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Case TC, Merkel A, Ramirez-Solano M, Liu Q, Sterling JA, Jin R. Blocking GRP/GRP-R signaling decreases expression of androgen receptor splice variants and inhibits tumor growth in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101213. [PMID: 34461557 PMCID: PMC8405941 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The results of our study strongly indicate that blocking GRP/GRP-R signaling by targeting GRP-R is sufficient to inhibit ARVs expression. In addition, the combination of blocking GRP/GRP-R signaling (targeting ARVs) and anti-androgens (targeting AR-FL) is a potential new therapeutic approach for treatment of CRPC and therapy-induced tNEPC.
Clinical management of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) resulting from androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains challenging. Many studies indicate that androgen receptor splice variants (ARVs) play a critical role in the development of CRPC, including resistance to the new generation of inhibitors of androgen receptor (AR) action. ARVs are constitutively active and lack the ligand-binding domain (LBD), thereby allowing prostate cancer (PC) to maintain AR activity despite therapies that target the AR (full-length AR; AR-FL). Previously, we have reported that long-term ADT increases the neuroendocrine (NE) hormone – Gastrin Releasing Peptide (GRP) and its receptor (GRP-R) expression in PC cells. Further, we demonstrated that activation of GRP/GRP-R signaling increases ARVs expression by activating NF-κB signaling, thereby promoting cancer progression to CRPC. Most importantly, as a cell surface protein, GRP-R is easily targeted by drugs to block GRP/GRP-R signaling. In this study, we tested if blocking GRP/GRP-R signaling by targeting GRP-R using GRP-R antagonist is sufficient to control CRPC progression. Our studies show that blocking GRP/GRP-R signaling by targeting GRP-R using RC-3095, a selective GRP-R antagonist, efficiently inhibits NF-κB activity and ARVs (AR-V7) expression in CRPC and therapy-induced NEPC (tNEPC) cells. In addition, blocking of GRP/GRP-R signaling by targeting GRP-R can sensitize CRPC cells to anti-androgen treatment (such as MDV3100). Further, preclinical animal studies indicate combination of GRP-R antagonist (targeting ARVs) with anti-androgen (targeting AR-FL) is sufficient to inhibit CRPC and tNEPC tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Case
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, A1329, MCN, 1161 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alyssa Merkel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Bone Biology Center, and Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Julie A Sterling
- Department of Cancer Biology, Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Bone Biology Center, and Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Renjie Jin
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, A1329, MCN, 1161 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Li XC, Huang CX, Wu SK, Yu L, Zhou GJ, Chen LJ. Biological roles of filamin a in prostate cancer cells. Int Braz J Urol 2019; 45:916-924. [PMID: 31268639 PMCID: PMC6844337 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2018.0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the association of filamin A with the function and morphology of prostate cancer (PCa) cells, and explore the role of filamin A in the development of PCa, in order to analyze its significance in the evolvement of PCa. MATERIALS AND METHODS A stably transfected cell line, in which filamin A expression was suppressed by RNA interference, was first established. Then, the effects of the suppression of filamin A gene expression on the biological characteristics of human PCa LNCaP cells were observed through cell morphology, in vitro cell growth curve, soft agar cloning assay, and scratch test. RESULTS A cell line model with a low expression of filamin A was successfully constructed on the basis of LNCaP cells. The morphology of cells transfected with plasmid pSilencer-filamin A was the following: Cells were loosely arranged, had less connection with each other, had fewer tentacles, and presented a fibrous look. The growth rate of LNCap cells was faster than cells transfected with plasmid pSilencer-filamin A (P<0.05). The clones of LNCap cells in the soft agar cloning assay was significantly fewer than that of cells stably transfected with plasmid pSilencer-filamin A (P<0.05). Cells stably transfected with plasmid pSilencer-filamin A presented with a stronger healing and migration ability compared to LNCap cells (healing rate was 32.2% and 12.1%, respectively; P<0.05). CONCLUSION The expression of the filamin A gene inhibited the malignant development of LNCap cells. Therefore, the filamin A gene may be a tumor suppressor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Chao Li
- Department of Urologythe Fifth Medical CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChinaDepartment of Urology, the Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China;
| | - Chuan-Xi Huang
- College of Life ScienceHebei UniversityHebeiChinaCollege of Life Science, Hebei University, Hebei, China;
| | - Shi-Kui Wu
- Department of Urologythe Fifth Medical CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChinaDepartment of Urology, the Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China;
