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Venkatachalam D, Kaliappa S. Superabsorbent polymers: A state-of-art review on their classification, synthesis, physicochemical properties, and applications. REV CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2020-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Superabsorbent polymers (SAP) and modified natural polymer hydrogels are widely and increasingly used in agriculture, health care textiles, effluent treatment, drug delivery, tissue engineering, civil concrete structure, etc. However, not many comprehensive reviews are available on this class of novel polymers. A review covering all the viable applications of SAP will be highly useful for researchers, industry persons, and medical, healthcare, and agricultural purposes. Hence, an attempt has been made to review SAPs with reference to their classifications, synthesis, modification by crosslinking, and physicochemical characterization such as morphology, swellability, thermal and mechanical properties, lifetime prediction, thermodynamics of swelling, absorption, release and transport kinetics, quantification of hydrophilic groups, etc. Besides, the possible methods of fine-tuning their structures for improving their absorption capacity, fast absorption kinetics, mechanical strength, controlled release features, etc. were also addressed to widen their uses. This review has also highlighted the biodegradability, commercial viability and market potential of SAPs, SAP composites, the feasibility of using biomass as raw materials for SAP production, etc. The challenges and future prospects of SAP, their safety, and environmental issues are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanapal Venkatachalam
- Department of Chemistry , Bannari Amman Institute of Technology , Sathyamangalam , 638 401 , Erode Dt , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Subramanian Kaliappa
- Biopolymer and Biomaterial Synthesis and Analytical Testing Lab, Department of Biotechnology , Bannari Amman Institute of Technology , Sathyamangalam , 638 401 , Erode Dt , Tamil Nadu , India
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Mittal H, Babu R, Alhassan SM. Utilization of gum xanthan based superporous hydrogels for the effective removal of methyl violet from aqueous solution. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 143:413-423. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Özeroğlu C, İpek N. Penicillamine-cerium(IV) initiator system for synthesis of hydrogel containing lithium methacrylate ionic groups. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.22115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cemal Özeroğlu
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Engineering; İstanbul University; İstanbul Turkey
| | - Necla İpek
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Engineering; İstanbul University; İstanbul Turkey
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Orakdogen N, Boyacı T. Charge density dependence of elasticity of anionically modified N,N -dimethylacrylamide-based gels with (meth)acrylic acid segments: An insight by quantitative analysis of electrostatic contributions. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Omidian H, Park K. Experimental Design for the Synthesis of Polyacrylamide Superporous Hydrogels. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391102030910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An experimental design, based on L-18 Taguchi matrix, was used to examine the influence of formulation ingredients on a variety of aspects of gel formation during the synthesis of polyacrylamide hydrogels. Although a vast variety of formulations could lead to reasonable hydrogel networks, attempts were made to design a basic formulation that could be used to generate strong and elastic superporous hydrogels. The final properties of the hydrogels, especially when prepared in the presence of atmospheric oxygen, depended on events during their gel formation. Gelation features, including inhibition period, exothermic period and temperature increases, observed during the gelation, are dependent on the type and concentration of ingredients within the preparatory formulation. For this study, seven variables were chosen and their effects were examined within the frame of a L-18 Taguchi matrix. The parameters examined were inhibition period, exothermic period, maximum temperature due to exothermic reaction, and solubility feature along with the physical appearance at gelation point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Omidian
- Departments of Pharmaceutics and Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kinam Park
- Departments of Pharmaceutics and Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Huh KM, Baek N, Park K. Enhanced Swelling Rate of Poly(ethylene glycol)-Grafted Superporous Hydrogels. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911505053378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafts were introduced into superporous hydrogels (SPHs) to enhance the water absorption rate and swelling kinetics. PEG-grafted SPHs were prepared by copolymerization of acrylic acid and acrylamide monomers in the presence of PEG acrylate accompanied by a gas blowing foaming process to create superporous structures. PEG-grafted SPHs swelled 3 6 times faster than the control SPHs. The equilibrium swelling time was significantly reduced by introduction of hydrophilic PEG grafts and was further shortened by moisture. PEG-grafted SPHs containing 28wt% of moisture reached their equilibrium swelling within 20s. These PEG-grafted SPHs with fast swelling and superabsorbent properties may be useful for bioapplications where fast swelling kinetics is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Moo Huh
- Purdue University, Departments of Pharmaceutics and Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Namjin Baek
- Purdue University, Departments of Pharmaceutics and Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kinam Park
- Purdue University, Departments of Pharmaceutics and Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA,
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Wang FP, Mu HP, Zhang JY, Li WX, Wang QZ, Du XZ. Study on preparation and swelling kinetics of P(AA-co-C8PhEO10Mac) pH-sensitive hydrogelin vitrodrug release study. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University; Lanzhou; 730070; China
| | - Hu Po Mu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University; Lanzhou; 730070; China
| | - Jun Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University; Lanzhou; 730070; China
| | - Wan Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University; Lanzhou; 730070; China
| | - Qi Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University; Lanzhou; 730070; China
| | - Xin Zhen Du
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University; Lanzhou; 730070; China
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Network structure and temperature dependence swelling behavior of PEG-b-Poly (NIPAM-co-AMPSA) hydrogels in water. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-012-9871-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kim D, Seo K, Park K. Polymer composition and acidification effects on the swelling and mechanical properties of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) superporous hydrogels. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 15:189-99. [PMID: 15109097 DOI: 10.1163/156856204322793575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (poly(AM-co-AA)) superporous hydrogels (SPHs) were synthesized and the acidification effects on the swelling and mechanical properties were studied. Gelation exotherms were measured to determine the optimum introduction time for adding a blowing agent. The gelation kinetics decreased with increasing the AA concentration. The maximum equilibrium swelling was observed around an AA weight fraction of 0.4, but the compressive strength decreased monotonically with increasing the AA concentration. Poly(AM-co-AA) SPHs were much less swollen in acidic solution than in distilled water of pH 6.7. The swelling ratio decreased with increasing acidity (decreasing pH). Reduction of water absorption content by acidification led to considerable increase in the mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dukjoon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Chunchun-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Kyungki 440-746, South Korea.
