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Abstract
Earlier studies of androgen-receptor (AR) expression using frozen prostate tissue, and later studies using archived specimens, produced the consensus that ligand-stabilized AR is nuclear, AR expression is similar in benign epithelia and stroma, AR expression is greater in secretory epithelia than basal cells, and AR expression is more variable in prostate cancer (CaP) than in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Accurate measurement of AR expression remains technically challenging but necessary to evaluate the relevance of AR to clinical CaP. Recent studies demonstrated that AR expression in epithelia and stroma may be prognostic in clinically localized CaP, and AR expression may play a role in racial differences in CaP mortality and predict response to androgen deprivation therapy. High levels of AR and AR-regulated gene expression indicate a central role for AR in growth regulation of castration-recurrent CaP. New treatments for the lethal phenotype of CaP require better understanding of AR transactivation during androgen deprivation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Mohler
- Department of Urologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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2
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Jeffery IB, Madden SF, McGettigan PA, Perrière G, Culhane AC, Higgins DG. Integrating transcription factor binding site information with gene expression datasets. Bioinformatics 2006; 23:298-305. [PMID: 17127681 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btl597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Microarrays are widely used to measure gene expression differences between sets of biological samples. Many of these differences will be due to differences in the activities of transcription factors. In principle, these differences can be detected by associating motifs in promoters with differences in gene expression levels between the groups. In practice, this is hard to do. RESULTS We combine correspondence analysis, between group analysis and co-inertia analysis to determine which motifs, from a database of promoter motifs, are strongly associated with differences in gene expression levels. Given a database of motifs and gene expression levels from a set of arrays, the method produces a ranked list of motifs associated with any specified split in the arrays. We give an example using the Gene Atlas compendium of gene expression levels for human tissues where we search for motifs that are associated with expression in central nervous system (CNS) or muscle tissues. Most of the motifs that we find are known from previous work to be strongly associated with expression in CNS or muscle. We give a second example using a published prostate cancer dataset where we can simply and clearly find which transcriptional pathways are associated with differences between benign and metastatic samples. AVAILABILITY The source code is freely available upon request from the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian B Jeffery
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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3
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Gilliver SC, Ashworth JJ, Mills SJ, Hardman MJ, Ashcroft GS. Androgens modulate the inflammatory response during acute wound healing. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:722-32. [PMID: 16449322 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired wound healing states in the elderly lead to substantial morbidity and mortality, and a cost to the health services of over 9 billion dollars per annum. In addition to intrinsic ageing processes that per se cause delayed healing, studies have suggested marked differences in wound repair between the sexes. We have previously reported that, castration of male mice results in a striking acceleration of local cutaneous wound healing and dampens the associated inflammatory response. In this study, we report that systemic 5alpha-reductase inhibition, which blocks the conversion of testosterone to its more active metabolite 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, mimics the effects of castration in a rat model of cutaneous wound healing. The mechanisms underlying the observed effects involve a direct, cell-specific upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by macrophages, but not fibroblasts, in response to androgens. Androgens require the transforming growth factor beta signalling intermediate Smad3 to be present in order to influence repair and local pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. That reducing 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone levels through 5alpha-reductase antagonism markedly accelerates healing suggests a specific target for future therapeutic intervention in impaired wound healing states in elderly males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Gilliver
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Danforth
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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5