| | - Lan Yu
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular BiologyBeijing Institute of BiotechnologyBeijingChinaLaboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Jian Zhou
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular BiologyBeijing Institute of BiotechnologyBeijingChinaLaboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Jun Chen
- Department of Urologythe Fifth Medical CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChinaDepartment of Urology, the Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China;
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Moon HH, Clines KL, Cooks MA, Cialek CA, Esvelt MA, Clines GA. Castration Determines the Efficacy of ETAR Blockade in a Mouse Model of Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1786-1796. [PMID: 31173072 PMCID: PMC6610212 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastasis is a painful complication of advanced prostate cancer. Endothelin-1 is a tumor-secreted factor that plays a central role in osteoblast activation and the osteosclerotic response of prostate cancer metastatic to bone. Antagonists that block the activation of the endothelin A receptor (ETAR), located on osteoblasts, reduce osteoblastic bone lesions in animal models of bone metastasis. However, ETAR antagonists demonstrated limited efficacy in clinical trials of men with advanced prostate cancer who also received standard androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Previous data from our group suggested that, in a mouse model, ETAR antagonists might only be efficacious when androgen signaling in the osteoblast is lowered beyond the ability of standard ADT. This notion was tested in a mouse model of prostate cancer bone metastasis. Castrated and sham-operated male athymic nude mice underwent intracardiac inoculation of the ARCaPM castration-resistant prostate cancer cell line. The mice were then treated with either the ETAR antagonist zibotentan or a vehicle control to generate four experimental groups: vehicle+sham (Veh+Sham), vehicle+castrate (Veh+Castr), zibotentan+sham (Zibo+Sham), and zibotentan+castrate (Zibo+Castr). The mice were monitored radiographically for the development of skeletal lesions. The Zibo+Castr group had significantly longer survival and a single incidental lesion. Mice in the Zibo+Sham group had the shortest survival and the largest number of skeletal lesions. Survival and skeletal lesions of the Veh+Sham and Veh+Castr groups were intermediate compared with the zibotentan-treated groups. We report a complex interaction between ETAR and androgen signaling, whereby ETAR blockade was most efficacious when combined with complete androgen deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Katrina L Clines
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mark A Cooks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Charlotte A Cialek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marian A Esvelt
- Unit for Laboratory Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gregory A Clines
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Correspondence: Gregory A. Clines, MD, PhD, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Endocrinology Section, Ann Arbor VA Medical Center, 2215 Fuller Road, Research 151, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105. E-mail:
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Clines KL, Clines GA. DKK1 and Kremen Expression Predicts the Osteoblastic Response to Bone Metastasis. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:873-882. [PMID: 29772510 PMCID: PMC6051964 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis is a complication of advanced breast and prostate cancer. Tumor-secreted Dickkopf homolog 1 (DKK1), an inhibitor of canonical Wnt signaling and osteoblast differentiation, was proposed to regulate the osteoblastic response to metastatic cancer in bone. The objectives of this study were to compare DKK1 expression with the in vivo osteoblastic response in a panel of breast and prostate cancer cell lines, and to discover mechanisms that regulate cancer DKK1 expression. DKK1 expression was highest in MDA-MB-231 and PC3 cells that produce osteolytic lesions, and hence a suppressed osteoblastic response, in animal models of bone metastasis. LnCaP, C4-2B, LuCaP23.1, T47D, ZR-75-1, MCF-7, ARCaP and ARCaPM cancer cells that generate osteoblastic, mixed or no bone lesions had the lowest DKK1 expression. The cell lines with negligible expression, LnCaP, C4-2B and T47D, exhibited methylation of the DKK1 promoter. Canonical Wnt signaling activity was then determined and found in all cell lines tested, even in the MDA-MB-231 and PC3 cell lines despite sizeable amounts of DKK1 protein expression expected to block canonical Wnt signaling. A mechanism of DKK1 resistance in the osteolytic cell lines was investigated and determined to be at least partially due to down-regulation of the DKK1 receptors Kremen1 and Kremen2 in the MDA-MB-231 and PC3 cell lines. Combined DKK1 and Kremen expression in cancer cells may serve as predictive markers of the osteoblastic response of breast and prostate cancer bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina L Clines
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Gregory A Clines
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI.
