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Qiu SF, Poon WY, Tang ML, Tao JR. Construction of confidence intervals for the risk differences in stratified design with correlated bilateral data. J Biopharm Stat 2019; 29:446-467. [PMID: 30933654 DOI: 10.1080/10543406.2019.1579222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A stratified study is often designed for adjusting a confounding effect or effect of different centers/groups in two treatments or diagnostic tests, and the risk difference is one of the most frequently used indices in comparing efficiency between two treatments or diagnostic tests. This article presented five simultaneous confidence intervals (CIs) for risk differences in stratified bilateral designs accounting for the intraclass correlation and developed seven CIs for the common risk difference under the homogeneity assumption. The performance of the CIs is evaluated with respect to the empirical coverage probabilities, empirical coverage widths and ratios of mesial noncoverage probability and the noncoverage probability under various scenarios. Empirical results show that Wald simultaneous CI, Haldane simultaneous CI, Score simultaneous CI based on Bonferroni method and simultaneous CI based on bootstrap-resampling method perform satisfactorily and hence be recommended for applications, the CI based on the weighted-least-square (WLS) estimator, the CIs based on Mantel-Haenszel estimator, the CI based on Cochran statistic and the CI based on Score statistic for the common risk difference behave well even under small sample sizes. A real data example is used to demonstrate the proposed methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Fang Qiu
- a Department of Statistics , Chongqing University of Technology , Chongqing , China
| | - Wai-Yin Poon
- b Department of Statistics , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Man-Lai Tang
- c Department of Mathematics and Statistics , Hang Seng University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Ji-Ran Tao
- d Qiushi College, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing , China
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2
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Schmidt AF, Klungel OH, Nielen M, de Boer A, Groenwold RHH, Hoes AW. Tailoring treatments using treatment effect modification. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2016; 25:355-62. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.3965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. F. Schmidt
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht the Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht the Netherlands
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht the Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health; University College London; London UK
| | - O. H. Klungel
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht the Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - M. Nielen
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - A. de Boer
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - R. H. H. Groenwold
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht the Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - A. W. Hoes
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht the Netherlands
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Zintzaras E, Ioannidis JP. HELOW: a program for testing extreme homogeneity in meta-analysis. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2014; 117:383-386. [PMID: 25023534 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Meta-analysis aims to synthesize results from different studies. Although, in a meta-analysis the presence of large between-study heterogeneity is routinely evaluated, in some instances is also important to probe whether there is extreme between-study homogeneity (i.e. extreme low between-study heterogeneity). HELOW (HEterogeneity LOW) is a program for testing extreme homogeneity in a meta-analysis of risk ratios when binary outcome and Mantel-Haenszel fixed effects summary risk ratio estimate are employed. The significance of extreme homogeneity is assessed using a Monte Carlo test. Extreme homogeneity may yield insights for the statistical and clinical interpretation of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Zintzaras
- Department of Biomathematics, University of Thessaly School of Medicine, Larissa, Greece; Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - John P Ioannidis
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Statistics, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford, CA, USA
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Tang NS, Zhang B, Li HQ. Homogeneity Test of Difference Between Two Correlated Proportions in Stratified Matched-Pair Studies. J Biopharm Stat 2013; 23:1261-80. [DOI: 10.1080/10543406.2013.834915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nian-Sheng Tang
- a Department of Statistics , Yunnan University , Kunming , China
| | - Bo Zhang
- a Department of Statistics , Yunnan University , Kunming , China
| | - Hu-Qiong Li
- a Department of Statistics , Yunnan University , Kunming , China
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Tang NS, Qiu SF. Homogeneity test, sample size determination and interval construction of difference of two proportions in stratified bilateral-sample designs. J Stat Plan Inference 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jspi.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Dolgun NA, Gozukara H, Karaagaoglu E. Comparing diagnostic tests: test of hypothesis for likelihood ratios. J STAT COMPUT SIM 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00949655.2010.531480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Viwatwongkasem C, Jitthavech J, Bohning D, Lorchirachoonkul V. Minimum MSE Weights of Adjusted Summary Estimator of Risk Difference in Multi-Center Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ojs.2012.21006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Grether JK, Anderson MC, Croen LA, Smith D, Windham GC. Risk of autism and increasing maternal and paternal age in a large north American population. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170:1118-26. [PMID: 19783586 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies are inconsistent regarding whether there are independent effects of maternal and paternal age on the risk of autism. Different biologic mechanisms are suggested by maternal and paternal age effects. The study population included all California singletons born in 1989-2002 (n = 7,550,026). Children with autism (n = 23,311) were identified through the California Department of Developmental Services and compared with the remainder of the study population, with parental ages and covariates obtained from birth certificates. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used to evaluate the risk of autism associated with increasing maternal and paternal age. In adjusted models that included age of the other parent and demographic covariates, a 10-year increase in maternal age was associated with a 38% increase in the odds ratio for autism (odds ratio = 1.38, 95% confidence interval: 1.32, 1.44), and a 10-year increase in paternal age was associated with a 22% increase (odds ratio = 1.22, 95% confidence interval: 1.18, 1.26). Maternal and paternal age effects were seen in subgroups defined by race/ethnicity and other covariates and were of greater magnitude among first-born compared with later-born children. Further studies are needed to help clarify the biologic mechanisms involved in the independent association of autism risk with increasing maternal and paternal age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith K Grether
- Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California 94804, USA.
