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Mushroom extracts and compounds with suppressive action on breast cancer: evidence from studies using cultured cancer cells, tumor-bearing animals, and clinical trials. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:4675-4703. [PMID: 32274562 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews mushrooms with anti-breast cancer activity. The mushrooms covered which are better known include the following: button mushroom Agaricus bisporus, Brazilian mushroom Agaricus blazei, Amauroderma rugosum, stout camphor fungus Antrodia camphorata, Jew's ear (black) fungus or black wood ear fungus Auricularia auricula-judae, reishi mushroom or Lingzhi Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma sinense, maitake mushroom or sheep's head mushroom Grifola frondosa, lion's mane mushroom or monkey head mushroom Hericium erinaceum, brown beech mushroom Hypsizigus marmoreus, sulfur polypore mushroom Laetiporus sulphureus, Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom), Phellinus linteus (Japanese "meshimakobu," Chinese "song gen," Korean "sanghwang," American "black hoof mushroom"), abalone mushroom Pleurotus abalonus, king oyster mushroom Pleurotus eryngii, oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, tuckahoe or Fu Ling Poria cocos, and split gill mushroom Schizophyllum commune. Antineoplastic effectiveness in human clinical trials and mechanism of anticancer action have been reported for Antrodia camphorata, Cordyceps sinensis, Coriolus versicolor, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, and Lentinula edodes.
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Zhong L, Yan P, Lam WC, Yao L, Bian Z. Coriolus Versicolor and Ganoderma Lucidum Related Natural Products as an Adjunct Therapy for Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:703. [PMID: 31333449 PMCID: PMC6616310 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer incidence and mortality rates keep rising globally. Coriolus versicolor and Ganoderma lucidum related natural products are commonly applied as a complementary therapeutic option for different stages and types of cancers. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the products for cancer therapy. Methods: Randomized controlled trials were identified by systematic search over seven databases from inceptions to May 10, 2019. Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the study quality. Meta-analyses were performed to pool hazard ratio (HR), risk ratio (RR), mean differences (MD), and 95% CI using random-effects models. The sources of heterogeneity were explored by subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses. Publication bias was detected by Funnel plots, Begg's test, and Egger's test. Results: Twenty-three trials involving 4,246 cancer patients were included in this work. C. versicolor and G. lucidum related natural products were significantly associated with lower risks of mortality (HR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.94) and higher total efficacy (RR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.55), but not associated with control rate (RR: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.14) compared with control treatment. There was no significant difference between C. versicolor related natural products and control treatment in the effect on relapse-free survival (HR: 1.19; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.55). Compared with control treatment, C. versicolor and G. lucidum related natural products had a favorable effect on elevated levels of CD3 (MD: 9.03%; 95% CI: 2.10, 16.50) and CD4 (MD: 9.2%; 95% CI: 1.01, 17.39), but had no effect on the levels of CD8 (MD: -5.52%; 95% CI: -23.17, 12.13), CD4/CD8 (MD: 0.73; 95% CI:-0.45, 1.91), or NK(MD: 5.87%; 95% CI: -1.06, 12.8). Conclusion: In this meta-analysis, we found that C. versicolor and G. lucidum related natural products might have potential benefits on the overall survival and quality of life in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Zhong
- Hong Kong Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Centre, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Peijing Yan
- Institution of Clinical Research and Evidence Based Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wai Ching Lam
- Hong Kong Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Centre, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Liang Yao
- Hong Kong Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Centre, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Zhaoxiang Bian
- Hong Kong Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Centre, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