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Castagnetta L, Carruba G, Fecarotta E, Lo Casto M, Cusimano R, Pavone-Macaluso M. Soluble and nuclear type I and II androgen-binding sites in benign hyperplasia and cancer of the human prostate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 20:127-32. [PMID: 1372770 DOI: 10.1007/bf00296524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an approach for the assessment of the androgen receptor (AR) status in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) tissues. Evaluation of AR was carried out in both soluble and nuclear fractions by a standard competition method, using tritiated mibolerone as radioligand. Based on our experience with breast and endometrial cancer, this approach focused on both type I (high affinity, low capacity) and type II (reduced affinity, higher capacity) binding sites, aiming mainly at establishing a putative "functional" receptor mechanism, i.e., the presence of type I AR in both cytosol and nucleus. Ancillary studies were carried out to exclude a potential overestimation of the AR content by interference with other steroid receptors, namely, progesterone (PgR) or glucocorticoid (GcR) receptors. Results showed that the interaction by PgR or GcR upon AR measurement was not relevant. The distribution of AR, namely the percent of positivity either in a single or in both cell compartments, was not significantly different in BPH (N = 32) or PCa (N = 24) tissues. For type I binding, the percent of positivity in both soluble and nuclear fractions (i.e., the "functional" AR status) was very close to that observed for other endocrine-related tumors, like breast cancer. Concentrations of type I AR appeared significantly higher in PCa than in BPH tissues; this was true for both soluble and nuclear fractions. In contrast, no significant difference was found in type II AR concentrations in either cell fraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L Castagnetta
- Hormone Biochemistry Laboratory, University School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
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6
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Frydenberg M, Foo TM, Jones AS, Grace J, Hensley WJ, Rogers J, Pearson BS, Raghavan D. Benign prostatic hyperplasia--video image analysis and its relationship to androgen and epidermal growth factor receptor expression. J Urol 1991; 146:872-6. [PMID: 1714972 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)37951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Androgens are essential for the development and maintenance of the prostate. However, prostatic growth may be mediated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and the expression of the EGF receptor (EGFR) may be influenced by the androgenic milieu. We have characterized the expression of cytosolic androgen receptor (ARc), nuclear salt extractable androgen receptor (ARn) and EGFR in 89 consecutive cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia, 84 of which were treated by transurethral prostatic resections. Image analysis morphometry was performed on the histological sections to determine the epithelial content of the gland. Our results indicate that there is a vast heterogeneity of receptor expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Expression of ARc ranged from zero to 1312 fmol/gm. tissue (mean +/- SD 265 +/- 290), ARn ranged from zero to 531 fmol/gm. tissue (mean +/- SD 145 +/- 98) and EGFR ranged from zero to 316 fmol/gm. tissue (mean +/- SD 121 +/- 76). A statistically significant association was found between expression of ARn and EGFR, and these were both significantly correlated with the epithelial content of the gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Frydenberg
- Urological Cancer Research Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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7
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Sadi MV, Walsh PC, Barrack ER. Immunohistochemical study of androgen receptors in metastatic prostate cancer. Comparison of receptor content and response to hormonal therapy. Cancer 1991; 67:3057-64. [PMID: 1710537 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19910615)67:12<3057::aid-cncr2820671221>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A longstanding goal has been to determine whether androgen receptor (AR) levels could be used to predict the clinical response of metastatic prostate cancer to androgen withdrawal therapy. A major limitation of previous studies was the use of homogenized tissue, which yields an average AR content for all cells. By AR immunohistochemical study using an antibody specific for AR the authors assessed nuclear AR content specifically in the malignant epithelial cells of prostate needle biopsy specimens of 17 patients with Stage D prostate cancer. The authors found that prostate cancer contains AR-positive and AR-negative malignant cells before androgen withdrawal therapy, but the percentage of AR-positive cells did not predict the time to tumor progression after therapy. There was no significant correlation between the percentage of AR-positive malignant cells and the time to tumor progression. When patients were divided into two groups based on the median time to progression, the percentage of AR-positive nuclei was not significantly different in poor responders versus good responders. When patients were divided into two groups based on the median percentage of receptor-positive nuclei, Kaplan-Meier estimates of the progression-free interval revealed no significant difference between the group of patients with AR-poor tumors and patients with AR-rich tumors. Potential explanations for these results are discussed. The authors conclude that the percentage of AR-positive nuclei is not a sufficient criterion to predict tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Sadi