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Nolan KD, Franco OE, Hance MW, Hayward SW, Isaacs JS. Tumor-secreted Hsp90 subverts polycomb function to drive prostate tumor growth and invasion. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8271-82. [PMID: 25670862 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.637496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains the second highest contributor to male cancer-related lethality. The transition of a subset of tumors from indolent to invasive disease is associated with a poor clinical outcome. Activation of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) genetic program is a major risk factor for cancer progression. We recently reported that secreted extracellular Hsp90 (eHsp90) initiates EMT in prostate cancer cells, coincident with its enhanced expression in mesenchymal models. Our current work substantially extended these findings in defining a pathway linking eHsp90 signaling to EZH2 function, a methyltransferase of the Polycomb repressor complex. EZH2 is also implicated in EMT activation, and its up-regulation represents one of the most frequent epigenetic alterations during prostate cancer progression. We have now highlighted a novel epigenetic function for eHsp90 via its modulation of EZH2 expression and activity. Mechanistically, eHsp90 initiated sustained activation of MEK/ERK, a signal critical for facilitating EZH2 transcriptional up-regulation and recruitment to the E-cadherin promoter. We further demonstrated that an eHsp90-EZH2 pathway orchestrates an expanded repertoire of EMT-related events including Snail and Twist expression, tumor cell motility, and anoikis resistance. To evaluate the role of eHsp90 in vivo, eHsp90 secretion was stably enforced in a prostate cancer cell line resembling indolent disease. Remarkably, eHsp90 was sufficient to induce tumor growth, suppress E-cadherin, and initiate localized invasion, events that are exquisitely dependent upon EZH2 function. In summary, our findings illuminate a hitherto unknown epigenetic function for eHsp90 and support a model wherein tumor eHsp90 functions as a rheostat for EZH2 expression and activity to orchestrate mesenchymal properties and coincident aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal D Nolan
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - Omar E Franco
- the Department of Urology and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Michael W Hance
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - Simon W Hayward
- the Department of Urology and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Jennifer S Isaacs
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
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Ganguly SS, Li X, Miranti CK. The host microenvironment influences prostate cancer invasion, systemic spread, bone colonization, and osteoblastic metastasis. Front Oncol 2014; 4:364. [PMID: 25566502 PMCID: PMC4266028 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Most PCa deaths are due to osteoblastic bone metastases. What triggers PCa metastasis to the bone and what causes osteoblastic lesions remain unanswered. A major contributor to PCa metastasis is the host microenvironment. Here, we address how the primary tumor microenvironment influences PCa metastasis via integrins, extracellular proteases, and transient epithelia-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to promote PCa progression, invasion, and metastasis. We discuss how the bone-microenvironment influences metastasis; where chemotactic cytokines favor bone homing, adhesion molecules promote colonization, and bone-derived signals induce osteoblastic lesions. Animal models that fully recapitulate human PCa progression from primary tumor to bone metastasis are needed to understand the PCa pathophysiology that leads to bone metastasis. Better delineation of the specific processes involved in PCa bone metastasize is needed to prevent or treat metastatic PCa. Therapeutic regimens that focus on the tumor microenvironment could add to the PCa pharmacopeia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourik S Ganguly
- Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI , USA ; Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI , USA
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI , USA
| | - Cindy K Miranti
- Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI , USA
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Prostate cancer and bone: the elective affinities. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:167035. [PMID: 24971315 PMCID: PMC4058249 DOI: 10.1155/2014/167035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The onset of metastases dramatically changes the prognosis of prostate cancer patients, determining increased morbidity and a drastic fall in survival expectancy. Bone is a common site of metastases in few types of cancer, and it represents the most frequent metastatic site in prostate cancer. Of note, the prevalence of tumor relapse to the bone appears to be increasing over the years, likely due to a longer overall survival of prostate cancer patients. Bone tropism represents an intriguing challenge for researchers also because the preference of prostate cancer cells for the bone is the result of a sequential series of targetable molecular events. Many factors have been associated with the peculiar ability of prostate cancer cells to migrate in bone marrow and to determine mixed osteoblastic/osteolytic lesions. As anticipated by the success of current targeted therapy aimed to block bone resorption, a better understanding of molecular affinity between prostate cancer and bone microenvironment will permit us to cure bone metastasis and to improve prognosis of prostate cancer patients.
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8
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Distinct redox profiles of selected human prostate carcinoma cell lines: implications for rational design of redox therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 3:3557-84. [PMID: 22163073 PMCID: PMC3232682 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3033557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of several cancer chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation are mediated, at least in part, by oxidative stress. To better understand this process, we analyzed certain biochemical properties affecting reduction-oxidation (redox) balance in normal prostate epithelial cells and several prostate cancer cell lines. Highly aggressive androgen-independent prostate cancer PC3 cells demonstrated significantly higher levels of total antioxidant capacity (AC) and intra- and extracellular glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) ratios when compared with normal prostate epithelial PrEC cells. WPE1-NB26 cells, a prostate cancer cell line derived from immortalized RWPE1 human prostate epithelial cells, demonstrated significantly higher levels of total AC and intra- and extracellular GSH/GSSG ratios, but lower levels of intracellular reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and lipid peroxidation compared with RWPE1 cells. LNCaP-C4-2 cells, a more aggressive prostate cancer derived from less aggressive androgen-responsive LNCaP cells, exhibited higher levels of AC and extracellular GSH/GSSG ratio when compared to LNCaP cells. Specific cell types showed distinct cytotoxic responses to redox-modulating compounds. WPE1-NB26 cells were more sensitive to phenethyl isothiocyanate and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) than RWPE1 cells, while PC3 cells were more sensitive to TNF than PrEC cells. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that cancer cell redox state may modulate responses to redox-modulating therapeutic regimens.
