and the last group comprised cases with the Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome. We examined whether the PrP codon 129 polymorphism in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease as well as the type of prion disease in human patients has an impact on the glycosylation and processing of PrP(c). Immunoblotting analyses using different monoclonal PrP(c) antibodies directed against various epitopes of PrP(c) revealed, for all examined groups of patients, a consistent predominance of the glycosylated PrP(c) isoforms as compared with the unglycosylated form. In addition, the antibody SAF70 recognized a variety of PrP(c) fragments with sizes of 21, 18, 13 and 12 kDa. Our findings indicate that the polymorphisms at PrP codon 129, the E200K mutation at codon 200 or the examined types of human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies do not exert a measurable effect on the glycosylation and processing of PrP(c) in human prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmitz
- National TSE Reference Center, Department of Neurology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Galloway M, Thom M. Brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Diagn Cytopathol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3154-0.00031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Immuno-PCR-based quantification of multiple phosphorylated tau-epitopes linked to Alzheimer's disease. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:2263-7. [PMID: 19821112 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that quantification of phosphorylated sites in the tau-protein (phospho-tau) might be favorable for early and specific Alzheimer's disease diagnosis. The typical setup to quantify phosphorylated tau-epitopes relies on a sandwich ELISA with a capture antibody (Ab) recognizing tau independent of its phosphorylation status and a detector Ab binding specifically to a certain phosphorylation site. Besides Ab specificities, major challenges arise from the very low tau-concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ranging from 100 to 2,000 pg/ml. Based on the phosphorylation degree of a given position, which can be below 10%, the corresponding phospho-tau-level might be much lower, especially for multiphosphorylated epitopes studied here. Thus, a novel, highly sensitive, and generally applicable immunoassay is described to quantify tau-versions, which are phosphorylated at pThr212/pSer214/pThr231/pSer235, down to tau-concentrations of 2 pg/ml in CSF.
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13
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Grimmer T, Riemenschneider M, Förstl H, Henriksen G, Klunk WE, Mathis CA, Shiga T, Wester HJ, Kurz A, Drzezga A. Beta amyloid in Alzheimer's disease: increased deposition in brain is reflected in reduced concentration in cerebrospinal fluid. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65:927-34. [PMID: 19268916 PMCID: PMC2700302 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 12/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A decreased concentration of beta amyloid (1-42) (Abeta42) has consistently been found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is considered a diagnostic biomarker. However, it is not clear to which extent CSF Abeta42 levels are reflective of cerebral pathology in AD. The aim of the study was to determine the association between cerebral amyloid plaque load, as measured by means of the positron emission tomography (PET) tracer carbon-11-labeled Pittsburgh Compound B ([11C]PiB) and CSF Abeta42 in AD. METHODS A group of 30 patients with probable AD, as defined by established clinical criteria and by an AD-typical pattern of tracer uptake in fluorine-18-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) PET, were included. In all patients, [11C]PiB PET and CSF analysis were performed. The association between amyloid load and CSF Abeta42 levels was examined in three different ways: by linear regression analysis using an overall [11C]PiB value for the entire cerebrum, by correlation analyses using [11C]PiB measurements in anatomically defined regions of interest, and by voxel-based regression analyses. RESULTS All patients showed a positive [11C]PiB scan demonstrating amyloid deposition. Linear regression analysis revealed a significant inverse correlation between the overall [11C]PiB uptake and CSF Abeta42 levels. Voxel-based regression and regional correlation analyses did not attain statistical significance after correction for multiple comparisons. Numerically, correlation coefficients were higher in brain regions adjacent to CSF spaces. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates a moderate linear negative association between cerebral amyloid plaque load and CSF Abeta42 levels in AD patients in vivo and suggests possible regional differences of the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Grimmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Matthias Riemenschneider
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Hans Förstl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich
| | - Gjermund Henriksen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich
| | - William E. Klunk
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute & Clinic, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Chester A. Mathis
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tohru Shiga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Department of Nuclear medicine, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich
| | - Alexander Kurz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich
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14
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Enrichment of prion protein in exosomes derived from ovine cerebral spinal fluid. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 124:385-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Paleček E, Ostatná V, Masařík M, Bertoncini CW, Jovin TM. Changes in interfacial properties of α-synuclein preceding its aggregation. Analyst 2008; 133:76-84. [DOI: 10.1039/b712812f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Paleček E, Ostatná V. Electroactivity of Nonconjugated Proteins and Peptides. Towards Electroanalysis of All Proteins. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Barten DM, Meredith JE, Zaczek R, Houston JG, Albright CF. Gamma-secretase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease: balancing efficacy and toxicity. Drugs R D 2006; 7:87-97. [PMID: 16542055 DOI: 10.2165/00126839-200607020-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis, which states that beta-amyloid (Abeta) aggregates cause the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a leading proposal to explain AD aetiology. Based on this hypothesis, compounds that inhibit gamma-secretase, one of the enzymes responsible for forming Abeta, are potential therapeutics for AD. Preclinical studies clearly establish that gamma-secretase inhibitors can reduce brain Abeta in rodent models. The initial investigation of the effects of a gamma-secretase inhibitor on Abeta-induced cognitive deficits in transgenic mice showed that modest Abeta reductions (15-30%) are sufficient to reverse Abeta-induced cognitive deficits in Tg2576 mice. Extending these studies to other gamma-secretase inhibitors and other models with Abeta-induced cognitive deficits will be important. Unfortunately, gamma-secretase inhibitors also cause abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract, thymus and spleen in rodents. These changes likely result from inhibition of Notch cleavage, a transmembrane receptor involved in regulating cell-fate decisions. Two recent studies in rodents suggest that Abeta reduction using gamma-secretase inhibitors can be partially separated from Notch inhibition. Given the uncertain Abeta reduction target and the potential for mechanism-based toxicity, biomarkers for efficacy and toxicity would be helpful in clinical trials. The first report of gamma-secretase inhibitors in clinical trials was recently published. In this study, LY-450139 reduced plasma Abeta, but not cerebrospinal fluid Abeta. Taken together, the results of studies to date suggest that gamma-secretase inhibitors have the potential to address a large unmet medical need if the technical challenges can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Barten
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA.