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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8
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Kumar VL, Wadhwa SN, Kumar V, Farooq A. Androgen, estrogen, and progesterone receptor contents and serum hormone profiles in patients with benign hypertrophy and carcinoma of the prostate. J Surg Oncol 1990; 44:122-8. [PMID: 1693995 DOI: 10.1002/jso.2930440213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic and nuclear androgen, estrogen and progesterone receptor content was measured in the groups of 11 prostatic carcinoma (PCA) and 32 benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) samples. All BPH cases were positive for the cytosolic progesterone (PRc) and estrogen receptor (ERc), whereas only 85% of cases (23/27) contained the androgen receptor (ARc). Only those five patients who received estrogen treatment in the PCA group had detectable ARc. PRc was present in all of the PCA cases, whereas ERc could be detected in only 82% (9/11) of cases. Cytosolic contents of all three steroid receptors, however, were higher in the PCA group. The level of nuclear steroid receptors, although present in fewer cases in both groups, was higher than the cytoplasmic receptors. The serum profile of estradiol, cortisol, and prolactin was normal in both groups, whereas LH, FSH, and progesterone levels were higher than in normal adults. Serum testosterone level was within normal range in the BPH group, but it was significantly below normal (P less than 0.005) in PCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
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9
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Masai M, Sumiya H, Akimoto S, Yatani R, Chang CS, Liao SS, Shimazaki J. Immunohistochemical study of androgen receptor in benign hyperplastic and cancerous human prostates. Prostate 1990; 17:293-300. [PMID: 1701248 DOI: 10.1002/pros.2990170405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor was detected immunohistochemically in benign as well as malignant prostatic tissues by using a monoclonal rat anti-human androgen receptor antibody (AN 1-15). In both benign and malignant cells, the androgen receptor was exclusively localized in nuclei. In hyperplastic prostate, the androgen receptor was stained in the glandular and the stromal cells. In the gland, cells facing the lumen were stained more intensively than those adjacent to the basal membrane. In cancer tissue, receptor-positive and -negative cancer cells were intermingled. The percent of strongly positive cancer cells was correlated inversely with grade. Relapsed cells showed a low population of strongly positive cells irrespective of grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Masai
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
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10
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Widdowson SM, Ostrowski JL, Dangerfield VJ, Harris SC, Ingleton PM, Underwood JC, Williams JL, Parsons MA. Microassay for prostatic androgen receptors correlated with quantitative histological assessment. J Clin Pathol 1989; 42:322-8. [PMID: 2467926 PMCID: PMC1141877 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.42.3.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A new microassay in which cryostat sections of prostate tissue were used to provide the source of soluble androgen receptor for biochemical assay, was devised using an isoelectric focusing method, with [3H]-mibolerone as the androgenic radioligand. Adjacent cryostat sections from the same tissue block were stained for diagnostic and quantitative histological assessment. The assay was used to illustrate variations in tissue androgen receptor concentration for correlation with epithelial cell content in benign prostate hyperplasia and prostatic cancer, and to show the effects of androgen receptor concentration of resection of prostatic tissue by electroresection. The results indicate that the heat in electroresection renders prostatic tissue unsuitable for androgen receptor assays, and suggest that knowledge of the cellular composition of carcinomatous prostates may be of importance in the full assessment of androgen receptor assay results. This method incorporates both a biochemical assay and histological assessment of the assayed tissue on near-facsimile sections, an advantage over conventional biochemical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Widdowson
- Department of Pathology, University of Sheffield Medical School
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11
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Hammond ME, Sause WT, Martz KL, Pilepich MV, Asbell SO, Rubin P, Myers RP, Farrow GM. Correlation of prostate-specific acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen immunocytochemistry with survival in prostate carcinoma. Cancer 1989; 63:461-6. [PMID: 2463874 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19890201)63:3<461::aid-cncr2820630312>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Prostate-specific acid phosphatase, a secretory product of prostatic cells, may be a secondary product of the interaction of hormones with their receptor proteins. In this study we have examined two independent patient populations to see whether the intensity or extent of prostate-specific acid phosphatase and/or prostate-specific antigen staining correlated with survival and hormonal manipulation. One population of 24 patients was selected from patients undergoing surgical resection for adenocarcinoma Stage B or C at the Mayo Clinic. The second population of 123 patients was obtained from Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocols 75-06 and 77-06. Tissue from both populations was analyzed. In both populations, the intensity of prostate-specific acid phosphatase staining correlated with survival in a statistically significant manner. Staining with prostate-specific antigen was present in greater than 90% of specimens; data was therefore not analyzed. In those patients who subsequently relapsed and were subjected to hormonal manipulation, there appeared to be a higher likelihood of response to hormones with intense prostate-specific acid phosphatase staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Hammond
