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Scarpa A, Viola P, Ralli M, Gioacchini FM, Salzano G, Di Stadio A, Cassandro C, Chiarella G, Ricciardiello F, De Luca P, Salzano FA, Avallone E. Post-operative radiotherapy in adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary glands versus surgery alone: what is the evidence about survival and local control? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2024; 281:563-571. [PMID: 37796320 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-08252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands is a relatively rare malignancy characterized by slow growth and a poor prognosis, and effective treatments remain challenging to identify. This systematic review, following the PRISMA guidelines, aimed to analyze the potential benefits of post-operative radiotherapy in terms of local control of recurrences and survival advantages when compared with surgery alone in patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma. METHODS A comprehensive systematic review was conducted by searching the MEDLINE, Cochrane, EMBASE, and OVID databases from January 1999 to July 2022. The goal was to identify articles comparing surgery alone with surgery plus postoperative radiotherapy for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands. Downs and Black Checklist was used to assess the methodological quality and risk of bias of each included study. The data analysis was performed using Review Manager version 5.4.1. RESULTS This review included 8 studies comprising a total of 3103 patients, divided based on the analyzed outcomes. The pooled odds ratio for overall survival at 5 years was 0.87 (95% confidence interval 0.43-1.76, p = 0.70), and at 10 years was 1.23 (95% confidence interval 0.69-2.16, p = 0.48). In both cases, no statistically significant differences were observed. However, the pooled odds ratio for local control at 5 years was 3.37 (95% confidence interval 1.35-8.42, p = 0.009), providing strong support for the use of post-operative radiation. CONCLUSIONS The findings from the meta-analysis suggest that post-operative radiotherapy significantly improves local control in patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma. However, there was no statistically significant increase in survival at 5 and 10 years. It is essential to note that the quality of the studies included in this meta-analysis ranged from fair to poor. To better clarify the indications for post-operative radiotherapy, future high-quality research is needed, particularly with improved stratification of patient groups. Additionally, it is important to recognize that achieving local control in adenoid cystic carcinoma is crucial for enhancing the overall quality of life for patients. We acknowledge that this review was not registered in the PROSPERO database, and the data pooling was conducted using a random effects model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Scarpa
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Largo Città di Ippocrate, Salerno, SA, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Viola
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Audiology, Regional Centre for Cochlear Implants and ENT Diseases, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Massimo Ralli
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Maria Gioacchini
- ENT Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Salzano
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Arianna Di Stadio
- Department GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Chiarella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Audiology, Regional Centre for Cochlear Implants and ENT Diseases, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Pietro De Luca
- Otolaryngology Department, San Giovanni-Addolorata Hospital, Via Dell'Amba Aradam, 8, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Antonio Salzano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Largo Città di Ippocrate, Salerno, SA, Italy
| | - Emilio Avallone
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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2
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Alsarraj M, Alshehri SM, Qattan A, Mofti A, Wazqer L, Bukhari S, Shamsaldin A, Rajab R. Lymph Node Involvement and the Clinical Stage as Predictors of the Survival of Patients With Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus 2022; 14:e30780. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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3
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Lv JJ, Ren M, Cai X, Hu J, Kong JC, Kong YY. Primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and fluorescence in-situ hybridisation study of 13 cases. Histopathology 2021; 80:407-419. [PMID: 34519081 DOI: 10.1111/his.14565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate the clinical, histological, immunohistochemical and chromosomal features of primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma (PCACC). METHODS AND RESULTS We retrospectively analysed 13 cases identified on their clinicopathological features and performed fluorescence in-situ hybridisation (FISH) on six available cases. Head and neck (46.2%) were most commonly involved. The median age was 53 years, with a male predilection. Histologically, tumours were classified as grades 1 (eight), 2 (four) and 3 with high-grade transformation (HGT) (one). The HGT component was demonstrated as poorly differentiated carcinoma with multifocal necrosis and myoepithelial differentiation. Patients with one of the following factors: longest diameter of the lesion (≥ 1 cm), involvement of subcutaneous fat tissue and widely infiltrative border had a relatively higher rate of local recurrence, distant metastasis and death. Five of six cases were confirmed to have MYB translocation, while nuclear staining for MYB proto-oncogene, transcription factor (MYB) protein was found in four cases. During the follow-up (median = 64 months), two patients experienced local recurrences. One patient, who was classified as grade III PCACC with HGT, developed multiple metastases and died of disease. Another patient was alive with multiple metastases. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest single-institution study, to our knowledge, of PCACC in an Asian population. We describe the first case of scalp PCACC with HGT, which is the only death case in our series. PCACC tends to recur locally and has metastatic potential. PCACC with HGT has a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jie Lv
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Ren
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Cai
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jue Hu
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Cheng Kong
- Department of Pathology, First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Yi Kong
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Adwani A, Kheur S, Kheur M, Mahajan P. Prognostic biomarkers for salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma: A systematic review. CLINICAL CANCER INVESTIGATION JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/ccij.ccij_110_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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5
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Predictors of Distant Metastasis and Survival in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the External Auditory Canal. Otol Neurotol 2020; 40:e1006-e1011. [PMID: 31688611 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000002391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the predictors of both distant metastasis and survival in patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the external auditory canal. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective patient review. SETTING A single university hospital. PATIENTS Eighty-two cases with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the external auditory canal were referred to our institution between 2004 and 2016. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Distant metastasis was detected by lung computed tomography, proton emission tomography computed tomography, or histopathologic examination of tissue samples. Distant metastasis predictors were analyzed using Student's t tests and χ tests. The log-rank tests of Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to evaluate survival differences. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 36 months (range, 6-162 mo), distant metastasis developed in 25 patients. The occurrence of distant metastasis was significantly associated with histopathologic subtype, T classification, and local recurrence (p < 0.05). The 1-, 10-, 20-, and 25-year cumulative survival rates in the patents with DM were 95.7, 95.7, 71.7, and 0%, respectively, and all survival rates were 100% for the 57 patients without distant metastasis (p = 0.115). Median survival time after occurrence of distant metastasis was 13 months (range, 1-120 mo). Prognosis was better with solely lung metastasis than with metastases to other visceral organs or bone (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Distant metastasis appeared to result in a poorer prognosis, occurrence of distant metastasis was significantly associated with local recurrence, extensive surgery is recommended to achieve local control and reduce distant metastasis risk. Routine follow-up investigations for detecting distant metastasis are warranted for patients with an increased risk for distant metastasis.