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18
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Electroactivity of Proteins: Possibilities in Biomedicine and Proteomics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1871-0069(05)01019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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19
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Kay A, Petzold A, Kerr M, Keir G, Thompson E, Nicoll J. Decreased cerebrospinal fluid apolipoprotein E after subarachnoid hemorrhage: correlation with injury severity and clinical outcome. Stroke 2003; 34:637-42. [PMID: 12624284 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000057579.25430.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon4 allele has been associated with unfavorable outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), suggesting that apoE plays an important role in the response of the brain to SAH. We determined the concentration of apoE in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with SAH and a control group to test the hypothesis that alterations in CSF apoE reflect the response of the brain to SAH and are correlated with the severity of injury and outcome. METHODS ApoE and S100B (a marker of brain injury) were measured by ELISA in CSF from a non-brain-injured control group and patients with SAH. The severity of SAH was determined from the Glasgow Coma Scale, and the clinical outcome was determined from the Glasgow Outcome Scale. RESULTS In contrast to increased CSF concentration of S100B, CSF apoE concentration was significantly lower in patients after SAH than in control subjects (Mann-Whitney test, P<0.0001). SAH patients with more severe injury and less favorable outcome had lower CSF apoE concentration than did patients with milder injury and better clinical outcome (Fisher exact test, P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS The concentration of apoE in the CSF decreases after SAH, despite the likely leakage of plasma apoE into the CSF. We speculate that apoE is retained within the parenchyma of the central nervous system in response to injury, where, in view of previous data, it may have a protective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kay
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Glasgow, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK.
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20
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Strozyk D, Blennow K, White LR, Launer LJ. CSF Abeta 42 levels correlate with amyloid-neuropathology in a population-based autopsy study. Neurology 2003; 60:652-6. [PMID: 12601108 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000046581.81650.d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship of amyloid neuropathology to postmortem CSF Abeta 42 levels in an autopsy sample of Japanese American men from the population-based Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. METHODS In 1991, participants were assessed and diagnosed with dementia (including subtype) based on published criteria. At death CSF was obtained from the ventricles. Neuritic plaques (NP) and diffuse plaques in areas of the neocortex and hippocampus were examined using Bielschowsky silver stains. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) was measured by immunostaining for beta4 amyloid in cerebral vessels in the neocortex. Neuropathologically confirmed AD was diagnosed using Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease criteria. In 155 autopsy samples, log transformed linear regression models were used to examine the association of NP and CAA to Abeta 42 levels, controlling for clinical dementia severity, time between diagnosis and death, age at death, brain weight, hours between death and collection of CSF, education, and APOE genotype. RESULTS Higher numbers of NP in the neocortex (p trend = 0.001) and in the hippocampus (p trend = 0.03) were strongly associated with lower levels of Abeta 42. Individuals with CAA had lower Abeta 42 levels (beta coefficient = -0.48; 95% CI -0.9, -0.1). Compared to participants with a diagnosis of clinical dementia, those with pathologically confirmed AD had lower Abeta 42 levels (beta coefficient = -0.74; 95% CI -1.4, -0.1). CONCLUSION The current study suggests that lower Abeta 42 levels reflect neuropathologic processes implicated in amyloid-related pathologies, such as NP and CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Strozyk
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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21
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Antony T, Hoyer W, Cherny D, Heim G, Jovin TM, Subramaniam V. Cellular polyamines promote the aggregation of alpha-synuclein. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:3235-40. [PMID: 12435752 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208249200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine accelerate the aggregation and fibrillization of alpha-synuclein, the major protein component of Lewy bodies associated with Parkinson's disease. Circular dichroism and fluorometric thioflavin T kinetic studies showed a transition of alpha-synuclein from unaggregated to highly aggregated states, characterized by lag and transition phases. In the presence of polyamines, both the lag and transition times were significantly shorter. All three polyamines accelerated the aggregation and fibrillization of alpha-synuclein to a degree that increased with the total charge, length, and concentration of the polyamine. Electron and scanning force microscopy of the reaction products after the lag phase revealed the presence of aggregated particles (protofibrils) and small fibrils. At the end of the transition phase, alpha-synuclein formed long fibrils in all cases, although some morphological variations were apparent. In the presence of polyamines, fibrils formed large networks leading ultimately to condensed aggregates. In the absence of polyamines, fibrils were mostly isolated. We conclude that the polyamines at physiological concentrations can modulate the propensity of alpha-synuclein to form fibrils and may hence play a role in the formation of cytosolic alpha-synuclein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Antony