- Pathology Department, LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah
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12
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Nijs M, Coune A. Analysis of the androgen binding in human benign prostatic hypertrophy. JOURNAL OF RECEPTOR RESEARCH 1989; 9:271-95. [PMID: 2475625 DOI: 10.3109/10799898909066059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to delineate optimal conditions for the determination of androgen specific binding in human benign prostatic hypertrophy tissues (BPH), extracts of these tissues were prepared using buffers of different compositions. The binding of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and of methyltrienolone (R 1881) was analyzed using agar gel electrophoresis. This method allowed the detection of 3 different high affinity tissular binding peaks with similar specificity. Moreover, the inhibition by each of the competitors was also the same for both ligands. It could be demonstrated that none of the observed peaks resulted from the binding of 1 of the ligands to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) or to a progesterone receptor. Hypotheses about the possible origin of these peaks are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nijs
- Service de Médecine et Laboratoire d'Investigation Clinique H.J. Tagnon, Institut Jules Bordet, Bruxelles, Belgium
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13
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Umehara T, Graham ML, Berg NJ, Lieber MM, Spelsberg TC. A nuclear binding assay for measurement of biologically active androgen receptors in animal tissues and human prostate cancer. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 31:15-25. [PMID: 3260978 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(88)90200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A nuclear binding (NB) assay has been developed for the measurement in intact viable cells of biologically active (functional) estrogen and progesterone receptors, i.e. those capable of binding to nuclear acceptor sites [Spelsberg et al., Endocrinology 121: 631 (1987)]. This paper describes the application of this assay to analyses of androgen receptors in the guinea pig seminal vesicle and in human prostatic carcinoma. Cells from fresh animal seminal vesicles or human prostate carcinoma are isolated using collagenase and are incubated with [3H]R1881 for 1 h at 22 degrees C, after which nuclei are isolated at 4 degrees C and assayed for DNA and radioactivity. This NB assay demonstrates a saturable, temperature dependent, steroid and tissue specific nuclear binding of [3H]R1881 for the guinea pig-seminal vesicle system. The nuclear binding is of high affinity and low capacity. The NB assay reveals several important aspects of the androgen and estrogen receptors in target tissues: (1) the nuclear acceptor sites for androgen receptor (AR) are steroid receptor specific; (2) there are different concentrations of the androgen and estrogen receptors between the epithelium and the fibromuscular components of the guinea pig seminal vesicle; and finally (3) some biopsies of human prostate cancer appear to contain biologically inactive AR. This assay may be useful in the analyses of functional receptors in biopsies of human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Umehara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Graduate School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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14
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Abstract
Androphilic protein in prostatic cancer was histochemically observed with dihydrotestosterone (DHT), R 1881, and mibolerone as ligands. Cancer cells were equally stained with fluorescent R 1881 and mibolerone, and this fluorescence seems to be made up of both the androgen receptor and progestin-binding protein. The staining with fluorescent DHT was weak. Sixty-two Stage D2 prostatic cancer patients were examined with histochemical androphilic protein, and they then received endocrine therapy. The presence of fluorescence of R 1881 was not correlated with grade, but a relationship between the presence of fluorescence and the response to endocrine therapy was noticed 6 months after the start of treatment. Moreover, fluorescence-positive patients showed better survival than fluorescence-negative patients. An examination with fluorescent DHT revealed a similar tendency to that of R 1881, but the frequency of positive fluorescence was lower, indicating that R 1881 is a suitable ligand in this type of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamaguchi
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
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15