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6
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van der Wal JE, Sgaramella N, Norberg Spaak L, Zborayova K, Nylander K. High podoplanin and low E-cadherin levels correlate with better prognosis in adenoid cystic carcinoma. Clin Exp Dent Res 2019; 5:350-355. [PMID: 31452946 PMCID: PMC6704029 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives As tumour spread is a complicating event for malignant salivary gland tumours, we decided to study factors related to cell adhesion and lymph vessel formation in two of the three most common malignant salivary gland tumours, mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), to clarify the clinical relevance and potential usefulness of these factors. We also included a group of polymorphous adenocarcinoma (PAC) as this tumour, in common with ACC often shows perineural growth, but in contrast to ACC has an overall good prognosis. Material and methods Eighteen patients with ACC, 15 with MEC, and six with PAC were included. Protein expression of podoplanin and E-cadherin was evaluated as percentage of cells expressing the protein and intensity of expression. Ki-67 expression was included in the study as a marker of proliferative activity. Results Looking at podoplanin, significantly more ACCs were high expressing compared with both MECs (P = .001) and PACs (P = .028). Also when looking at Ki-67 expression, significantly more ACCs were high expressing compared with MECs (P = .003). Significantly better survival was also seen for ACCs with high podoplanin (P = .022) and low E-cadherin expression (P = .021), respectively. Conclusions Our findings show that ACCs express significantly higher levels of podoplanin compared with both MECs and PACs and that high levels are correlated to better survival. Even though the group of PACs analysed was small, these tumours, despite their tendency to perineural spread, which they have in common with ACC, differ from ACCs concerning expression of factors with a known connection to tumour spread.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Sgaramella
- Department of Medical Biosciences/PathologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | | | | | - Karin Nylander
- Department of Medical Biosciences/PathologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
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Sharma P, Jha V, Mandal AK. Clinicopathological Correlation of Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma: A Notorious Masquerader and Clinical Paradox. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_141_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is an uncommon tumor with nonspecific clinicoradiological features thereby masquerading other nonneoplastic and neoplastic entities. Materials and Methods: Cases of ACC were retrospectively reviewed over a period of 4 years. The clinical details of these patients including fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and imaging findings were retrieved. Diagnosis was confirmed on histomorphology and supplemented with immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results:: Thirty cases of ACC were included in the study. Mean patient age was 55.5 years with a slight female preponderance. Among the 30 ACCs, 10 (33.4%) were located in submandibular gland, 7 (23.4%) in parotid gland, 6 (20%) in sublingual gland, 2 (6.7%) in lung and one each (3.33%) in nasal cavity, breast, cervix, lip, and skin of face. Preoperative imaging was suggestive of malignancy in 29 cases while a single case of parotid gland ACC was misdiagnosed as benign salivary gland neoplasm. FNAC was performed in 29 cases with a diagnostic accuracy of 82.7%. Histopathological examination showed characteristic features of ACC in all cases with perineural invasion seen in 7 cases. On IHC, positivity for cytokeratin was seen in all cases, cluster of differentiation 117 in 24 cases, thyroid transcription factor-1 in two cases and human epidermal growth factor receptor/neu in two cases. All cases were negative for estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor IHC. Mean Ki-67 score was 47.8%. Conclusion: ACCs are notorious tumors showing slow growth kinetics with propensity for perineural invasion, late recurrences, and distant metastasis. It should be kept in mind as a differential diagnosis at unusual sites other than salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Vidya Jha
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Mandal
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
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8
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Ricciardiello F, Addeo R, Di Lullo AM, Abate T, Mazzone S, Oliva F, Motta G, Caraglia M, Mesolella M. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the larynx in a 70-year-old patient: A case report. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2783-2788. [PMID: 30127863 PMCID: PMC6096139 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a relatively rare tumor that accounts for <1% of all head and neck malignancies. Laryngeal localization of ACC, which is most commonly hypoglottic, is relatively rare, occurring in 0.07-0.25% of all laryngeal tumors. ACC is characterized as a slow-growing tumor with a high recurrence rate, which often causes dyspnea and hoarseness. ACC exhibits a propensity for perineural invasion and thus, patients may experience pain as a late symptom of the disease. Distant metastasis occurs in 35-50% of cases and the lungs are the most common site of metastasis. Tumors are usually diagnosed by physical examination with fiberoscopy and computed tomography of the neck and chest, due to the high rate of lung metastases. The standard therapy for ACC is surgery followed by radiotherapy. In this study, a 70-year-old patient presented with laryngeal ACC, who underwent total laryngectomy with bilateral neck dissection and adjuvant radiotherapy, is presented. Follow-up examination performed 2 years after surgery revealed no evidence of locoregional recurrence or distant metastases. Previously published literature regarding ACC of the larynx was also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raffaele Addeo
- Oncology Unit, 'San Giovanni di Dio' Hospital, I-80027 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Miriam Di Lullo
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, Ear Nose and Throat Unit, University of Naples 'Federico II', I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Abate
- Ear Nose and Throat Unit, 'Antonio Cardarelli' Hospital, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mazzone
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania 'L. Vanvitelli', I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Oliva
- Ear Nose and Throat Unit, 'Antonio Cardarelli' Hospital, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Motta
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania 'L. Vanvitelli', I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Michelle Caraglia
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania 'L. Vanvitelli', I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Mesolella
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, Ear Nose and Throat Unit, University of Naples 'Federico II', I-80131 Naples, Italy
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9
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Liu H, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Li F, Dai C. Correlation between the pathology and clinical presentations in patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the external auditory canal. Head Neck 2017; 39:2444-2449. [PMID: 28963786 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to analyze the correlation between the pathology and clinical presentations in patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the external auditory canal. METHODS Twenty-nine patients with ACC of the external auditory canal who underwent surgery were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS Fifty percent of patients with solid pattern disease had recurrences, followed by those with cribriform (33%) and tubular (0%) pattern. Perineural invasion was common (55%), and occurred most frequently in the solid subtype (67%). The rate of otalgia was less in patients with perineural invasion (31% vs 46%). Most tumors (59%) involved the parotid gland, but it was not seen on preoperative MRI (35%). CONCLUSION The solid subtype presents the worst prognosis, and is prone to perineural invasion. Despite frequently occurring in ACC of the external auditory canal, perineural invasion may not be associated with otalgia. In ACC of the external auditory canal, high rates of occult parotid involvement support adjunctive superficial parotidectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Ministry of Health, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Ministry of Health, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, The First Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, People's Republic of China
| | - Feitian Li
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Ministry of Health, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfu Dai
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Ministry of Health, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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10
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Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity: Radiology-Pathology Correlation. Head Neck Pathol 2017; 12:562-566. [PMID: 28879643 PMCID: PMC6232209 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-017-0849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma in the oral cavity is an uncommon salivary gland malignancy that has a propensity for perineural spread. A high-grade variant is evidenced by an abundance of pleomorphic cells, loss of the classic biphasic epithelial-myoepithelial growth pattern, and comedonecrosis, as well as elevated Ki-67. CT and MRI can both be useful for demonstrating the extent of invasion in oral cavity-associated adenoid cystic carcinoma, which can attain the inferior alveolar nerve for perineural spread by direct invasion through the mandible. Reflecting the aggressive nature of this high-grade malignancy, 18FDG-PET can demonstrate hypermetabolism and can be useful for staging. These features are exemplified in this sine qua non radiology-pathology correlation article.