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Josson S, Matsuoka Y, Gururajan M, Nomura T, Huang WC, Yang X, Lin JT, Bridgman R, Chu CY, Johnstone PA, Zayzafoon M, Hu P, Zhau H, Berel D, Rogatko A, Chung LWK. Inhibition of β2-microglobulin/hemochromatosis enhances radiation sensitivity by induction of iron overload in prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68366. [PMID: 23874600 PMCID: PMC3707913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone metastasis is the most lethal form of several cancers. The β2-microglobulin (β2-M)/hemochromatosis (HFE) complex plays an important role in cancer development and bone metastasis. We demonstrated previously that overexpression of β2-M in prostate, breast, lung and renal cancer leads to increased bone metastasis in mouse models. Therefore, we hypothesized that β2-M is a rational target to treat prostate cancer bone metastasis. Results In this study, we demonstrate the role of β2-M and its binding partner, HFE, in modulating radiation sensitivity and chemo-sensitivity of prostate cancer. By genetic deletion of β2-M or HFE or using an anti-β2-M antibody (Ab), we demonstrate that prostate cancer cells are sensitive to radiation in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of β2-M or HFE sensitized prostate cancer cells to radiation by increasing iron and reactive oxygen species and decreasing DNA repair and stress response proteins. Using xenograft mouse model, we demonstrate that anti-β2-M Ab sensitizes prostate cancer cells to radiation treatment. Additionally, anti-β2-M Ab was able to prevent tumor growth in an immunocompetent spontaneous prostate cancer mouse model. Since bone metastasis is lethal, we used a bone xenograft model to test the ability of anti-β2-M Ab and radiation to block tumor growth in the bone. Combination treatment significantly prevented tumor growth in the bone xenograft model by inhibiting β2-M and inducing iron overload. In addition to radiation sensitive effects, inhibition of β2-M sensitized prostate cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Conclusion Since prostate cancer bone metastatic patients have high β2-M in the tumor tissue and in the secreted form, targeting β2-M with anti-β2-M Ab is a promising therapeutic agent. Additionally, inhibition of β2-M sensitizes cancer cells to clinically used therapies such as radiation by inducing iron overload and decreasing DNA repair enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajni Josson
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SJ); (LC)
| | - Yasuhiro Matsuoka
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Murali Gururajan
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Takeo Nomura
- Molecular Urology and Therapeutics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia United States of America
| | - Wen-Chin Huang
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaojian Yang
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jin-tai Lin
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Roger Bridgman
- Hybridoma Facility, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Chia-Yi Chu
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Johnstone
- Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Majd Zayzafoon
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Peizhen Hu
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Haiyen Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dror Berel
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Andre Rogatko
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Leland W. K. Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SJ); (LC)
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Jin R, Sterling JA, Edwards JR, DeGraff DJ, Lee C, Park SI, Matusik RJ. Activation of NF-kappa B signaling promotes growth of prostate cancer cells in bone. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60983. [PMID: 23577181 PMCID: PMC3618119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced prostate cancer almost invariably develop osseous metastasis. Although many studies indicate that the activation of NF-κB signaling appears to be correlated with advanced cancer and promotes tumor metastasis by influencing tumor cell migration and angiogenesis, the influence of altered NF-κB signaling in prostate cancer cells within boney metastatic lesions is not clearly understood. While C4-2B and PC3 prostate cancer cells grow well in the bone, LNCaP cells are difficult to grow in murine bone following intraskeletal injection. Our studies show that when compared to LNCaP, NF-κB activity is significantly higher in C4-2B and PC3, and that the activation of NF-κB signaling in prostate cancer cells resulted in the increased expression of the osteoclast inducing genes PTHrP and RANKL. Further, conditioned medium derived from NF-κB activated LNCaP cells induce osteoclast differentiation. In addition, inactivation of NF-κB signaling in prostate cancer cells inhibited tumor formation in the bone, both in the osteolytic PC3 and osteoblastic/osteoclastic mixed C4-2B cells; while the activation of NF-κB signaling in LNCaP cells promoted tumor establishment and proliferation in the bone. The activation of NF-κB in LNCaP cells resulted in the formation of an osteoblastic/osteoclastic mixed tumor with increased osteoclasts surrounding the new formed bone, similar to metastases commonly seen in patients with prostate cancer. These results indicate that osteoclastic reaction is required even in the osteoblastic cancer cells and the activation of NF-κB signaling in prostate cancer cells increases osteoclastogenesis by up-regulating osteoclastogenic genes, thereby contributing to bone metastatic formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Jin
- Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center and Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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Hance MW, Dole K, Gopal U, Bohonowych JE, Jezierska-Drutel A, Neumann CA, Liu H, Garraway IP, Isaacs JS. Secreted Hsp90 is a novel regulator of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in prostate cancer. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:37732-44. [PMID: 22989880 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.389015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in men, and the second highest contributor of male cancer related lethality. Disease mortality is due primarily to metastatic spread, highlighting the urgent need to identify factors involved in this progression. Activation of the genetic epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) program is implicated as a major contributor of PCa progression. Initiation of EMT confers invasive and metastatic behavior in preclinical models and is correlated with poor clinical prognosis. Extracellular Hsp90 (eHsp90) promotes cell motility and invasion in cancer cells and metastasis in preclinical models, however, the mechanistic basis for its widespread tumorigenic function remains unclear. We have identified a novel and pivotal role for eHsp90 in driving EMT events in PCa. In support of this notion, more metastatic PCa lines exhibited increased eHsp90 expression relative to their lineage-related nonmetastatic counterparts. We demonstrate that eHsp90 promoted cell motility in an ERK and matrix metalloproteinase-2/9-dependent manner, and shifted cellular morphology toward a mesenchymal phenotype. Conversely, inhibition of eHsp90 attenuated pro-motility signaling, blocked PCa migration, and shifted cell morphology toward an epithelial phenotype. Last, we report that surface eHsp90 was found in primary PCa tumor specimens, and elevated eHsp90 expression was associated with increased levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2/9 transcripts. We conclude that eHsp90 serves as a driver of EMT events, providing a mechanistic basis for its ability to promote cancer progression and metastasis in preclinical models. Furthermore, its newly identified expression in PCa specimens, and potential regulation of pro-metastatic genes, supports a putative clinical role for eHsp90 in PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Hance
- Department of Cell, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Abstract
Metastatic cancers account for more than 90% of cancer mortality. The metastasis of all cancers is critically mediated by enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix. Aggressive tumors are characterized by an imbalance between enzymes that degrade ECM and endogenous inhibitors of the enzymes. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) make up the majority of ECM degrading enzymes implicated in cancer metastasis. The potent MMP inhibitory activities of tetracyclines, especially their chemically modified analogs, combined with their relatively well tolerated pharmacological profile, led several researchers to investigate their anticancer potential in a variety of cancers, including melanoma, lung, breast and prostate cancers. Chemically modified non-antibiotic tetracyclines (CMTs or COL) were tested using tumors of prostate, breast and melanomas. Some of these CMTs, notably, CMT-3 and CMT-308 significantly inhibited not only invasive potential and MMP activity, but also inhibited cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. CMT-3 and CMT-308 were significantly more potent than doxycycline or minocycline in inhibiting tumor cell-derived MMPs and inducing apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. CMT-3 (COL-3) showed potent inhibition of tumor growth in xenografts and in bone metastatic models of prostate cancer. Similar results were also reported in melanoma and breast cancer models. The mechanism by which CMTs kill tumor cells is via generation of hydroxyl free radicals ([OH](-)) which permeate and depolarize mitochondria, which in turn activates caspase mediated apoptosis. Analysis of tumor tissues from CMT-3 treated rats demonstrated reduction in angiogenesis and increase in apoptosis; both emerged as mechanisms of CMT action. These observations led to testing the efficacy of CMT-3 in human clinical trials against several types of cancer with significant outcomes, which are described in the next chapter of this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bal L Lokeshwar
- Department of Urology and Radiation Oncology, Campus Box M-800, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, PO Box 016960, Miami, FL 33101, United States.
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13
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Yates C. Prostate tumor cell plasticity: a consequence of the microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 720:81-90. [PMID: 21901620 PMCID: PMC4119085 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0254-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
During each step of prostate cancer metastasis, cancer displays phenotypic plasticity that is associated with the expression of both epithelial and mesenchymal properties or an epithelial to mesenchymal transition. This phenotypic transition is typically in response to microenvironment signals and is the basis for basic cancer cell survival (e.g. motility and invasion versus proliferation). In this review we discuss the loss and gain of E-cadherin expression as a marker of tumor plasticity throughout the steps of metastasis, and particularly focus on dynamic tumor-stromal interaction that induce a cancer cell-associated mesenchymal to epithelial reverting transition in the bone and liver microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton Yates
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA.