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Fritz H, Kennedy DA, Ishii M, Fergusson D, Fernandes R, Cooley K, Seely D. Polysaccharide K and Coriolus versicolor extracts for lung cancer: a systematic review. Integr Cancer Ther 2015; 14:201-11. [PMID: 25784670 DOI: 10.1177/1534735415572883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polysaccharide K, also known as PSK or Krestin, is derived from the Coriolus versicolor mushroom and is widely used in Japan as an adjuvant immunotherapy for a variety of cancer including lung cancer. Despite reported benefits, there has been no English language synthesis of PSK for lung cancer. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic review of PSK for the treatment of lung cancer. METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, AltHealth Watch, and the Library of Science and Technology from inception to August 2014 for clinical and preclinical evidence pertaining to the safety and efficacy of PSK or other Coriolus versicolor extracts for lung cancer. RESULTS Thirty-one reports of 28 studies were included for full review and analysis. Six studies were randomized controlled trials, 5 were nonrandomized controlled trials, and 17 were preclinical studies. Nine of the reports were Japanese language publications. Fifteen of 17 preclinical studies supported anticancer effects for PSK through immunomodulation and potentiation of immune surveillance, as well as through direct tumor inhibiting actions in vivo that resulted in reduced tumor growth and antimetastatic effects. Nonrandomized controlled trials showed improvement of various survival measures including median survival and 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival. Randomized controlled trials showed benefits on a range of endpoints, including immune parameters and hematological function, performance status and body weight, tumor-related symptoms such as fatigue and anorexia, as well as survival. Although there were conflicting results for impact on some of the tumor-related symptoms and median survival, overall most randomized controlled trials supported a positive impact for PSK on these endpoints. PSK was safely administered following and in conjunction with standard radiation and chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS PSK may improve immune function, reduce tumor-associated symptoms, and extend survival in lung cancer patients. Larger, more rigorous randomized controlled trials for PSK in lung cancer patients are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Fritz
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deborah A Kennedy
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mami Ishii
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dean Fergusson
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rochelle Fernandes
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kieran Cooley
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dugald Seely
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Ottawa Integrative Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Quayle K, Coy C, Standish L, Lu H. The TLR2 agonist in polysaccharide-K is a structurally distinct lipid which acts synergistically with the protein-bound β-glucan. J Nat Med 2014; 69:198-208. [PMID: 25510899 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-014-0879-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Protein-bound polysaccharide-K (Krestin; PSK) is a hot-water extract of Trametes versicolor with immune stimulatory activity. It has been used for the past 30 years and has demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy in multiple types of cancer. The ability of PSK to activate dendritic cells and T cells is dependent on its ability to stimulate Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), yet it remains unknown which structural component within PSK activates TLR2. The purpose of this study was to identify the TLR2 agonist within PSK and understand its role in the overall mechanism of PSK's immunogenic activity. TLR2 activity was eliminated by treatment with lipoprotein lipase but not by trypsin or lyticase. Rapid centrifugation of PSK can separate the fraction with TLR2 agonist activity from the soluble β-glucan fraction. To study the potential interaction between the β-glucan component and the lipid component, we labeled the soluble β-glucan with fluorescein. Uptake of the labeled β-glucan by J774A macrophages and JAWSII dendritic cells was inhibited by anti-Dectin-1 antibody but not by anti-TLR2 antibody, confirming that Dectin-1 is the receptor for β-glucan. Interestingly, pre-treatment of JAWSII cells with the TLR2-active lipid fraction significantly enhanced the uptake of the soluble β-glucan, indicating the synergy between the TLR2 agonist component and the β-glucan component. Altogether, these results present evidence that PSK has two active components-the well-characterized protein-bound β-glucan and a previously unreported lipid-which work synergistically via the Dectin-1 and TLR2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Quayle
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA,
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Torkelson CJ, Sweet E, Martzen MR, Sasagawa M, Wenner CA, Gay J, Putiri A, Standish LJ. Phase 1 Clinical Trial of Trametes versicolor in Women with Breast Cancer. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:251632. [PMID: 22701186 PMCID: PMC3369477 DOI: 10.5402/2012/251632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Orally administered preparations from the Trametes versicolor (Tv) mushroom have been hypothesized to improve immune response in women with breast cancer after standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Methods. A phase I, two-center, dose escalation study was done to determine the maximum tolerated dose of a Tv preparation when taken daily in divided doses for 6 weeks after recent completion of radiotherapy. Eleven participants were recruited and nine women completed the study. Each cohort was comprised of three participants given one of three doses of Tv (3, 6, or 9 grams). Immune data was collected pre- and postradiation, at 3 on-treatment time points and after a 3-week washout. Results. Nine adverse events were reported (7 mild, 1 moderate, and 1 severe), suggesting that Tv was well tolerated. Immunological results indicated trends in (1) increased lymphocyte counts at 6 and 9 grams/day; (2) increased natural killer cell functional activity at 6 grams/day; (3) dose-related increases in CD8(+) T cells and CD19(+) B cells , but not CD4(+) T cells or CD16(+)56(+) NK cells. Conclusion. These findings show that up to 9 grams/day of a Tv preparation is safe and tolerable in women with breast cancer in the postprimary treatment setting. This Tv preparation may improve immune status in immunocompromised breast cancer patients following standard primary oncologic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Torkelson
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Medical School, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, MMC 381, Mayo Building B529, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Hetland G, Johnson E, Lyberg T, Bernardshaw S, Tryggestad AMA, Grinde B. Effects of the Medicinal MushroomAgaricus blazeiMurill on Immunity, Infection and Cancer. Scand J Immunol 2008; 68:363-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Herbs and other botanicals in cancer patient care. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2008; 9:109-16. [PMID: 18612829 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-008-0061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Non-prescription herbal remedies are commonly used by cancer patients in efforts to control their disease or to manage symptoms associated with cancer and cancer treatments. We address the issues surrounding the use of herbs, herbal compounds, and other botanical agents in the oncology context. Botanicals are biologically active agents that can be useful under appropriate circumstances, but they may be counterproductive when used by patients on chemotherapy or on other prescription medications. Herbs and other botanical agents, despite common public belief, are not benign. They should be understood as unrefined pharmaceuticals, with the capacity to produce physiologic change for better or worse. Indeed, many prescription drugs, chemotherapeutic agents among them, were derived from plants and other natural agents, and the search for additional constituents of plants, animals, and minerals for use as pharmaceutical agents remains an active effort on many fronts. Cautions, appropriate application, and potential utility of botanical agents are discussed below, and sources of reliable information are provided.
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Principles of Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Cancer. Oncology 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/0-387-31056-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Many cancer patients use therapies promoted as literal alternatives to conventional medical care. Such "alternative" modalities are unproven or were studied and found worthless. These can be harmful. An even greater proportion of cancer patients uses "complementary" therapies along with mainstream cancer treatment. Most are helpful adjunctive approaches that control symptoms and enhance quality of life. This review describes alternative as well as complementary therapies commonly used today by cancer patients. Herbal remedies also are discussed. Evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of complementary/alternative medicine (CAM) is reviewed, and implications for oncologists are discussed. To encourage open communication of CAM use by patients, oncologists should be knowledgeable about the most popular remedies and know where to find reliable information for themselves and for their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrie R Cassileth
- Integrative Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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Vickers A. Botanical medicines for the treatment of cancer: rationale, overview of current data, and methodological considerations for phase I and II trials. Cancer Invest 2002; 20:1069-79. [PMID: 12449740 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-120005926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
There appears to be exceptional and growing public enthusiasm for botanical, or "herbal", medicines, especially amongst cancer patients. This has recently begun to be matched by increasing scientific attention. Whilst it is known that plant extracts are active against cancer, the standard approach has been to isolate, synthesize and administer the single chemical compound thought responsible for this effect. However, different components in a botanical may have synergistic activities. There is also some evidence that the presence of multiple compounds in a botanical extract can buffer the toxic effects of a single constituent. Though many of the botanicals popular among patients are probably not of benefit (e.g. Mistletoe, Pau D'arco), several botanicals have shown promise in Phase III (Sho-saiko-to, PSK) or Phase II (PC-SPES) trial. Quality control of botanicals poses significant challenges: small differences in genetics, soil, temperature, moisture and time of harvesting can lead to significant differences in the concentration of important constituents. Phase I and II methodology is also problematic: botanicals have low toxicity and are unlikely to cause rapid tumor regression. There is currently minimal regulation of botanical medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Vickers