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11
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Sanchez-Sanchez M, Infante-Cossio P, Lozano-Rosado R, Gonzalez-Perez LM, Japon-Rodriguez MA, Gonzalez-Padilla JD, Martinez-Sahuquillo-Marquez A, Belmonte-Caro R. Resection of upper lip adenoid cystic carcinoma and reconstruction with reverse Yu flap: Report of three cases and a literature review. Mol Clin Oncol 2017; 6:444-450. [PMID: 28451431 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2017.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to describe the techniques that were used, and the results obtained, with the reverse Yu flap to reconstruct medium-sized upper lip defects following resection for adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). Data concerning the clinical and pathological characteristics of tumours, the size and location of the defects, surgical resection and the reconstructive procedure used were evaluated in three patients, as well as postoperative complications and outcomes. In all cases, a complete surgical removal of ACC was achieved with clear margins of at least 1 cm. Histopathological features revealed two cases with a predominant solid growth pattern, and one case of cribriform. Following tumour excision, the average size of the upper lip defect was 35.7×30 mm. The reverse Yu flap was raised simultaneously with tumour resection in all cases. No flap failed, and both excellent aesthetic and functional results were obtained. All the patients had a satisfactory oral competence, without microstomia, after a median of 20 months follow-up (range, 12-30 months). Adjuvant radiation therapy was not necessary in any case. On the basis of the present case study and literature review, reverse Yu flap is revealed to be a simple and reliable technique for the reconstruction of defects ranging from one-third to two-thirds of the total upper lip length, involving the commissure, nasolabial fold and philtrum, with minimal donor morbidity and a good functional and aesthetic outcome. This flap appears to be a valid surgical option for reconstruction of medium-sized upper lip defects, which may be considered following radical excision of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sanchez-Sanchez
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Virgen Del Rocio University Hospital, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Pedro Infante-Cossio
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Virgen Del Rocio University Hospital, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Lozano-Rosado
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Virgen Del Rocio University Hospital, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Luis-Miguel Gonzalez-Perez
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Virgen Del Rocio University Hospital, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Rodolfo Belmonte-Caro
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Virgen Del Rocio University Hospital, 41013 Seville, Spain
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12
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Expression of miRNAs in adenoid cystic carcinomas of the breast and salivary glands. Virchows Arch 2015; 467:551-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1827-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Kim D, Kim W, Lee J, Ki Y, Lee B, Cho K, Kim S, Nam J, Lee J, Kim D. Pretreatment maximum standardized uptake value of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography as a predictor of distant metastasis in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck 2015; 38:755-61. [PMID: 25524466 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine whether the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of the primary tumor on pretreatment (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ((18)F-FDG PET) has prognostic significance in patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the head and neck. METHODS A retrospective review was carried out on 34 patients with ACC of the head and neck who underwent pretreatment (18)F-FDG PET imaging from June 2005 through July 2009. All patients underwent surgery with curative intent, and 26 of them received adjuvant radiotherapy (RT). RESULTS When subjects were stratified into 2 groups according to a cutoff value for SUVmax of 4.15, the risk of distant metastasis was significantly high in patients with high SUVmax (p = .014). Multivariate analysis showed that high SUVmax and histologic grade 3 were independent poor prognostic factors for distant metastasis-free and disease-free survival. CONCLUSION Pretreatment SUVmax of the primary tumor is an independent prognostic factor in patients with ACC of the head and neck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital and Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Wontaek Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital and Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Joohye Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital and Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Yongkan Ki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital and Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Byungjoo Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital and Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyusup Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital and Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Seongjang Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital and Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jiho Nam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yangsan Pusan National University Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jinchoon Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yangsan Pusan National University Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Dongwon Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital and Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
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14
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Rettig EM, Tan M, Ling S, Yonescu R, Bishop JA, Fakhry C, Ha PK. MYB rearrangement and clinicopathologic characteristics in head and neck adenoid cystic carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2015; 125:E292-9. [PMID: 25963073 DOI: 10.1002/lary.25356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is rare, aggressive, and challenging to treat. Many ACCs have a t(6;9) chromosomal translocation resulting in a MYB-NFIB fusion gene, but the clinical significance is unclear. The purposes of this study were to describe the clinicopathologic factors impacting survival and to determine the prevalence and clinical significance of MYB-NFIB fusion. STUDY DESIGN Case series. METHODS Medical records of patients treated for ACC of the head and neck from 1974 to 2011 were reviewed and clinicopathologic data recorded. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to detect MYB rearrangement in archival tumor tissue as a marker of MYB-NFIB fusion. RESULTS One hundred fifty-eight patients were included, with median follow-up 75.1 months. Median overall survival was 171.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI] = 131.9-191.6), and median disease-free survival was 112.0 months (95% CI = 88.7-180.4). Advanced stage was associated with decreased overall survival (adjusted ptrend < 0.001), and positive margins were associated with decreased disease-free survival (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 8.80, 95% CI = 1.25-62.12, P = 0.029). Ninety-one tumors were evaluable using FISH, and 59 (65%) had evidence of a MYB-NFIB fusion. MYB-NFIB positive tumors were more likely than MYB-NFIB negative tumors to originate in minor salivary glands (adjusted prevalence ratios = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.07-2.12, P = 0.019). MYB-NFIB tumor status was not significantly associated with disease-free or overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.53, 95% CI = 0.77-3.02, P = 0.22 and HR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.46-1.83, P = 0.80, respectively, for MYB-NFIB positive compared with MYB-NFIB negative tumors). CONCLUSION Stage and margin status were important prognostic factors for ACC. Tumors with evidence of MYB-NFIB fusion were more likely to originate in minor salivary glands, but MYB-NFIB tumor status was not significantly associated with prognosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marietta Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
| | | | - Raluca Yonescu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Justin A Bishop
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Carole Fakhry
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.,Milton J. Dance Jr. Head and Neck Center, Greater Baltimore Medical Center.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Patrick K Ha
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.,Milton J. Dance Jr. Head and Neck Center, Greater Baltimore Medical Center
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Liang LZ, Ma B, Liang YJ, Liu HC, Zhang TH, Zheng GS, Su YX, Liao GQ. Obatoclax induces Beclin 1- and ATG5-dependent apoptosis and autophagy in adenoid cystic carcinoma cells. Oral Dis 2015; 21:470-7. [PMID: 25482163 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L-Z Liang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Zhuhai China
| | - B Ma
- Department of Stomatology; Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences; Shanxi Dayi Hospital; Taiyuan China
| | - Y-J Liang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Guanghua School of Stomatology; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - H-C Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Guanghua School of Stomatology; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - T-H Zhang
- Department of Stomatology; Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital; Sun Yat-sen University; Zhongshan China
| | - G-S Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Guanghua School of Stomatology; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Y-X Su
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Guanghua School of Stomatology; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
- Discipline of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery; Faculty of Dentistry; the University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - G-Q Liao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Guanghua School of Stomatology; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
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16
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Zhu S, Schuerch C, Hunt J. Review and Updates of Immunohistochemistry in Selected Salivary Gland and Head and Neck Tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015; 139:55-66. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0167-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context
Immunohistochemistry is a useful tool for diagnosing salivary gland and head and neck tumors.
Objective
To review immunohistochemical markers, which can aid in the diagnosis of selected salivary gland and head and neck tumors.
Data Sources
Literature review and authors' personal practice experience.