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14
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Anose BM, Sanders MM. Androgen Receptor Regulates Transcription of the ZEB1 Transcription Factor. Int J Endocrinol 2011; 2011:903918. [PMID: 22190929 PMCID: PMC3235469 DOI: 10.1155/2011/903918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The zinc finger E-box binding protein 1 (ZEB1) transcription factor belongs to a two-member family of zinc-finger homeodomain proteins involved in physiological and pathological events mostly relating to cell migration and epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMTs). ZEB1 (also known as δEF1, zfhx1a, TCF8, and Zfhep) plays a key role in regulating such diverse processes as T-cell development, skeletal patterning, reproduction, and cancer cell metastasis. However, the factors that regulate its expression and consequently the signaling pathways in which ZEB1 participates are poorly defined. Because it is induced by estrogen and progesterone and is high in prostate cancer, we investigated whether tcf8, which encodes ZEB1, is regulated by androgen. Data herein demonstrate that tcf8 is induced by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the human PC-3/AR prostate cancer cell line and that this induction is mediated by two androgen response elements (AREs). These results demonstrate that ZEB1 is an intermediary in androgen signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bynthia M. Anose
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Bethel University, St. Paul, MN 55112, USA
| | - Michel M. Sanders
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- *Michel M. Sanders:
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15
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Tumor-Stromal Interactions Influence Radiation Sensitivity in Epithelial- versus Mesenchymal-Like Prostate Cancer Cells. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20798867 PMCID: PMC2926670 DOI: 10.1155/2010/232831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HS-27a human bone stromal cells, in 2D or 3D coultures, induced cellular plasticity in human prostate cancer ARCaP(E) and ARCaP(M) cells in an EMT model. Cocultured ARCaP(E) or ARCaP(M) cells with HS-27a, developed increased colony forming capacity and growth advantage, with ARCaP(E) exhibiting the most significant increases in presence of bone or prostate stroma cells. Prostate (Pt-N or Pt-C) or bone (HS-27a) stromal cells induced significant resistance to radiation treatment in ARCaP(E) cells compared to ARCaP(M) cells. However pretreatment with anti-E-cadherin antibody (SHEP8-7) or anti-alpha v integrin blocking antibody (CNT095) significantly decreased stromal cell-induced radiation resistance in both ARCaP(E)- and ARCaP(M)-cocultured cells. Taken together the data suggest that mesenchymal-like cancer cells reverting to epithelial-like cells in the bone microenvironment through interaction with bone marrow stromal cells and reexpress E-cadherin. These cell adhesion molecules such as E-cadherin and integrin alpha v in cancer cells induce cell survival signals and mediate resistance to cancer treatments such as radiation.
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16
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He H, Davidson AJ, Wu D, Marshall FF, Chung LWK, Zhau HE, He D, Wang R. Phorbol ester phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human prostate cancer ARCaPE cells. Prostate 2010; 70:1119-26. [PMID: 20333698 PMCID: PMC3180889 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have reported that human prostate cancer ARCaP(E) cells undertake epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) when stimulated by certain soluble factors, and that EMT is regulated by surface receptor-elicited signaling pathways through protein phosphorylation. It is known that phorbol ester phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), a potent antagonist to both conventional and novel protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes, induces cancer cell scattering. METHODS To assess the effect of PMA on EMT, ARCaP(E) cells were treated with PMA and were assayed for EMT-related morphologic and behavioral changes. Specific inhibitors were used to investigate the PMA-induced EMT. RESULTS PMA at 100 nM induced EMT in a time-dependent manner, resulting in a complete change from epithelial to mesenchymal stromal morphology. Concurrently, PMA inhibited expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin and increased the level of stromal marker protein vimentin, while the treated cells showed increased migratory and invasive capacities. Using specific inhibitors, we confirmed that the effect of PMA was mediated by PKC, while isoenzymes of the novel PKC subfamily were implicated as the main mediator. Finally, we determined that the EMT was dependent on newly synthesized proteins, because inhibitors for gene transcription and protein translation could both inhibit the initiation of EMT. CONCLUSIONS Although PMA is well known for its effects on cell migration and tumor formation, this work is the first to define PMA as an EMT inducer in prostate cancer cells. Further investigation in this experimental model may reveal important regulatory mechanisms and additional molecular changes underlying EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui He
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China 710061
| | - Alec J. Davidson
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310
| | - Daqing Wu
- Molecular Urology and Therapeutics, Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Fray F. Marshall
- Molecular Urology and Therapeutics, Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Leland W. K. Chung
- Molecular Urology and Therapeutics, Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Haiyen E. Zhau
- Molecular Urology and Therapeutics, Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Dalin He
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China 710061
| | - Ruoxiang Wang