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Lui KJ, Chang KC. Test Homogeneity of Odds Ratio in a Randomized Clinical Trial with Noncompliance. J Biopharm Stat 2009; 19:916-32. [DOI: 10.1080/10543400903105497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Jong Lui
- a Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Sciences , San Diego State University , San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kuang-Chao Chang
- b Department of Statistics and Information Science , Fu-Jen Catholic University , Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Lui KJ. Testing homogeneity of the risk ratio in stratified noncompliance randomized trials. Contemp Clin Trials 2007; 28:614-25. [PMID: 17409026 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 02/25/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The risk ratio (RR), defined as the ratio of probabilities of having an adverse event between an experimental treatment and a control treatment, is one of the most commonly used indices to measure the efficacy of an experimental treatment in a randomized clinical trial (RCT). When we want to obtain a summary estimator of the RR in stratified analysis, it is important that we can examine the assumption whether the underlying RR varies between strata. Although we can find a few publications on testing the homogeneity of RR, all these papers focus the ideal situation in which every patient complies with his/her assigned treatment. The research on testing the homogeneity of RR for a noncompliance RCT is limited. In this paper, we develop three simple test statistics for testing homogeneity of the RR under a noncompliance stratified RCT with large strata. To evaluate the performance of these statistics, we apply Monte Carlo simulation to calculate Type I error and power in a variety of situations. Based on the findings, we provide a general guideline of selecting a preferable test statistic under various situations. Finally, we include a large field trial studying the effect of a multifactor intervention program on the mortality of coronary heart disease (CHD) in middle-aged men to illustrate the practical use of these test statistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Jong Lui
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-7720, USA.
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Ioannidis JPA, Trikalinos TA, Zintzaras E. Extreme between-study homogeneity in meta-analyses could offer useful insights. J Clin Epidemiol 2006; 59:1023-32. [PMID: 16980141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2005] [Revised: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Meta-analyses are routinely evaluated for the presence of large between-study heterogeneity. We examined whether it is also important to probe whether there is extreme between-study homogeneity. STUDY DESIGN We used heterogeneity tests with left-sided statistical significance for inference and developed a Monte Carlo simulation test for testing extreme homogeneity in risk ratios across studies, using the empiric distribution of the summary risk ratio and heterogeneity statistic. A left-sided P=0.01 threshold was set for claiming extreme homogeneity to minimize type I error. RESULTS Among 11,803 meta-analyses with binary contrasts from the Cochrane Library, 143 (1.21%) had left-sided P-value <0.01 for the asymptotic Q statistic and 1,004 (8.50%) had left-sided P-value <0.10. The frequency of extreme between-study homogeneity did not depend on the number of studies in the meta-analyses. We identified examples where extreme between-study homogeneity (left-sided P-value <0.01) could result from various possibilities beyond chance. These included inappropriate statistical inference (asymptotic vs. Monte Carlo), use of a specific effect metric, correlated data or stratification using strong predictors of outcome, and biases and potential fraud. CONCLUSION Extreme between-study homogeneity may provide useful insights about a meta-analysis and its constituent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P A Ioannidis
- Clinical Trials and Evidence-based Medicine Unit, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina 45110, Greece.
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Abstract
To quantify the excess effect of an experimental treatment over a placebo group in clinical trials, we often consider use of the relative difference, defined as the proportion of patients who would respond to the experimental treatment among those who would not otherwise if they were assigned to the placebo group. To control the effects due to confounders on the response of interest, we frequently employ stratified analysis in practice. Before obtaining a summary estimate of the relative difference, it is desirable to assess whether this measure is constant across strata. Based on the beta-binomial model, we develop simple procedures for testing the homogeneity of relative difference for sparse data in which we have many strata but few patients per stratum. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we demonstrate that the proposed test procedures can generally perform well with respect to type I error in a variety of situations. We further evaluate and study the power of these test procedures. Finally, we note some robustness in using the test procedures proposed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Jong Lui
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-7720, USA.
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Abstract
Systematic reviews and metaanalyses have become increasingly popular ways of summarizing, and sometimes extending, existing medical knowledge. In this review the authors summarize current methods of performing meta-analyses, including the following: formulating a research question; performing a structured literature search and a search for trials not published in the formal medical literature; summarizing and, where appropriate, combining results from several trials; and reporting and presenting results. Topics such as cumulative and Bayesian metaanalysis and metaregression are also addressed. References to textbooks, articles, and Internet resources are also provided. The goal is to assist readers who wish to perform their own metaanalysis or to interpret critically a published example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred G Barker
- Neurosurgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Moran JL, Solomon PJ, Warn DE. Methodology in meta–analysis: a study from Critical Care meta–analytic practice. HEALTH SERVICES AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s10742-006-6829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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