Conclusions
Salivary gland and head and neck tumors include a large diverse group of tumors with complex and overlapping histologic features. Immunohistochemistry plays an important role in resolving the differential diagnosis of some salivary gland and head and neck tumors and can provide information for the prognosis of certain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Zhu
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania (Drs Zhu and Schuerch)
| | - Conrad Schuerch
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania (Drs Zhu and Schuerch)
| | - Jennifer Hunt
- and the Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (Dr Hunt)
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17
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Khan S, Agwani K, Bhargava P, Kumar SP. Adenoid cystic carcinoma presenting as an ulcer on the floor of the mouth: a rare case report. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 40:253-7. [PMID: 25368840 PMCID: PMC4217273 DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2014.40.5.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a rare epithelial tumour, and comprises about 1% of all malignant tumours of the oral and maxillofacial region. It is a malignant tumour which may develop in the trachea, bronchus, lungs or mammary glands, in addition to the head and neck region. Occurrences in the head and neck are mostly detected in the major salivary gland, oral cavity, pharynx and paranasal sinus where it presents as a slow growing firm nodular swelling. The aim of the article is to highlight the unique presentation of adenoid cystic carcinoma as a solitary ulcer on the floor of the mouth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Khan
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, NIMS Dental College and Hospital, NIMS University, Jaipur, India
| | - Khalid Agwani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Darshan Dental College, Udaipur, India
| | - Puneet Bhargava
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, NIMS Dental College and Hospital, NIMS University, Jaipur, India
| | - Sreeja P Kumar
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Amrita School of Dentistry, Kochi, India
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18
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Mesolella M, Luce A, Marino A, Caraglia M, Ricciardiello F, Iengo M. Treatment of c-kit positive adenoid cystic carcinoma of the tongue: A case report. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:309-312. [PMID: 24959267 PMCID: PMC4063594 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) or ‘cylindroma’ is a malignant tumor that often occurs in the areas of the head and neck, affecting the secretory glands and the major and minor salivary glands. The present study describes a case of a patient who presented with a posterior tongue lesion. The case is of a 71-year-old female with an asymptomatic volume growth of the posterior left tongue perceived 8 months prior, and neoplastic cells positive for c-kit. A computed tomography of the head and neck showed asymmetry of the base of the tongue, which was enlarged in the left portion. A physical examination revealed a nodule on the posterior left tongue of ~3 cm in diameter, while the cervical lymph node chain had a normal size and consistency. Surgical exeresis of the tongue lesion and cervical lymph node dissection were performed. Subsequent to surgical removal of the cancer cells and adjuvant radiotherapy, the patient showed excellent health, although the follow-up remains in progress. ACC, one of the most biologically destructive tumors of the head and neck, is locally aggressive and gives rise to distant metastases. The tongue is the place of origin in 3.4–17.1% of cases. The treatment for ACC consists of primary surgical resection with adjuvant radiotherapy. To prevent the risk for distant metastasis, it is necessary to remove the first echelon nodes and monitor the patient with a long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Mesolella
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, University 'Federico II', Naples I-80138, Italy
| | - Amalia Luce
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples I-80138, Italy
| | - Anna Marino
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, University 'Federico II', Naples I-80138, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples I-80138, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Iengo
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, University 'Federico II', Naples I-80138, Italy
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Stenzinger A, Kriegsmann M, Kraywinkel K, Weichert W. Pathologie der malignen Kopf-Hals-Tumoren. ONKOLOGE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00761-013-2584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Marcinow A, Ozer E, Teknos T, Wei L, Hurtuk A, Old M, Agrawal A, Carrau R, Iwenofu OH. Clinicopathologic predictors of recurrence and overall survival in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck: a single institutional experience at a tertiary care center. Head Neck 2014; 36:1705-11. [PMID: 24166847 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine factors that impact recurrence and long-term survival of head and neck adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of 87 patients with head and neck ACC who were evaluated between 1992 and 2009. Staining for Ki-67, p53, α-estrogen receptor (αER), and progesterone receptor (PR) was performed. RESULTS Forty men (46%) and 47 women (54%) were included in this study. Median follow-up for patients was 98 months. Five-year recurrence-free and overall survival (OS) rates were 56% and 81%, respectively. Ki-67 and p53 expression was observed in 5 (6%) and 2 (2%) patients, respectively. αER and PR were all negative. The most important determinants of disease-free survival (DFS) were perineural invasion (PNI; p = .001) and female sex (p = .027). Disease site (major vs minor salivary gland) was the only predictor of worse OS on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Perineural invasion, female sex, and disease site were the most consistent predictors of poor outcome in head and neck ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marcinow
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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21
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Resection and Reconstruction of Maxillary Class IIIc Defect in a Case of Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma: Cost-Sensitive Technique without Microvascular Grafts. Case Rep Dent 2013; 2013:865010. [PMID: 24069539 PMCID: PMC3771479 DOI: 10.1155/2013/865010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ACC is a rare malignant tumor that affects most commonly the major and minor salivary glands and rarely the paranasal sinuses, lacrimal gland, larynx, ear, vulva, and so forth. The maxillary sinus when affected is considered having a poor prognosis due to delayed diagnosis and delayed treatment credited to its slow spread, late symptoms, and complex anatomy which hampers surgical resection. The expressions of tumor markers too have a significant role in determining the prognosis. The treatment of choice consists of wide radical resection of the tumor followed by radiotherapy. Rehabilitation options in cases with huge maxillary defects still need further exploration.
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22
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Kumar AN, Harish M, Alavi YA, Mallikarjuna R. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of buccal mucosa. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013:bcr-2013-009770. [PMID: 23761566 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-009770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm most commonly originating in the salivary glands of head and neck region. The clinical and pathological findings typical of this tumour include slow growth, perineural invasion and potential local recurrence. Up to 50% of these tumours occur in the intraoral minor salivary glands usually in the hard palate. We present a case report of a 26-year-old woman who was diagnosed with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the right buccal mucosa. The peculiarity of the lesion and the approach we made is the key factor in the presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop N Kumar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, PSM College of Dental Science and Research, Trichur, Kerala, India
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23
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Clinicopathological Significance of L-type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) Expression in Patients with Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2013; 19:649-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-013-9624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Balamucki CJ, Amdur RJ, Werning JW, Vaysberg M, Morris CG, Kirwan JM, Mendenhall WM. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck. Am J Otolaryngol 2012; 33:510-8. [PMID: 22226227 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report our experience using radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery to treat adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck. MATERIALS AND METHODS Radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery was used to treat 120 previously untreated patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the head and neck from August 1966 to March 2008. Patients were treated with curative intent. American Joint Committee on Cancer stage distribution was,T0 (n = 1), T1 (n = 26), T2 (n = 25), T3 (n = 14), T4 (n = 54), N0 (n = 113), N1 (n = 2), N2a (n = 1), N2b (n = 2), and N2c (n = 2). Treatment included surgery with postoperative radiotherapy (n = 71), radiotherapy alone (n = 46), and preoperative radiotherapy and surgery (n = 3). Incidental and clinical perineural invasion was found in 41 (34%) and 35 (29%) patients, respectively. Median follow-up was 8.6 and 11.6 years overall and among living patients, respectively. RESULTS The 10-year overall, cause-specific, and distant metastasis-free survival rates, respectively, were as follows: radiotherapy alone, 37%, 46%, and 76%; surgery and radiotherapy, 57%, 71%, and 62%; and overall, 50%. The 10-year local control rates were as follows: radiotherapy alone, 36%; surgery and radiotherapy, 84%; and overall, 65%. The 10-year neck control rates were as follows: elective nodal irradiation (ENI), 98%; no ENI, 89%; and overall, 95%. CONCLUSIONS Surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy offer the best chance for cure for patients with resectable adenoid cystic carcinomas of the head and neck. Some patients with advanced, incompletely resectable disease can be cured with radiotherapy alone. ENI should be considered for primary sites located in lymphatic-rich regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Balamucki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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25
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Larsen SR, Bjørndal K, Godballe C, Krogdahl A. Prognostic significance of Ki-67 in salivary gland carcinomas. J Oral Pathol Med 2012; 41:598-602. [PMID: 22530699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2012.01148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary gland carcinomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors with varying malignant potential. In this study, we evaluated the proliferative marker Ki-67 in salivary gland carcinomas and related the Ki-67 index to clinical data. METHODS A total of 176 salivary gland carcinomas of 13 different subtypes were stained immunohistochemically for Ki-67. The number of Ki-67 positive cells was counted and the Ki-67 index was calculated as the percentage of positive tumor cells. RESULTS The Ki-67 median value was 26 (range 1-99). The median follow-up time was 6.9 years (range 0-19 years). The 5- and 10-year crude survival was 70% and 59%, respectively. In univariate analysis, Ki-67 index, stage, vascular invasion and tumor grade were significantly related to crude survival, but in multivariate analysis only Ki-67 index, age, and stage were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSION We showed that irrespective of subtyping, grading or morphological appearance of tumor, the Ki-67 index is an important and independent prognosticator. Clinical and histo-pathological data must be considered, when planning the treatment of the individual patient. We have shown that besides stage and age of the patient, Ki-67 is a strong, independent prognostic factor.