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Goettingen D-37077, Germany
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22
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Liu L, Tapiola T, Herukka SK, Heikkilä M, Tanila H. Abeta levels in serum, CSF and brain, and cognitive deficits in APP + PS1 transgenic mice. Neuroreport 2003; 14:163-6. [PMID: 12544850 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200301200-00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We compared beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) levels in the serum, CSF and brain (hippocampus) and correlated these with spatial learning in APP+PS1 transgenic mice. Compared with non-transgenic littermates, male 14-month-old APP + PS1 mice were impaired in spatial learning in the water maze. Among the APP + PS1 mice, only the hippocampal insoluble Abeta42 level correlated with spatial memory (r = -0.44). The levels of insoluble Abeta40 and Abeta42 were highly correlated (r = 0.92), and also correlated with soluble hippocampal Abeta42 (r = 0.64/0.69), which further correlated with the CSF Abeta42 (r = 0.52). None of these parameters correlated with serum Abeta40 levels. These findings support the role of insoluble Abeta42 in memory dysfunction and suggest a model with several pools (insoluble, extracellular soluble, CSF) of Abeta being in partial equilibrium with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- H Michael Tucker
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone, Lexington 40536-0230, USA.
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24
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Cruz Portela LV, Oses JP, Silveira AL, Schmidt AP, Lara DR, Oliveira Battastini AM, Ramirez G, Vinadé L, Freitas Sarkis JJ, Souza DO. Guanine and adenine nucleotidase activities in rat cerebrospinal fluid. Brain Res 2002; 950:74-8. [PMID: 12231230 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Adenine and guanine nucleotides have been shown to exert multiple roles in central and peripheral nervous systems, and the sequential breakdown of these nucleotides by enzymatic systems is an important step in the modulation of their extracellular effects. The aim of this study was to investigate whether nucleotide hydrolysis also occurs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of rats. CSF was able to hydrolyze all guanine and adenine nucleotides investigated (2.0 mM): GDPz.Gt;ADP=ATP=GTPz.Gt;AMP=GMP. More detailed studies with the diphosphate nucleotides showed that the hydrolysis of ADP and GDP was linear with incubation time and protein concentration. The apparent K(M) (Henry-Michaelis-Menten constant) and V (maximal velocity) values for ADP and GDP were 164.3+/-54.7 microM and 12.2+/-3.8 nmol P(i)/min per mg protein, and 841.0+/-90.2 microM and 22.8+/-8.0 nmol P(i)/min per mg protein. The sum of ADP, GDP and UDP hydrolysis (2.0 mM) upon individual incubations with CSF was similar to the hydrolysis observed when all three nucleotides were incubated together. This pattern of hydrolysis strongly suggests the involvement of more than one enzyme activity. The higher maximum activity for GDP and UDP compared to ADP is compatible with presence of a soluble NTDPase5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Valmor Cruz Portela
- Departamento de Bioqui;mica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, anexo, 90035-003, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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25
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Sjögren M, Gisslén M, Vanmechelen E, Blennow K. Low cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid 42 in patients with acute bacterial meningitis and normalization after treatment. Neurosci Lett 2001; 314:33-6. [PMID: 11698140 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CSF-A beta 42 may be a marker of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A decreased level of CSF-A beta 42 is consistently found in AD and has been suggested to be related to the deposition of amyloid plaques in the brain. However, low CSF-A beta 42 levels have also been found in disorders devoid of plaques, for instance Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. To examine if the level of A beta 42 in CSF is related to inflammatory processes, we studied CSF-A beta 42 levels in eight patients with acute purulent bacterial meningitis, 10 patients with acute viral meningitis and 18 age-matched controls. In acute purulent bacterial meningitis, the CSF-A beta 42 level was markedly reduced (28% of that in controls, P<0.0001), whereas no change was found in viral meningitis. After successful treatment of bacterial meningitis, the CSF-A beta 42 level increased (P<0.05 compared to baseline) and did no longer differ from that in controls (ns). The decrease could not be explained by interference with high protein levels, since addition of increasing volumes of serum did not influence the CSF-A beta 42 levels. Our findings suggest that the reduction in CSF-A beta 42 found in bacterial meningitis is not a direct consequence of the inflammatory process. The cause may be disturbance of the clearance of A beta 42 from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sjögren
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Göteborg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, SE 431 80 Mölndal, Sweden.
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