- Molecular Urology and Therapeutics, Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Corresponding to: Dr. Ruoxiang Wang Department of Urology Emory University School of Medicine 1365B Clifton Road, NE, Suite B5103 Atlanta, GA 30322 Tel. (404) 778-5116 FAX. (404) 778-3965
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17
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Workman P, Aboagye EO, Balkwill F, Balmain A, Bruder G, Chaplin DJ, Double JA, Everitt J, Farningham DAH, Glennie MJ, Kelland LR, Robinson V, Stratford IJ, Tozer GM, Watson S, Wedge SR, Eccles SA. Guidelines for the welfare and use of animals in cancer research. Br J Cancer 2010; 102:1555-77. [PMID: 20502460 PMCID: PMC2883160 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1057] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal experiments remain essential to understand the fundamental mechanisms underpinning malignancy and to discover improved methods to prevent, diagnose and treat cancer. Excellent standards of animal care are fully consistent with the conduct of high quality cancer research. Here we provide updated guidelines on the welfare and use of animals in cancer research. All experiments should incorporate the 3Rs: replacement, reduction and refinement. Focusing on animal welfare, we present recommendations on all aspects of cancer research, including: study design, statistics and pilot studies; choice of tumour models (e.g., genetically engineered, orthotopic and metastatic); therapy (including drugs and radiation); imaging (covering techniques, anaesthesia and restraint); humane endpoints (including tumour burden and site); and publication of best practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Workman
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK.
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18
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Ravoori M, Czaplinska AJ, Sikes C, Han L, Johnson EM, Qiao W, Ng C, Cody DD, Murphy WA, Do KA, Navone NM, Kundra V. Quantification of mineralized bone response to prostate cancer by noninvasive in vivo microCT and non-destructive ex vivo microCT and DXA in a mouse model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9854. [PMID: 20360964 PMCID: PMC2847943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To compare nondestructive in vivo and ex vivo micro-computed tomography (μCT) and ex vivo dual-energy-X-ray-absorptiometry (DXA) in characterizing mineralized cortical and trabecular bone response to prostate cancer involving the skeleton in a mouse model. Methodology/Principal Findings In vivo μCT was performed before and 10 weeks after implantation of human prostate cancer cells (MDA-PCa-2b) or vehicle into SCID mouse femora. After resection, femora were imaged by nondestructive ex vivo specimen μCT at three voxel sizes (31 µ, 16 µ, 8 µ) and DXA, and then sectioned for histomorphometric analysis of mineralized bone. Bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular parameters (number, TbN; separation, TbSp; thickness, TbTh) and mineralized bone volume/total bone volume (BV/TV) were compared and correlated among imaging methods and histomorphometry. Statistical tests were considered significant if P<0.05. Ten weeks post inoculation, diaphyseal BMD increased in the femur with tumor compared to the opposite femur by all modalities (p<0.005, n = 11). Diaphyseal BMD by in vivo μCT correlated with ex vivo 31 and 16 µm μCT and histomorphometry BV/TV (r = 0.91–0.94, P<0.001, n = 11). DXA BMD correlated less with bone histomorphometry (r = 0.73, P<0.001, n = 11) and DXA did not distinguish trabeculae from cortex. By in vivo and ex vivo μCT, trabecular BMD decreased (P<0.05, n = 11) as opposed to the cortex. Unlike BMD, trabecular morphologic parameters were threshold-dependent and when using “fixed-optimal-thresholds,” all except TbTh demonstrated trabecular loss with tumor and correlated with histomorphometry (r = 0.73–0.90, P<0.05, n = 11). Conclusions/Significance Prostate cancer involving the skeleton can elicit a host bone response that differentially affects the cortex compared to trabeculae and that can be quantified noninvasively in vivo and nondestructively ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Ravoori
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aneta J. Czaplinska
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology Research, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Charles Sikes
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology Research, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lin Han
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Evan M. Johnson
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wei Qiao
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chaan Ng
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dianna D. Cody
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - William A. Murphy
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kim-Anh Do
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nora M. Navone
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology Research, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vikas Kundra
