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Mogheiseh A, Derakhshandeh N, Divar MR, Nazifi S, Ahmadi I. Effects of short-term oral letrozole on fresh semen parameters, endocrine balance, and prostate gland dimensions in domestic dogs. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:416. [PMID: 39289700 PMCID: PMC11406820 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aromatase inhibitors improve male fertility by modifying the hormonal control of spermatogenesis. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of oral administration of letrozole on testosterone and estradiol concentrations and their ratios in blood serum, seminal plasma, prostatic fluid, sperm quality in fresh semen, and prostate gland dimensions. Seven adult male intact mixed-breed dogs were selected. The animals received letrozole (72 µg/kg, PO) daily for four weeks. Blood samplings and semen collections were carried out on days 0 (control), 14 (treatment), 28 (treatment), and 42 (post-treatment). RESULTS Our results showed that letrozole administration resulted in a 4.3 fold significant increase in serum, seminal plasma, and prostatic fluid testosterone levels after 14 days. This remained high until the end of the study. Serum and prostatic fluid estradiol levels did not change significantly over the study period. However, the seminal plasma estradiol level showed a significant increase on day 14. The estradiol: testosterone ratio was significantly reduced on day 14 in serum, seminal plasma, and prostatic fluid samples. Letrozole significantly improved the ejaculated spermatozoa viability and concentration after 28 days of oral administration. However, the sperm plasma membrane functional integrity and kinematic parameters were not significantly affected by the treatment. Transabdominal ultrasound examination revealed a significant increase in the height, width, and volume of the prostate gland after 28 days of treatment. CONCLUSIONS According to the present research, oral administration of letrozole for 28 days affects local and systemic sex hormone balance leading to an improvement of the ejaculated canine spermatozoa viability and concentration concurrent with an increase in the prostate gland dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Mogheiseh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, P.O. Box: 7144169155, Shiraz, Fars, Iran.
| | - Nooshin Derakhshandeh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, P.O. Box: 7144169155, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Divar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, P.O. Box: 7144169155, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, P.O. Box: 7144169155, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Iman Ahmadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, P.O. Box: 7144169155, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
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Abstract
As the most phenotypically diverse mammalian species that shares human environments and access to sophisticated healthcare, domestic dogs have unique potential to inform our understanding of the determinants of aging. Here we outline key concepts in the study of aging and illustrate the value of research with dogs, which can improve dog health and support translational discoveries. We consider similarities and differences in aging and age-related diseases in dogs and humans and summarize key advances in our understanding of genetic and environmental risk factors for morbidity and mortality in dogs. We address health outcomes ranging from cancer to cognitive function and highlight emerging research opportunities from large-scale cohort studies in companion dogs. We conclude that studying aging in dogs could overcome many limitations of laboratory models, most notably, the ability to assess how aging-associated pathways influence aging in real-world environments similar to those experienced by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Ruple
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA;
| | - Evan MacLean
- School of Anthropology and College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA;
| | - Noah Snyder-Mackler
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, and School for Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA;
| | - Kate E. Creevy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel Promislow
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology and Department of Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA;
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Dias JP, Melvin D, Shardell M, Ferrucci L, Chia CW, Gharib M, Egan JM, Basaria S. Effects of Transdermal Testosterone Gel or an Aromatase Inhibitor on Prostate Volume in Older Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:1865-71. [PMID: 26950683 PMCID: PMC4880169 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT T replacement is being increasingly offered to older men with age-related low T; hence, monitoring prostate health is important during T therapy. Data suggest that estrogens have an independent effect on the prostate and some effects of T on the prostate might be mediated via its aromatization to estradiol. Although some studies have assessed the effects of T replacement on prostate volume, the differential effects of T and estradiol have not been delineated. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate the relative effects of T and estradiol on prostate volume in older men with low T. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-one men, 65 years old or older with total T less than 350 ng/dL (measured by mass spectrometry) participated in the study. INTERVENTION The intervention included randomization to 5 g transdermal T gel (TT), 1 mg oral aromatase inhibitor (AI), or placebo daily for 12 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was prostate volume measured by transrectal ultrasound at baseline and 12 months. Secondary outcomes included prostate-specific antigen levels and lower urinary tract symptoms score. RESULTS Serum T levels increased in both intervention groups; estradiol levels increased in the TT group, whereas it decreased in the AI group. At 12 months, prostate volume significantly increased (4.5 ± 1.76 cc, P < .05) only in the TT group. Increase in prostate-specific antigen levels were seen in both intervention groups at 6 months (P < .01 and P < .001). The lower urinary tract symptoms score increased only in the TT group (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The tropic effects of T on the prostate are mediated via its aromatization to estradiol. Administration of AI for 12 months to older men was not detrimental to the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Pena Dias
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation (J.P.D., D.M., J.M.E.) and Translational Gerontology Branch (M.S., L.F., C.W.C.), National Institute on Aging, and Imaging Section (M.G.), Medstar Harbor Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21225; and Section on Men's Health, Aging, and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Denise Melvin
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation (J.P.D., D.M., J.M.E.) and Translational Gerontology Branch (M.S., L.F., C.W.C.), National Institute on Aging, and Imaging Section (M.G.), Medstar Harbor Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21225; and Section on Men's Health, Aging, and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Michelle Shardell
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation (J.P.D., D.M., J.M.E.) and Translational Gerontology Branch (M.S., L.F., C.W.C.), National Institute on Aging, and Imaging Section (M.G.), Medstar Harbor Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21225; and Section on Men's Health, Aging, and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation (J.P.D., D.M., J.M.E.) and Translational Gerontology Branch (M.S., L.F., C.W.C.), National Institute on Aging, and Imaging Section (M.G.), Medstar Harbor Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21225; and Section on Men's Health, Aging, and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Chee W Chia
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation (J.P.D., D.M., J.M.E.) and Translational Gerontology Branch (M.S., L.F., C.W.C.), National Institute on Aging, and Imaging Section (M.G.), Medstar Harbor Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21225; and Section on Men's Health, Aging, and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Mohsen Gharib
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation (J.P.D., D.M., J.M.E.) and Translational Gerontology Branch (M.S., L.F., C.W.C.), National Institute on Aging, and Imaging Section (M.G.), Medstar Harbor Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21225; and Section on Men's Health, Aging, and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation (J.P.D., D.M., J.M.E.) and Translational Gerontology Branch (M.S., L.F., C.W.C.), National Institute on Aging, and Imaging Section (M.G.), Medstar Harbor Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21225; and Section on Men's Health, Aging, and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Shehzad Basaria
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation (J.P.D., D.M., J.M.E.) and Translational Gerontology Branch (M.S., L.F., C.W.C.), National Institute on Aging, and Imaging Section (M.G.), Medstar Harbor Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21225; and Section on Men's Health, Aging, and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Estrogen receptor alpha gene polymorphisms and risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis involving 18 studies. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5921-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1785-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Nakamura H, Wang Y, Xue H, Romanish MT, Mager DL, Helgason CD, Wang Y. Genistein versus ICI 182, 780: an ally or enemy in metastatic progression of prostate cancer. Prostate 2013; 73:1747-60. [PMID: 24038102 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen signalling through the androgen receptor (AR) plays a critical role in prostate cancer (PCa) initiation and progression. Estrogen in synergy with androgen is essential for cell growth of the normal and malignant prostate. However, the exact role that estrogen and the estrogen receptor play in prostate carcinogenesis remains unclear. We have previously demonstrated the metastasis-promoting effect of an estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) agonist (genistein) in a patient-derived PCa xenograft model mimicking localized and metastatic disease. METHODS To test the hypothesis that the tumor-promoting activity of genistein was due to its estrogenic properties, we treated the xenograft-bearing mice with genistein and an anti-estrogen compound (ICI 182, 780) and compared the differential gene expression using microarrays. RESULTS Using a second xenograft model which was derived from another patient, we showed that genistein promoted disease progression in vivo and ICI 182, 780 inhibited metastatic spread. The microarray analysis revealed that the metallothionein (MT) gene family was differentially expressed in tumors treated by these compounds. Using qRT-PCR, the differences in expression levels were validated in the metastatic and non-metastatic LTL313 PCa xenograft tumor lines, both of which were originally derived from the same PCa patient. CONCLUSIONS Together our data provide evidence that genistein stimulates and ICI 182, 780 inhibits metastatic progression, suggesting that these effects may be mediated by ERβ signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisae Nakamura