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Mayer TK, Mooney RA. Laboratory analyses for steroid hormone receptors, and their applications to clinical medicine. Clin Chim Acta 1988; 172:1-33. [PMID: 2834119 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(88)90117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T K Mayer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY
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16
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van Aubel O, Bolt-de Vries J, Blankenstein MA, Schröder FH. Prediction of time to progression after orchiectomy by the nuclear androgen receptor content from multiple biopsy specimens in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Prostate 1988; 12:191-8. [PMID: 3375141 DOI: 10.1002/pros.2990120302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear androgen receptor (ARn) content of cancerous prostatic tissue has been investigated as a prognosticator for time to progression under endocrine therapy. In 1981 a prospective study was started to investigate whether the ARn content in biopsy specimens of patients with prostatic carcinoma predicts the duration of response following hormonal treatment. ARn was estimated by a microassay which involves extraction of nuclear pellets with a heparin-containing buffer, exchange labeling of the nuclear extract with 3H-R1881, and quantitation of the receptor with protamine sulphate precipitation. One hundred and fifteen patients with prostatic cancer entered this study; 47 patients had evidence of metastatic disease as proven by bone scan. Forty-two patients were treated by orchiectomy; 37 of these patients are evaluable with a minimal follow-up of 30 months. A relationship between the nuclear androgen receptor content and the time to progression following orchiectomy in these patients with metastatic disease of the prostate was not found. This could possibly be attributed to the heterogeneous nature of the prostatic tumor tissue with respect to the distribution of the ARn. We conclude that androgen receptor assay in needle biopsies, at least in this study, had no value for the prediction of the time to progression after orchiectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- O van Aubel
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Lesch KP, Engl HG, Gross S. Androgen receptor binding activity in meningiomas. SURGICAL NEUROLOGY 1987; 28:176-80. [PMID: 3498229 DOI: 10.1016/0090-3019(87)90130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of androgen receptor binding activity in 54 intracranial, intraspinal, and metastatic meningiomas were performed with a specific radioligand binding technique using [3H]R 1881 as radioligand. [3H]R 5020 was used for the concurrent determination of progesterone receptor binding activity. Moderate concentrations of androgen receptors (33.4 +/- 5.4 fmol/mg protein) were detected in 35 (65%), whereas high levels of progesterone binding components (236 +/- 35 fmol/mg protein) were demonstrated in 48 (89%) tumors. The androgen receptor binding activity was positively correlated with the progesterone receptor binding activity (rs = 0.38, p less than 0.05). This relationship is suggestive of an androgen regulation of the progesterone receptor via the androgen receptor system. The presence of androgen and progesterone receptors in a large proportion of meningiomas, and the tendency for a dependence of androgen receptor and progesterone receptor binding activity on the histological subtype could have implications for tumor therapy.
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18
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Lesch KP, Gross S. Estrogen receptor immunoreactivity in meningiomas. Comparison with the binding activity of estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors. J Neurosurg 1987; 67:237-43. [PMID: 3298569 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1987.67.2.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) analysis was performed in 70 meningioma samples by means of two assays: an enzyme immunoassay that used monoclonal antibodies against human ER protein (estrophilin), and a sensitive radioligand binding assay that used iodine-125-labeled estradiol as the radioligand. Low levels of ER immunoreactivity were found in tumors from 51% of patients, whereas ER binding activity was demonstrated in 40% of the meningiomas examined. In eight (11%) of the tissue samples, multiple binding sites for estradiol were observed. The immunoreactive binding sites corresponded to those of the classic high-affinity ER. In ligand binding studies, however, measurement of classic ER was considerably influenced by a second low-affinity high-capacity estrogen binding component, even at low ligand concentrations. Binding activity of the progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR) was determined concurrently using 17 alpha-methyl-3H-promegestone (3H-R 5020) and 17 alpha-methyl-3H-trienolone (3H-R 1881), a synthetic gestagen and androgen, respectively. High concentrations of PR were detected in 53 (76%) of the tumors, whereas a moderate number of AR binding sites were demonstrated in 33 (47%) of the tumors. A positive correlation between ER immunoreactivity and AR binding activity is suggestive of estrogen regulation of AR via the ER system. The presence of gonadal steroid receptors in a large proportion of meningiomas and the tendency toward a dependence of receptor concentrations on the histological subtype of the meningioma could have implications for tumor therapy.