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Mastropietro DJ, Omidian H, Park K. Drug delivery applications for superporous hydrogels. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 9:71-89. [PMID: 22145909 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.641950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Considerable advances have been made to hydrogels with the development of faster swelling superporous hydrogels (SPHs). These new-generation hydrogels have large numbers of interconnected pores, giving them the capacity to absorb large amounts of water at an accelerated rate. This gives SPHs the ability to be used in a variety of novel drug delivery applications, such as gastric retention and peroral intestinal delivery of proteins and peptides. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the applications of SPHs for drug transport and targeted drug therapies, as well as the characteristics and historical advancements made to SPH synthesis as it pertains to drug delivery. Manufacturing considerations and challenges that must be overcome are also discussed, such as scale-up, biocompatibility and safety. EXPERT OPINION Modern SPHs have high swelling and high mechanical strength making them suitable for many diverse pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. However, demonstrative preclinical animal studies still need to be confirmed in human trials, to further address safety issues and confirm therapeutic success when using SPHs as platforms for drug delivery. The focus of forthcoming applications of SPHs is likely to be in the area of oral site-specific delivery and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Mastropietro
- Nova Southeastern University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3200 South University Dr, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
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You JO, Almeda D, Ye GJC, Auguste DT. Bioresponsive matrices in drug delivery. J Biol Eng 2010; 4:15. [PMID: 21114841 PMCID: PMC3002303 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-4-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
For years, the field of drug delivery has focused on (1) controlling the release of a therapeutic and (2) targeting the therapeutic to a specific cell type. These research endeavors have concentrated mainly on the development of new degradable polymers and molecule-labeled drug delivery vehicles. Recent interest in biomaterials that respond to their environment have opened new methods to trigger the release of drugs and localize the therapeutic within a particular site. These novel biomaterials, usually termed "smart" or "intelligent", are able to deliver a therapeutic agent based on either environmental cues or a remote stimulus. Stimuli-responsive materials could potentially elicit a therapeutically effective dose without adverse side effects. Polymers responding to different stimuli, such as pH, light, temperature, ultrasound, magnetism, or biomolecules have been investigated as potential drug delivery vehicles. This review describes the most recent advances in "smart" drug delivery systems that respond to one or multiple stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Oh You
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Dariela Almeda
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - George JC Ye
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Debra T Auguste
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Omidian H, Park K, Rocca JG. Experimental Design in the Preparation of Modified HEMA-Based Superporous Hydrogels in an Aqueous Medium. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2010.483212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Omidian H, Park K, Kandalam U, Rocca JG. Swelling and Mechanical Properties of Modified HEMA-based Superporous Hydrogels. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911510375175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Superporous hydrogels (SPHs), based on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), were prepared by adding minute amounts of an ion-complexable hydrophilic acrylic acid. PHEMA SPHs are generally strong, but their swelling is minimal. To improve the swelling, different poly(HEMA-co-acrylic acid) hydrogels were polymerized and crosslinked, then physically treated with divalent calcium and trivalent aluminum cations. The incorporation of acrylic acid copolymer into the SPH, followed by crosslinking of the copolymer with calcium or aluminum ions produced SPHs with improved swelling and strength. Cells in the presence of hydrogel showed high viability indicating the absence of cytotoxicity and stimulatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Omidian
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale FL, USA,
| | - Kinam Park
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Umadevi Kandalam
- College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale FL, USA
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Abstract
Superporous hydrogels (SPHs) were originally developed as a novel drug delivery system to retain drugs in the gastric medium. These systems should instantly swell in the stomach and maintain their integrity in the harsh stomach environment, while releasing the pharmaceutical active ingredient. For years, the synthetic features and properties of these SPH materials have been modified and improved to meet the requirements for gastric retention applications. Furthermore, an instant swelling hydrogel has also shown potential application for peroral intestinal peptide and protein absorption. This review discusses the formulation, characterization, properties and applications of these polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Omidian
- Solid Dose Research and Development, Kos Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2 Oakwood Boulevard, Hollywood, FL 33020, USA.