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Luo Y, Waladali W, Li S, Zheng X, Hu L, Zheng H, Hu W, Chen C. 17β-Estradiol affects proliferation and apoptosis of rat prostatic smooth muscle cells by modulating cell cycle transition and related proteins. Cell Biol Int 2013; 32:899-905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2008.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Holt SK, Kwon EM, Fu R, Kolb S, Feng Z, Ostrander EA, Stanford JL. Association of variants in estrogen-related pathway genes with prostate cancer risk. Prostate 2013; 73:1-10. [PMID: 22549291 PMCID: PMC3544476 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Through mediation of estrogen receptors, estradiol has been shown to have both carcinogenic and anti-carcinogenic effects on the prostate. We performed a population-based case-control study to investigate variants in estrogen-related genes ESR1, ESR2, CYP19A1, CYP1A1, and CYP1B1 and the potential association with risk of prostate cancer (PCa). MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated PCa risk conferred by 73 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 1,304 incident PCa cases and 1,266 age-matched controls. Analysis included stratification by clinical features and assessment of environmental modifiers. RESULTS There was evidence of altered risk of developing PCa for variants in ESR1, CYP1A1, and CYP1B1, however, only CYP1B1 rs1056836 retained significance after adjustment for multiple comparisons. An association with risk for more aggressive PCa was observed for variants in ESR1, ESR2, and CYP19A1, but none was significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. There was no effect modification by obesity. CONCLUSIONS Germline genetic variation of these estrogen pathway genes may contribute to risk of PCa. Additional studies to validate these results and examine the functional consequence of validated variants are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Holt
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Xiang-Yun L, Ying-Wen X, Chen-Jing X, Jiu-Jiu W, Qi P, Bo G, Zu-Yue S. Possible mechanism of benign prostatic hyperplasia induced by androgen-estrogen ratios in castrated rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2010; 42:312-7. [PMID: 21206625 PMCID: PMC2959216 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.70397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the role of androgen-estrogen balance in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) induced by varying doses of estradiol/testosterone propionate (E(2)/TP) in castrated rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 222 rats were divided into 37 groups at random, including 35 groups of different E(2)/TP, one control, and one castrated group. All 37 groups except the control group were castrated, for eliminating endogenesis of testosterone in rats. The treated groups were administered testosterone propionate (TP; at the dosages of 0.15, 0.74, 3.7, 18.5, and 92.6 mg/kg), combined with estradiol (E(2); at the dosage of 0, 0.4, 2, 10, 50, 250, and 1250 µg/kg) diluted in vegetable oil for 30 days, respectively, whereas the control groups received only vegetable oil. All prostate specimens were removed under anesthesia, then fixed and embedded in paraffin, for measuring the organ quotient, volume, area of prostate glandular cavity, and the height of prostate epithelia. RESULTS When the dosages of TP were 0.15, 3.7, 18.5, and 92.6 mg/kg, the degree of prostatic hyperplasia had no obvious dose-effect relationship with E(2). When TP was 0.74 mg/kg, with the increase of the dosage of E(2), the volume and quotient of prostate were increasing. However, when the dosage of E(2)exceeded 50 µg/kg, E(2)/TP was 5/74, the prostatic volume did not increase obviously. CONCLUSION The proper levels of E2/TP play an important role in the pathogenesis of BPH. In rats, the balance point of E(2)/TP is 5/74.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Xiang-Yun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, National Evaluation Centre for the Toxicology of Fertility Regulation Drugs, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xu Ying-Wen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, National Evaluation Centre for the Toxicology of Fertility Regulation Drugs, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xie Chen-Jing