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Zhang S, Zhau HE, Osunkoya AO, Iqbal S, Yang X, Fan S, Chen Z, Wang R, Marshall FF, Chung LWK, Wu D. Vascular endothelial growth factor regulates myeloid cell leukemia-1 expression through neuropilin-1-dependent activation of c-MET signaling in human prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:9. [PMID: 20085644 PMCID: PMC2820018 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) is a member of the Bcl-2 family, which inhibits cell apoptosis by sequestering pro-apoptotic proteins Bim and Bid. Mcl-1 overexpression has been associated with progression in leukemia and some solid tumors including prostate cancer (PCa). However, the regulatory mechanism for Mcl-1 expression in PCa cells remains elusive. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that Mcl-1 expression was elevated in PCa specimens with high Gleason grades and further significantly increased in bone metastasis, suggesting a pivotal role of Mcl-1 in PCa metastasis. We further found that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a novel regulator of Mcl-1 expression in PCa cells. Inhibition of endogenous Mcl-1 induced apoptosis, indicating that Mcl-1 is an important survival factor in PCa cells. Neuropilin-1 (NRP1), the "co-receptor" for VEGF165 isoform, was found to be highly expressed in PCa cells, and indispensible in the regulation of Mcl-1. Intriguingly, VEGF165 promoted physical interaction between NRP1 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor c-MET, and facilitated c-MET phosphorylation via a NRP1-dependent mechanism. VEGF165 induction of Mcl-1 may involve rapid activation of Src kinases and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (Stat3). Importantly, NRP1 overexpression and c-MET activation were positively associated with progression and bone metastasis in human PCa specimens and xenograft tissues. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that Mcl-1 overexpression is associated with PCa bone metastasis. Activation of VEGF165-NRP1-c-MET signaling could confer PCa cells survival advantages by up-regulating Mcl-1, contributing to PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Zhang
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adeboye O Osunkoya
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shareen Iqbal
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaojian Yang
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Songqing Fan
- Department of Pathology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhengjia Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ruoxiang Wang
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fray F Marshall
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Leland WK Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daqing Wu
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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20
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Muir C, Chung LWK, Carson DD, Farach-Carson MC. Hypoxia increases VEGF-A production by prostate cancer and bone marrow stromal cells and initiates paracrine activation of bone marrow endothelial cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2006; 23:75-86. [PMID: 16826426 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-006-9021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia develops at sites of rapid cancer growth near sites of poorly organized vasculature. Heparin binding growth factors (HBGFs) support neoangiogenesis of tumors. We examined the effect of culturing bone-targeted, metastatic C4-2B prostate cancer cells and bone stromal derived HS27a cells under hypoxic conditions on expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members. A sealed chamber infused with 1% (hypoxic) or 20% (normoxic) O(2) was used. Both cell lines produced VEGF-A in normoxia, but little or no HB-EGF, another HBGF. HS27a cells produced low levels of FGF-2 and HGF, but little or none was secreted by C4-2B cells. Levels of VEGF-A in conditioned medium (CM) from both cell lines doubled when cultured in hypoxia. Similar changes in VEGF-A mRNA levels were seen. Receptor expression was unchanged by hypoxia. Changes in VEGF-A expression during hypoxia were preceded by nuclear accumulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha). Bone marrow endothelial (BME) cells express high levels of VEGFR2/flk-1, and are targets of VEGF-A induced neovascularization. BME cells proliferated in response to treatment with HS27a CM, but not C4-2B CM. BME cells formed tube-like angiogenic structures on growth factor reduced Matrigel in response to CM from HS27a or C4-2B cells. This response was greater when CM was produced under hypoxia, and was reduced by VEGF-A or FGF-2 neutralizing antibodies. We conclude that hypoxia triggers a physiologically relevant increase in VEGF-A by prostate cancer and bone marrow stromal cells which involves a paracrine loop that recruits and activates BME to support tumor neovascularization-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Muir
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Room 326 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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21
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Ponomaryov T, Peled A, Petit I, Taichman RS, Habler L, Sandbank J, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Magerus A, Caruz A, Fujii N, Nagler A, Lahav M, Szyper-Kravitz M, Zipori D, Lapidot T. Induction of the chemokine stromal-derived factor-1 following DNA damage improves human stem cell function. J Clin Invest 2000; 106:1331-9. [PMID: 11104786 PMCID: PMC381461 DOI: 10.1172/jci10329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) controls many aspects of stem cell function. Details of its regulation and sites of production are currently unknown. We report that in the bone marrow, SDF-1 is produced mainly by immature osteoblasts and endothelial cells. Conditioning with DNA-damaging agents (ionizing irradiation, cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil) caused an increase in SDF-1 expression and in CXCR4-dependent homing and repopulation by human stem cells transplanted into NOD/SCID mice. Our findings suggest that immature osteoblasts and endothelial cells control stem cell homing, retention, and repopulation by secreting SDF-1, which also participates in host defense responses to DNA damage.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Cyclophosphamide/pharmacology
- DNA Damage
- Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorouracil/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/radiation effects
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, SCID
- Osteoblasts/cytology
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ponomaryov
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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