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19
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Abstract
Oestrogen receptor (ER) analysis was performed in 70 meningiomas with an enzyme immunoassay, using monoclonal antibodies against human oestrogen receptor protein (oestrophilin) and with a sensitive radioligand binding assay, using 125I-oestradiol as radioligand. Low levels of ER immunoreactivity were found in tumours from 51% of patients, whereas ER binding activity was demonstrated in 40% of the meningiomas examined. In 8 (11%) tissue samples multiple binding sites for oestradiol were observed. The immunoreactive binding sites corresponded to the classical, high-affinity ER. In ligand binding studies, however, measurement of classical ER was considerably influenced by a second low-affinity, high-capacity oestrogen binding component even at low ligand concentrations. 3H-methylpromegestone and 3H-methyltrienolone, a synthetic gestagen and androgen, were used for concurrent determination of the progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR) binding activity. High concentrations of PR were detected in 53 (76%), whereas moderate levels of AR binding sites were demonstrated in 33 (47%) tumours. A positive correlation between ER immunoreactivity and AR binding activity is indicative for an oestrogen regulation of AR via the ER system. The presence of gonadal steroid receptors in a large proportion of meningiomas and the tendency for a dependence of receptor concentrations on the histological subtype could have implications for tumour therapy.
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20
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Benson RC, Gorman PA, O'Brien PC, Holicky EL, Veneziale CM. Relationship between androgen receptor binding activity in human prostate cancer and clinical response to endocrine therapy. Cancer 1987; 59:1599-606. [PMID: 3828960 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19870501)59:9<1599::aid-cncr2820590913>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The authors investigated the ability of androgen receptor binding in prostate cancer tissue to predict the response of prostate cancer patients to endocrine therapy. The clinical response of 37 previously untreated patients with various grades and stages of prostate cancer was correlated with androgen receptor binding and detailed histologic data obtained before treatment. All patients underwent cold-punch transurethral resection of the prostate and received endocrine therapy. The association between time to progression and cytosolic androgen binding was not significant. However, the associations of time to progression to nuclear binding and to total androgen binding were significant (P = 0.029 and 0.038, respectively). The authors found no association between clinical stage and time to progression, but did find an association between time to progression and pathologic grade (P = 0.003); grade 4 lesions were the least responsive to hormone therapy. When grade 4 lesions were excluded (N = 3), binding levels were still predictive of progression independently of grade and stage. The authors conclude that nuclear receptor binding activity in localized and metastatic prostate cancer tissue is predictive of response to hormonal manipulation.
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21
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Hulka BS, Beckman WC, Checkoway H, DiFerdinando G, Hammond JE, Fried FA, Mickey DD, Stumpf WE, Clark TD. Androgen receptors detected by autoradiography in prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplastic tissue. Prostate 1987; 10:223-33. [PMID: 2438672 DOI: 10.1002/pros.2990100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) content in prostatic tissues from patients with either cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is of interest from at least two standpoints: receptors may be a feature of the pathogenesis of these conditions, and they may be important to the management and prognosis of prostatic cancer patients. For these reasons, a quantitative autoradiographic assay for AR content in prostatic tissues has been developed. Application of autoradiography to rodent tissues yielded results that were highly correlated with those from biochemical assays. Thus, the autoradiographic analyses with human tissues reported in this paper were undertaken. Average AR content in 22 prostatic carcinomas was lower than that in tissues from 14 patients with BPH; the median values of the affinity index, the quantitative estimate of receptor content, were 7.0 and 12.0, respectively. For the cancer tissues, a trend of declining receptor content with advancing stage of disease appeared but was not statistically significant. No association between receptor content and degree of tumor aggressiveness as measured by Gleason score and MD Anderson score was evident. Patient age and race were not related to receptor content in either type of tissue.