- Integrative Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Chu KKW, Ho SSS, Chow AHL. Coriolus versicolor
: A Medicinal Mushroom with Promising Immunotherapeutic Values. J Clin Pharmacol 2002. [DOI: 10.1177/009127000204200904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K. W. Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Susan S. S. Ho
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Albert H. L. Chow
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong
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Complementary and Alternative Medicine Approaches in Colorectal Cancer. COLORECTAL CANCER 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59259-160-2_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nakagoe T, Ishikawa H, Sawai T, Tsuji T, Ayabe H, Eida K, Nogawa T, Nakamura Y, Kunisaki T, Tobinaga K, Furukawa M, Ino M. Preoperative UFT administration for patients with advanced colorectal cancer--increased uptake of 5-fluorouracil by tumor tissue is a prognostic factor. Anticancer Drugs 2000; 11:155-63. [PMID: 10831274 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200003000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify whether increased 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) uptake by tumor tissue following preoperative UFT administration is a prognostic factor after surgery in colorectal cancer patients. We examined the concentrations of 5-FU in tumor or normal tissue of 96 colorectal cancer patients who received UFT (400 mg/day) orally for 7 days prior to surgery. Patients were divided into two groups with high or low 5-FU concentrations in tumor tissue (defined as higher or lower than the cut-off value, respectively). The cut-off value of 5-FU was established based on the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval of the median of the concentration found in normal tissue (0.106 microg/g). Of the 96 patients, 62 (64.6%) were in the low-5-FU group and 34 (35.4%) in the high-5-FU group. The latter had a more favorable clinical outcome (p=0.0465). Cox regression analysis revealed that two independent variables, stage and 5-FU status in tumor tissue, were significant for prediction of survival. These findings suggest that increased uptake of 5-FU by tumor tissue following preoperative oral administration of UFT is an independent prognostic factor in colorectal cancer patients. This variable needs to be considered in the design of future therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakagoe
- First Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan.
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Efficacy of postoperative adjuvant therapy for stage ilia breast cancer: Futraful vs futraful+tamoxifen for er-positive patients and futraful vs futraful + adriamycin for er-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer 1997; 4:103-13. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02967063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/1996] [Accepted: 02/21/1997] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Conventional Dose CAF Therapy versus Low Dose Adriamycin Therapy in the Treatment of Advanced Breast Cancer. Breast Cancer 1994; 1:51-56. [PMID: 11091507 DOI: 10.1007/bf02967375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A controlled randomized trial was conducted to compare the effectiveness of a conventional dose of CAF therapy with that of a low dose of adriamycin (ADR) therapy for the treatment of advanced Breast Cancer. The doses of medication for the conventional CAF therapy were 100 mg/body of cyclophosphamide (CPA) p.o. daily fort wo weeks, 30 mg/m(2) of ADR and 500 mg/m(2) of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) i.v. on days 1 and 8 for induction, and 200 mg/body of 5-FU and 20 mg/body of tamoxifen (TAM) p.o. daily for maintenance. Those for the low dose ADR therapy were 15mg/m(2) of ADR i.v. at two-week intervals for one year and 200 mg/body of 5-FU and 20 mg/body of TAM p.o. daily. Eighty patients were entered in this trial. All patients were randomly divided into two groups with stratification for estrogen receptor status. Of 78 patients among them, 38 undergoing the CAF therapy and 40 undergoing the low dose ADR therapy, were evaluated for efficacy assesment. The background factors analyzed were well balanced in both groups. The response rate was 47%(6CR, 12PR out of 38) in the CAF group and 43% (3CR, 14PR out of 40) in the low dose ADR group. There was no significant difference in response rates and survival rates as determined by the Kaplan Meier method between the two groups. The CAF therapy had significantly more toxicity than the low dose ADR therapy. Therefore, it was concluded that this low dose ADR therapy can be regarded as a treatment of choice for advanced breast cancer.
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