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26
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Lin YC, Chen KC, Lin CH, Kuo KT, Ko JY, Hong RL. Clinicopathological features of salivary and non-salivary adenoid cystic carcinomas. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 41:354-60. [PMID: 22230288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), commonly from salivary glands, is known for its insidious local growth and usually protracted clinical course. ACC developing from non-salivary glands (i.e., non-salivary ACC) is heterogeneous, and its clinicopathological features remain poorly defined. Patients treated for ACC in a single institution between 1995 and 2007 were included in this study. Immunohistochemical evaluation of Ki-67, E-cadherin, p16, and cyclinD1 was performed. The prognostic significance of clinical and immunophenotypic markers was evaluated. 83 cases of salivary ACC and 24 cases of non-salivary ACC were included. The expression levels of Ki-67 (54.8%), E-cadherin (90.4%), p16 (32.9%), and cyclinD1 (19.2%) between ACCs present at various sites were not different. Sinonasal, lacrimal, and tracheobronchial ACCs had significantly worse outcomes than those of ACC of the major salivary glands. Postoperative radiotherapy reduced the recurrence rate of patients with a negative resection margin (P=0.028). Older age (age >60 years), advanced stage, positive resection margin, high histological grade, and high expression of Ki-67 were significantly correlated with poor prognosis. In conclusion, the site of origin plays a role in the prognosis of ACC, in which positive resection margin and advanced stage are possible factors underlying the differences in outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chin Lin
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a malignant tumor with a deceptively benign histologic appearance characterized by indolent, locally invasive growth with high propensity for local recurrence and distant metastasis. The tumor is composed of basaloid cells with small, angulated, and hyperchromatic nuclei and scant cytoplasm arranged into 3 prognostically significant patterns: cribriform, tubular, and solid. Some tumors undergo dedifferentiation into a high-grade form. Numerous studies have attempted to elucidate accurate histologic prognostic features but have often yielded conflicting results. Microarray analysis and gene expression profiling have provided new potential diagnostic and prognostic markers. However, tumor grade, stage, lymph node metastasis, invasion of major nerves, and margin status remain the most consistent predictors of prognosis. The combination of surgery and postoperative radiation therapy has improved locoregional control of the disease. Despite this achievement, late local recurrence and distant metastasis rates remain high and may occur decades after initial diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Jaso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School and University of Texas Medical Center-Houston, Houston, Texas 77030-1501, USA.
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28
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Unique presentation of adenoid cystic carcinoma in postcricoid region: a case report and review of the literature. Head Neck Pathol 2011; 5:413-5. [PMID: 21559806 PMCID: PMC3210213 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-011-0266-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Malignant tumors of minor salivary glands are uncommon, representing only 2-4% of all head and neck malignancies. In the larynx, minor salivary gland tumors rarely occur and constitute less than 1% of laryngeal tumors. Most of the minor salivary gland tumors arise in the subglottis; however, they can also occur in the supraglottis in the false vocal cords, aryepiglottic folds, and caudal aspect of the epiglottis. The most common type of malignant minor salivary gland tumor is adenoid cystic carcinoma. In the last 20 years, only 40 cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma arising in variable locations of the larynx have been reported in the English language literature. We present a case of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the larynx arising in the inter-arytenoid and postcricoid region in a 54-year-old woman. To our knowledge, this is the first case of adenoid cystic carcinoma arising in this particular region of the larynx.
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Gondivkar SM, Gadbail AR, Chole R, Parikh RV. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: a rare clinical entity and literature review. Oral Oncol 2011; 47:231-6. [PMID: 21353624 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The adenoid cystic carcinoma is a relatively rare epithelial tumor of the major and minor salivary glands, accounting for about 1% of all malignant tumor of the oral and maxillofacial region. Although it presents a widespread age distribution, peak incidence occurs predominantly among women, between the 5th and 6th decades of life. The clinical and pathological findings typical of this tumor include slow growth, perineural invasion, potential local recurrence and distant metastasis. Histopathologically it is composed of basaloid cells with primarily myoepithelial/basal cell differentiation. It presents three patterns, cribriform, tubular and solid; the solid type is related to a poor prognosis contrary to the cribriform type, which has a better prognosis. Surgical excision with wide margins is the treatment of choice, if it metastasizes to lymph nodules, post surgical radiotherapy is recommended. We presented herein the case of a 45 year old female patient who presented a palatal lesion, which was treated with surgery and radiotherapy as an additional treatment. We also described a brief literature review of adenoid cystic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh M Gondivkar
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Medicine and Radiology, MGV's K.B.H. Dental College and Hospital, Nashik, Maharashtra, India.
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30
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Ko YH, Roh SY, Won HS, Jeon EK, Hong SH, Lee MA, Kang JH, Hong YS, Kim MS, Jung CK. Prognostic significance of nuclear survivin expression in resected adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck. HEAD & NECK ONCOLOGY 2010; 2:30. [PMID: 21034499 PMCID: PMC2988778 DOI: 10.1186/1758-3284-2-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The expression of survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis, in tumor cells is associated with poor clinical outcome for various cancers. We conducted this study to determine survivin expression in patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the head and neck and to identify its clinical significance as a prognostic factor. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed immunohistochemical staining for survivin, p53, bcl-2 protein, and Ki-67 in formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks from 37 cases of head and neck ACC. We also reviewed the patients' clinical records to determine the association of staining with clinical course. RESULTS Of the 37 cases of head and neck ACC, 31 (83.8%) were positive for cytoplasmic survivin expression, and 23 (62.2%) were positive for nuclear survivin expression. There was a significant association between nuclear survivin expression and bcl-2 (P = 0.031). A larger tumor was more commonly a survivin-positive tumor (cytoplasmic survivin, P = 0.043; nuclear survivin, P = 0.057). Median overall survival (OS) was significantly longer in patients not expressing nuclear survivin (P = 0.035). A multivariate analysis revealed that nuclear survivin expression significantly impacted OS (hazard ratio 8.567, P = 0.018) in addition to lymph node involvement (hazard ratio 7.704, P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS The immunohistochemical expression of nuclear survivin has a prognostic impact in patients with head and neck ACC. These results suggest that nuclear survivin expression may be a useful biomarker for predicting prognosis in patients with head and neck ACC who were treated with surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Ho Ko
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, Catholic University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Jouzdani E, Yachouh J, Costes V, Faillie JL, Cartier C, Poizat F, Pierre G, Burcia V, Makeieff M, Crampette L, Guerrier B, Garrel R. Prognostic value of a three-grade classification in primary epithelial parotid carcinoma: result of a histological review from a 20-year experience of total parotidectomy with neck dissection in a single institution. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:323-31. [PMID: 19931448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumour grading of primary parotid cancers (PPCs) remains controversial. METHODS A 20-year standardised single centre treatment has been assessed retrospectively. The histological review of 155 consecutively treated parotid malignancies identified 96 suitable cases for univariate and multivariate survival analyses. RESULTS Treatment involved total parotidectomy, neck dissection and post-operative radiotherapy in, respectively, 91.7%, 83.3% and 70.4% of cases. The 5-year overall survival, disease-specific and recurrence-free survival rates were 79.4%, 83.5% and 70.8%, respectively. Univariate analysis confirmed the classical prognostic factors, i.e. age>60 years, male gender, facial palsy, hardness of the tumour, clinical stage, tumour grade, facial nerve invasion and lymph node metastases. Multivariate analysis identified a three-grade classification just after the clinical stage as the most important prognostic factor. CONCLUSION This study identifies the prognostic significance of intermediate grade tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Jouzdani
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier University Hospital Center, France
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Cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma with perineural invasion treated by mohs micrographic surgery-a case report with literature review. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010:469049. [PMID: 20379385 PMCID: PMC2850546 DOI: 10.1155/2010/469049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a 58-year-old woman with cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma arising on the chest treated with Mohs micrographic surgery. The patient remained tumor-free at 24-month follow-up. To date, only six other cases of cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma were reportedly managed by Mohs surgery. Cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma has low potential for distant metastasis but is notorious for its aggressive infiltrative growth pattern, frequent perineural invasion, and high risk of local recurrence after excision. We propose that Mohs surgery is an ideal method to achieve margin-free removal of cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma. A brief literature review is provided.