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Abstract
Hormonal control of tumor growth has shifted from what was basically an empirical discipline twenty-five years ago to what is now primarily a pharmacologic and biochemical science. Early on, medical management of malignancy relied heavily on the knowledge that deprivation of steroids produced by the sex glands could result in the regression of tumors in breast cancer and prostatic cancer. Today's approach to management is focused on the way in which different steroids feed the cancer cell itself. As a result, many new hormonal agents have been developed on the basis of the knowledge that it is possible to interfere with the process of cancer growth directly at the cellular level. The biochemical rationale for the development of many of these agents is discussed.
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Bowman SP, Barnes DM, Blacklock NJ, Sullivan PJ. Regional variation of cytosol androgen receptors throughout the diseased human prostate gland. Prostate 1986; 8:167-80. [PMID: 2419881 DOI: 10.1002/pros.2990080207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous histology of the normal and diseased human prostate is well established. This study has investigated variations in cytosol androgen receptor (AR) content throughout the diseased gland to establish the most suitable sites to obtain tissue for AR assay. Only then can AR be investigated as a potential predictor of response to endocrine treatment. In a transverse slice of an enucleated prostate showing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) AR levels in 1-g segments varied from 109 to 1,212 fmol/g tissue (mean 483 +/- 273; median 406), with no negative areas. Areas of higher receptor concentrations corresponded to the glandular regions of sections obtained from a slice taken in juxtaposition; areas of low receptor concentrations corresponded to the stromal regions. A significant correlation (P less than .02) was observed between AR concentration and the proportion of glandular components of each segment. Specimens were also obtained from each of three sites from 38 prostates; 45% of all specimens contained AR; however, distribution of receptor throughout the prostate was uneven. AR were significantly more likely to be measured in the peripheral zone (71% positive) than in periurethral tissue (39% positive) whilst only 24% of specimens taken from the limit of the resection possessed AR binding capacity. Similar distribution patterns were observed in both benign and malignant prostates, although 16% more specimens from carcinomatous prostates contained receptor than did those from benign glands; this difference was maintained at each site. In addition receptor levels were consistently lower in benign than in malignant specimens. It is therefore desirable to know the histological composition of specimens used for AR measurement.
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Abstract
Androgen receptors (AR) were quantified in nuclei purified from unfractionated benign hypertrophic prostate (bph) tissue and from separated epithelium and stroma from bph specimens. Both epithelial and stromal cell nuclei contained AR, although concentrations in epithelial cell nuclei were higher and more variable. Variations in AR levels in epithelial cell nuclei reflected variations in unfractionated-tissue nuclei. Nuclear AR were further characterized regarding extractability with or resistance to 0.6 mol/lKCl and micrococcal nuclease. Nuclei from unfractionated tissue, epithelium, and stroma contained populations of AR susceptible and refractory to solubilization with KC1 and nuclease. Nuclease- and salt-sensitive populations of AR were similar numerically. The observed variability in epithelial cell nuclear AR was attributable to a wide range of solubilizable AR. Nuclease-digestion profiles and sedimentation analyses revealed that this wide range was not due to AR associated with soluble chromatin oligomers but to AR not detectably associated with other nuclear components. In contrast, AR in stromal cell nuclei was predominantly resistant to KC1 and nuclease, and variability in total nuclear AR concentration was due to variation in the nonextractable population.
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