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, National Evaluation Centre for the Toxicology of Fertility Regulation Drugs, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wang Jiu-Jiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, National Evaluation Centre for the Toxicology of Fertility Regulation Drugs, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pan Qi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, National Evaluation Centre for the Toxicology of Fertility Regulation Drugs, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gui Bo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, National Evaluation Centre for the Toxicology of Fertility Regulation Drugs, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sun Zu-Yue
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, National Evaluation Centre for the Toxicology of Fertility Regulation Drugs, Shanghai 200032, China
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Sorenmo KU, Goldschmidt M, Shofer F, Goldkamp C, Ferracone J. Immunohistochemical characterization of canine prostatic carcinoma and correlation with castration status and castration time. Vet Comp Oncol 2009; 1:48-56. [PMID: 19379330 DOI: 10.1046/j.1476-5829.2003.00007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize canine prostate cancer using immunohistochemical staining specific for acinar and urothelial/ductal tissue and correlate these results with the dogs' castration status/castration time. Seventy dogs with prostate cancer were included, 71% were castrated and 29% were intact. Compared with an age-matched control population, castrated dogs were at increased risk of prostate cancer, odds ratio 3.9. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on 58 cases. Forty-six of the 58 stained positive for cytokeratin 7 (CK 7) (ductal/urothelial origin) and one of the 58 stained positive for prostate-specific antigen. Dogs with CK 7-positive tumours were younger when castrated than dogs with CK 7-negative tumours, 2 versus 7 years (P = 0.03); dogs castrated at <or=2 years of age were more likely to be CK 7-positive (P = 0.009). These results show that most canine prostatic carcinomas are of ductal/urothelial, androgen-independent origin. This is consistent with the epidemiological findings, showing increased risk in castrated dogs. Canine prostate cancer may, therefore, not be a realistic model for the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K U Sorenmo
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Departments of Clinical Studies and Pathobiology, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010, USA.
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Slater M, Brown D, Husband A. In the prostatic epithelium, dietary isoflavones from red clover significantly increase estrogen receptor beta and E-cadherin expression but decrease transforming growth factor beta1. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2004; 5:16-21. [PMID: 15195125 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2001] [Accepted: 08/19/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In mice fed a diet supplemented with red clover isoflavones the prostatic epithelium displays a significant increase in the production of estrogen receptor beta and the adhesion protein E-cadherin but a decrease in transforming growth factor beta1. These proteins are estrogenically-induced markers of proliferation, maintenance of histological architecture, preservation of cell phenotype and reduction of the potential for neoplastic and metastatic transformation. This study suggests that red clover isoflavones represent a non-toxic dietary treatment for prostatic hyperplasia and a reduction in the potential for neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Slater
- Institute for Biomedical Research, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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Tanaka Y, Sasaki M, Kaneuchi M, Shiina H, Igawa M, Dahiya R. Polymorphisms of estrogen receptor alpha in prostate cancer. Mol Carcinog 2003; 37:202-8. [PMID: 12891629 DOI: 10.1002/mc.10138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) alpha polymorphisms have been shown to be involved in the oncogenesis of several organs. We hypothesize that polymorphisms of the ERalpha gene are risk factors for prostate cancer. The genotypic distributions of six different loci (codons: 10 T-->C, 87 G-->C, 243 C-->T, 325 C-->G, 594 G-->A, and intron 1 C-->T) of the ERalpha gene were analyzed in prostate cancer tissues. The DNA from 115 cases of prostate cancer (Japanese population) was analyzed by sequence-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing to determine the genotypic and allelic frequencies of the six different polymorphic loci of ERalpha. The relative risk of variant genotype was calculated by comparison with 200 healthy controls. Results of this study showed that the frequency of the variant genotype (C/C) on codon 10 was significantly higher in prostate cancer patients. The odds ratio (OR) was calculated as 3.26 compared to wild-type (T/T) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.58-6.73. Allele frequency at codon 10 also differed between groups. No association was found between codon 10 polymorphism and the stage of cancer. Polymorphism was not observed in codon 87, and frequencies of genotypes and alleles at other loci (intron 1, codons 243, 325, and 594) were not statistically different between cancer and controls. The present study suggests that polymorphism in codon 10 of ERalpha may be a risk factor for prostate cancer. These results are important in understanding the role of ERalpha polymorphism in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
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