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Ramer N, Wu H, Sabo E, Ramer Y, Emanuel P, Orta L, Burstein DE. Prognostic value of quantitative p63 immunostaining in adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary gland assessed by computerized image analysis. Cancer 2010; 116:77-83. [PMID: 19877114 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a long-term retrospective immunohistochemical study of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of salivary gland, we investigated the relation of p63 immunodetection to prognosis. Although it is generally agreed that the solid pattern is the most aggressive pattern of growth, ACCs with predominantly cribriform or tubular patterns have an unpredictable clinical course, with a relatively favorable 5-year survival but a low 20-year survival. METHODS Formalin-fixed paraffin sections from 35 cases of ACC showing a predominantly better differentiated histopathology, ie, cribriform or tubular patterns of growth, were immunostained for p63. Automated image analysis was used to quantify p63 positivity, using a modification of a previously developed algorithm. RESULTS Patients alive for more than 10 years had a lower extent of p63 expression than those who died of disease. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that separation of patients with morbidity and mortality from those alive with no evidence of disease, could be achieved at a cutoff of 35% p63 positivity (P = .0031, log-rank test). Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model revealed p63 and tumor stage to be independent predictors of survival (P = .012 and P = .0003, respectively). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, the present study is the first to report prognostic significance of p63 in salivary gland ACC and the first report of a robust and well-studied immunohistochemical stain performable on routinely fixed and processed tissue with prognostic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Ramer
- Department of Pathology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Mano T, Wada N, Uchida K, Muraki Y, Nagatsuka H, Ueyama Y. Central adenoid cystic carcinoma of the mandible with multiple bone metastases: case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010; 68:446-51. [PMID: 20116721 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2009.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Mano
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan.
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Uro-Coste E. Tumeurs des glandes salivaires. État des lieux en 2009. Ann Pathol 2009; 29:274-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Maruya SI, Shirasaki T, Nagaki T, Kakehata S, Kurotaki H, Mizukami H, Shinkawa H. Differential expression of topoisomerase IIalpha protein in salivary gland carcinomas: histogenetic and prognostic implications. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:72. [PMID: 19250538 PMCID: PMC2654461 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salivary gland carcinomas are relatively uncommon heterogeneous malignancies characterized by locoregional invasion and distant metastasis. Topoisomerase IIα (topoIIα), located at chromosome 17q21-22, is considered a major mediator of cell proliferation and DNA replication. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of topoIIα in various types of salivary gland tumors and its biological significance. Methods The protein expression of topoIIα was evaluated immunohistochemically in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from 54 salivary gland carcinomas and 20 benign tumors (10 pleomorphic adenomas and 10 Warthin's tumors). The primary salivary gland carcinoma specimens consisted of 17 adenoid cystic carcinomas, 7 adenocarcinomas not otherwise specified, 7 mucoepidermoid carcinomas, 6 salivary duct carcinomas, 3 acinic cell carcinomas, 3 carcinomas ex pleomorphic adenomas, 3 epithelial-myoepithelial carcinomas, 2 carcinosarcomas, 2 lymphoepithelial carcinomas, 2 myoepithelial carcinomas, 1 oncocytic carcinoma, and 1 squamous cell carcinoma. The associations between clinicopathological factors and outcome were analyzed. Results Of the 54 primary salivary gland carcinomas, 38 (70%) showed positive expression (≥10%) of topoIIα protein, and 16 carcinomas (30%) and all benign tumors were negative (p < 0.001). Expression of topoIIα was more frequently observed in salivary duct carcinoma, carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, adenocarcinoma, and adenoid cystic carcinoma, solid type, and it was associated with advanced stage and shortened survival. Conclusion The results of the present study suggest that topoIIα expression is associated with histologically aggressive subtypes and shortened survival. Furthermore, it may provide useful prognostic information and suggests the potential efficacy of topoIIα-targeting therapy in patients with salivary gland carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Maruya
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.
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Liu P, Liu S, Qi H, Li Y, He H, Wei F. Effects of silencing Id-1 in cell culture of human adenoid cystic carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2009; 45:783-8. [PMID: 19213597 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a slow growing but highly invasive cancer with a high recurrence rate. Id (inhibitor of DNA binding) proteins are dominant regulators of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that control malignant cell behavior in many different tissues. This study aimed to identify the potential role of inhibiting DNA binding-1 (Id-1) in human salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) progression. First, we compared the Id-1 protein expression in a human salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma cell line (ACCM) against three other cell lines and found that Id-1 protein expression in ACCM to be significantly higher. Then we measured Id-1 mRNA and protein expression in ACCM before and after RNA interference (RNAi), which showed successful inhibition of Id-1. Further studies then demonstrated that the proliferation and invasiveness of ACCM cells were dramatically down-regulated, and increased numbers of apoptotic cells were detected after Id-1 silencing. Consequently, our data suggest that Id-1 is a potential target in the treatment of human salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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38
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Adenoid cystic carcinoma of intraoral minor salivary glands. Oral Oncol 2008; 44:1026-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 01/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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He JF, Ge MH, Zhu X, Chen C, Tan Z, Li YN, Gu ZY. Expression of RUNX3 in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma: implications for tumor progression and prognosis. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:1334-40. [PMID: 18410404 PMCID: PMC11158834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor-3 (RUNX3), being a tumor suppressor gene in gastric cancer, plays an important role in inhibiting cellular growth by participating in the transforming growth factor-beta-dependent apoptosis. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of RUNX3 in normal salivary glands and adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACCs), comparing the results with clinicopathological factors and patient survival. The quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and Western blot analysis revealed the expression of RUNX3 both in normal salivary glands and ACCs. Nuclear and cytoplasmic immunoreactivities against RUNX3 in ductal luminal cells and acinous cells, but immunonegative in myoepithelial cells, were detected in normal salivary glands. In ACC, the RUNX3 immunostaining was shown in the cytoplasm of tumor cells; however, no nuclear location of RUNX3 was found. Lower RUNX3 expression showed significant correlation to distant metastasis and histological growth pattern (P = 0.009 and P = 0.025, respectively). On univariate analysis, low level of RUNX3 immunolabeling (P = 0.012), stage T4 (P = 0.017), lymph node involvement (P = 0.007), and distant metastasis (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with decreased overall survival. Multivariate analysis showed only distant metastasis had an independent prognostic effect on overall survival (P = 0.043). Our results demonstrate the expression of RUNX3 in normal salivary glands and salivary ACCs. The low level of RUNX3 protein in salivary ACCs might play a pivotal role in tumor progression and have prognostic values in ACCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #395 Yan'an Rd, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, PR China
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Chandana SR, Conley BA. Salivary gland cancers: current treatments, molecular characteristics and new therapies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2008; 8:645-52. [PMID: 18402531 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.8.4.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Salivary gland cancers are relatively rare and quite diverse. Current therapy relies on local ablation. There are few large clinical trials or randomized trials to guide treatment, especially for metastatic disease. This article reviews the epidemiology, staging, molecular characteristics, and treatment evidence for the most common types of salivary cancers and suggests potential future diagnostic and treatment directions. Progress in understanding the molecular and cell biology of salivary gland cancers may lead to the development of targeted therapies in these rare tumors. Multidisciplinary and multi-institutional collaborative studies are needed to help improve survival in salivary gland cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivasa R Chandana
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Michigan State University, Breslin Cancer Center 401, W. Greenlawn Avenue, Lansing, MI, USA.
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Serrano MF, El-Mofty SK, Gnepp DR, Lewis JS. Utility of high molecular weight cytokeratins, but not p63, in the differential diagnosis of neuroendocrine and basaloid carcinomas of the head and neck. Hum Pathol 2008; 39:591-8. [PMID: 18284937 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas of the head and neck overlap significantly in morphology with both basaloid squamous and solid-type adenoid cystic carcinomas. High-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas have sheets of small cells with scant cytoplasm, granular chromatin, and inconspicuous nucleoli. Basaloid squamous and adenoid cystic carcinomas are aggressive variants of their respective tumor types which both have nests of basaloid tumor cells with round nuclei, little cytoplasm, and inconspicuous nucleoli. As the management and prognosis of these tumors are very different, it is important to differentiate them. We performed high molecular weight cytokeratin (CK) and p63 immunohistochemistry on 19 neuroendocrine carcinomas, 18 basaloid squamous carcinomas, and 11 solid-type adenoid cystic carcinomas. All tumors were immunostained for p63, CK 34betaE12, CK 5/6, synaptophysin, chromogranin-A, S-100, and smooth muscle actin. All basaloid squamous and adenoid cystic carcinomas were positive for CK 5/6 and 34betaE12. Only 4 and 5 of the 19 neuroendocrine carcinomas, respectively, were positive for these markers. Staining was focal in the neuroendocrine cases when positive, whereas almost all basaloid squamous and adenoid cystic carcinomas showed strong staining. Almost all tumors of each type were positive for p63, including neuroendocrine carcinomas, but with different staining patterns. Basaloid squamous carcinomas were diffusely positive, neuroendocrine carcinomas were diffusely positive, but with weak staining, and adenoid cystic carcinomas showed a distinct pattern with staining at the periphery of the cell nests only. We conclude that high molecular weight cytokeratin immunostaining is helpful in distinguishing high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas from similar tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Serrano
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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43
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Abdul-Hussein A, Morris PA, Markova T. An unusual presentation of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the minor salivary glands with cranial nerve palsy: a case study. BMC Cancer 2007; 7:157. [PMID: 17697321 PMCID: PMC1994955 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-7-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor entity and comprises about 1% of all malignant tumor of the oral and maxillofacial region. It is slow growing but a highly invasive cancer with a high recurrence rate. Intracranial ACC is even more infrequent and could be primary or secondary occurring either by direct invasion, hematogenous spread, or perineural spread. We report the first case of the 5th and 6th nerve palsy due to cavernous sinus invasion by adenoid cystic carcinoma. Case presentation A 49-year-old African American female presented to the emergency room complaining of severe right-sided headache, photophobia, dizziness and nausea, with diplopia. The patient had a 14 year history migraine headaches, hypertension, and mild intermittent asthma. Physical examination revealed right lateral rectus muscle palsy with esotropia. There was numbness in all three divisions of the right trigeminal nerve. Motor and sensory examination of extremities was normal. An MRI of the brain/brain stem was obtained which showed a large mass in the clivus extending to involve the nasopharynx, pterygoid plate, sphenoid and right cavernous sinuses. Biopsy showed an ACC tumor with a cribriform pattern of the minor salivary glands. The patient underwent total gross surgical resection and radiation therapy. Conclusion This is a case of ACC of the minor salivary glands with intracranial invasion. The patient had long history of headaches which changed in character during the past year, and symptoms of acute 5th and 6th cranial nerve involvement. Our unique case demonstrates direct invasion of cavernous sinus and could explain the 5th and 6th cranial nerve involvement as histopathology revealed no perineural invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Abdul-Hussein
- Department of Family Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Pierre A Morris
- Department of Family Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tsveti Markova
- Department of Family Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Chikamatsu K, Shino M, Sakakura K, Nakajima K, Sakurai T, Miyashita M, Furuya N. Expression of thymidylate synthase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck: Correlation with clinical outcome. Oral Oncol 2007; 43:662-9. [PMID: 17070099 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Revised: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to estimate the possibility of using thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), and p53 as predictive values of clinical outcome in adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). The expressions of TS, DPD, and p53 were examined with immunohistochemistry in 27 ACC patients, and the association with clinicopathological factors was determined. Cases with high DPD expression had significantly higher distant metastasis rates compared to those with low DPD expression (p=0.001), whereas neither TS nor p53 expression showed any significant correlation to clinicopathological factors. Interestingly, six of 14 early-stage patients had distant metastases and all of their tumors showed high DPD expression. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that a solid histological pattern and distant metastasis correlated with a poor prognosis. In early-stage patients, whose tumor was completely resected, those with high TS or DPD expression had a worse prognosis compared to those with low expression, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (TS, p=0.178; DPD, p=0.251). Our results suggest that assessment of DPD expression in ACC may be a useful tool in determining the mode of treatment as well as evaluating clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Chikamatsu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Japan.
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Greer RO, Said S, Shroyer KR, Marileila VG, Weed SA. Overexpression of cyclin D1 and cortactin is primarily independent of gene amplification in salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2006; 43:735-41. [PMID: 17113340 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the salivary glands exhibits persistent growth, invasion and metastasis. Chromosome 11q13 amplification is a frequent event associated with tumor progression in a number of carcinomas and is associated with poor prognosis. Two genes within the 11q13 amplicon that are overexpressed as a result of 11q13 amplification are the cell cycle regulatory protein cyclin D1 (CCND1) and cortactin (CTTN), a protein involved cell motility and invasion. To determine the expression and gene status of cyclin D1 and cortactin in ACC, we evaluated 39 ACC cases by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for cyclin D1 and cortactin expression. Amplification of CCND1 and CTTN was determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Cyclin D1 overexpression was present in 90% (35/39) and cortactin expression in 62% (24/39) of evaluated cases, although CCND1 and CTTN levels were elevated in only two cases (5%) as determined by FISH. Our results indicate that chromosome 11q13 amplification is uncommon in ACC, but that cyclin D1 and cortactin are frequently overexpressed and may therefore contribute to the growth and invasive potential of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Greer
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80010, USA.
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Dodd RL, Slevin NJ. Salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma: A review of chemotherapy and molecular therapies. Oral Oncol 2006; 42:759-69. [PMID: 16757203 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Revised: 12/29/2005] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) accounts for about 1% of all head and neck malignancies. It has a tendency for a prolonged clinical course, with local recurrences and distant metastases sometimes occurring many years after presentation. Standard treatment for salivary gland ACC is surgery and post-operative radiotherapy. The aim of this review was to examine the reported efficacy of various chemotherapy regimens and molecular therapies on recurrent/metastatic salivary gland ACC. One hundred and fourteen publications were reviewed on chemotherapy as well as possible molecular targets of therapy, including KIT, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), human epidermal growth receptor-2 (HER-2), oestrogen and progesterone receptors, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Ki-67 and the p53, bcl-2 and SOX-4 genes. Reported response rates to combination chemotherapy are low and response duration generally short lived. The response to molecular therapies is low also. More research into novel molecular targets is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Dodd
- Manchester University Medical School, UK
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Patel KJ, Pambuccian SE, Ondrey FG, Adams GL, Gaffney PM. Genes associated with early development, apoptosis and cell cycle regulation define a gene expression profile of adenoid cystic carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2006; 42:994-1004. [PMID: 16762588 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Revised: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is an uncommon salivary gland malignancy characterized by indolent yet relentless growth that exhibits inherent resistance to systemic chemotherapy, surgical salvage and conventional radiotherapy. We used microarray analysis to characterize gene expression changes associated with ACC. Eight ACC patient specimens were compared with normal parotid gland tissue and the ACC3 cell line. Differentially expressed genes were identified (512 total) using supervised analysis methods and functional categories assigned using OntoExpress. Genes associated with morphogenesis, neurogenesis, proliferation and apoptosis characterized ACC tumors. Genes associated with saliva production and immune response characterized normal parotid tissues while the ACC3 cell line expressed genes primarily associated with proliferation, chromosome maintenance and the cell cycle. These results demonstrate that ACC tumors express genes associated with early developmental processes including morphogenesis and neurogenesis implicating oncogenic events that result in dedifferentiation of normal salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan J Patel
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, MMC 480, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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da Cruz Perez DE, de Abreu Alves F, Nobuko Nishimoto I, de Almeida OP, Kowalski LP. Prognostic factors in head and neck adenoid cystic carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2005; 42:139-46. [PMID: 16249115 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical, histological and immunohistochemical prognostic factors of a large series of adenoid cystic carcinoma, using univariate and multivariate survival analyses. All cases of head and neck ACC (n = 129) treated in a single institution in Brazil, between 1955 and 1997, were selected for the study. Univariate survival analysis revealed that age older than 45 years (p = 0.04), period of complaints inferior to 18 months (p = 0.007), presence of paresthesia (p = 0.04), T stage (p = 0.01), N stage (p = 0.04), M stage (p < 0.001), clinical stage (p = 0.003), solid histological type ( p< 0.001), presence of residual tumor (p < 0.001) and expression of p53 (p = 0.08) correlated with a poor prognosis. In the multivariate survival analyses, clinical stage, solid histological subtype and increased expression of p53 were independent significant prognostic factors. According to our findings, clinical stage, solid growth pattern and expression of p53 were the most important prognostic factors in patients with ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyel Elias da Cruz Perez
- Oral Pathology Division, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Av. Limeira, 901, Areão, CEP: 13414-903, Piracicaba/SP, Brazil.
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Carlinfante G, Lazzaretti M, Ferrari S, Bianchi B, Crafa P. p53, bcl-2 and Ki-67 expression in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the palate. A clinico-pathologic study of 21 cases with long-term follow-up. Pathol Res Pract 2005; 200:791-9. [PMID: 15792122 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2004.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is an indolent tumor that pursues a protracted clinical course with recurrences and late metastases. The aim of this study was to investigate immunohistochemically the expression of p53, bcl-2 protein, and Ki-67 in 21 cases of ACC of the palate, all with a minimum of 10 years and a maximum of 22 years of clinical follow-up. These results were also analyzed with regard to different clinical prognoses of the histologic subtypes of ACC. High expression of p53 and bcl-2 was noted in 19 out of 21 ACC cases (90%), in which most tumor cells (from 66% to 99%) proved to be immunopositive. A relation to the histologic types, clinical staging, and survival was not found. Therefore, the high immunoreactivity against these oncoproteins in the same tumor cells suggests that these two oncogenes may be involved since the early stage of carcinogenesis. Loss of function of the p53 protein combined with bcl-2 upregulation might give the tumor cells a double growth advantage, because uncontrolled proliferation is combined with a reduced cell death rate. The interaction with other oncogenes may then trigger a multistep process able to promote tumor progression. The low labeling index Ki-67 was detected in nine out of 21 cases (42%), with a low percentage of tumor cells (from 3% to 15%) being positive, whereas the remaining 12 cases were negative. We found no relation to the histologic types, clinical staging, and survival; however, the low proliferation rate could explain the natural course of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Carlinfante
- Servizio di Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Università degli Studi di Parma, via Gramsci 14, Parma 43100, Italy
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Mendenhall WM, Morris CG, Amdur RJ, Werning JW, Hinerman RW, Villaret DB. Radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck 2004; 26:154-62. [PMID: 14762884 DOI: 10.1002/hed.10380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of radiotherapy (RT) alone or combined with surgery for adenoid cystic carcinoma. METHODS Between September 1966 and November 2001, 101 previously untreated patients were treated with curative intent with RT alone or combined with surgery. Follow-up ranged from 0.4 to 30.6 years (median, 6.6 years). All living patients had follow-up for at least 1 year. RESULTS The 5- and 10-year rates of local control were as follows: RT alone, 56% and 43%; surgery and RT, 94% and 91%; and overall, 77% and 69%. Multivariate analysis of local control revealed that T stage (p=.0101) and treatment group (p=.0008) significantly influenced this endpoint. The 5- and 10-year rates of distant metastases-free survival were 80% and 73%. The 5- and 10-year absolute survival rates were as follows: RT alone, 57% and 42%; surgery and RT, 77% and 55%; and overall, 68% and 49%. Multivariate analysis of absolute survival revealed that T stage (p=.0043) and clinical nerve invasion (p=.0011) significantly influenced this endpoint. The 5- and 10-year cause-specific survival rates were as follows: RT alone, 65% and 48%; surgery and RT, 81% and 71%; and overall, 74% and 61%. Multivariate analysis revealed that T stage (p=.0008) and clinical nerve invasion (p=.0005) significantly influenced cause-specific survival. CONCLUSIONS The optimal treatment for patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma is surgery and adjuvant RT. A significant proportion of patients with incompletely resectable disease are cured after RT alone. Improvements in locoregional control are offset, in part, by the relatively high incidence of distant metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Mendenhall
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, University of Florida Health Science Center, P O Box 100385, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0385, USA.
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