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Ahmed IS, Ayres JW. Bioavailability of riboflavin from a gastric retention formulation. Int J Pharm 2006; 330:146-54. [PMID: 17034968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 09/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A gastric retention formulation (GRF) made of naturally occurring carbohydrate polymers and containing riboflavin was tested in vitro for swelling and dissolution characteristics as well as in fasting dogs for gastric retention. The bioavailability of riboflavin, a drug with a limited absorption site in the upper small intestine, from the GRF was studied in fasted healthy humans and compared to an immediate release formulation. It was found that when the GRF is dried and immersed in gastric juice it swells rapidly and releases its drug content in a zero-order fashion for a period of 24 h. In vivo studies in dogs showed that a rectangular shaped GRF stayed in the stomach of fasted dogs for more than 9 h, then disintegrated and reached the colon in 24 h. Endoscopic studies in dogs showed that the GRF hydrates and swells back to about 75% of its original size in 30 min. These in vivo results correlated with in vitro results. Pharmacokinetic parameters determined from urinary excretion data from six human subjects under fasting conditions showed that bioavailability depended on the size of the GRF. The biostudy indicated that bioavailability of riboflavin from a large size GRF was more than triple that measured after administration of an immediate release formulation. Deconvolved input functions from biostudy data suggest that the large size GRF stayed in the stomach for about 15 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman S Ahmed
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA.
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Wang J, Chen Z, Mauk M, Hong KS, Li M, Yang S, Bau HH. Self-actuated, thermo-responsive hydrogel valves for lab on a chip. Biomed Microdevices 2006; 7:313-22. [PMID: 16404509 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-005-6073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An easy to fabricate, thermally-actuated, self-regulated hydrogel valve for flow control in pneumatically driven, microfluidic systems is described. This microvalve takes advantage of the properties of the hydrogel, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), as well as the aqueous fluid itself to realize flow control. The valve was designed for use in a diagnostic system fabricated with polycarbonate and aimed at the detection of pathogens in oral fluids at the location of the sample collection. The paper describes the construction and characterization of the hydrogel valves and their application for flow control, sample and reagent metering, sample distribution into multiple analysis paths, and the sealing of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reactor to suppress bubble formation. The hydrogel-based flow control is electronically addressable, does not require any moving parts, introduces minimal dead volume, is leakage and contaminant free, and is biocompatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Murali Mohan Y, Keshava Murthy PS, Mohana Raju K. Preparation and swelling behavior of macroporous poly(acrylamide-co-sodium methacrylate) superabsorbent hydrogels. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lee WF, Yeh YC. Effect of porosigen and hydrophobic monomer on the fast swelling–deswelling behaviors for the porous thermoreversible copolymeric hydrogels. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Tan J, Gemeinhart RA, Ma M, Saltzman WM. Improved cell adhesion and proliferation on synthetic phosphonic acid-containing hydrogels. Biomaterials 2005; 26:3663-71. [PMID: 15621257 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels with tissue-like mechanical properties are highly attractive scaffolds for tissue engineering. In this study, copolymers containing vinyl phosphonic acid (VPA) and acrylamide (AM) were tested for their swelling, protein uptake in serum supplemented medium, and cell adhesion and proliferation. The swelling of the gels in serum containing culture medium increased with increasing VPA content. The presence of VPA also increased protein uptake of gels in medium; gels polymerized with more than 50% of VPA absorbed as much as 100 microg/cm(2) of protein, twice the amount absorbed by gels made with only acrylamide. The adhesion and growth of the three types of cells, NIH 3T3 fibroblast, osteoblast-like MG-63 and Saos-2, were significantly improved on the gels made with 50% or more VPA; the number of adherent Mg-63 cells increased three-fold while the growth rate increased four-fold. Similar results were obtained for Saos-2 and 3T3 cells. The adhesion and growth of the three cell types on gels with sufficient phosphonate content were at least comparable to, or even better than, that on commercially available tissue culture plates. These results suggest great potential of anionic gels in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tan
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Kim D, Park K. Swelling and mechanical properties of superporous hydrogels of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)/polyethylenimine interpenetrating polymer networks. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2003.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kim YS, Park JH, Bae YH. Degradation and stabilization of cosmetic polyetherurethane in alcoholic solution. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Behravesh E, Jo S, Zygourakis K, Mikos AG. Synthesis of in situ cross-linkable macroporous biodegradable poly(propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2002; 3:374-81. [PMID: 11888325 DOI: 10.1021/bm010158r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a synthesis method of biodegradable macroporous hydrogels suitable as in situ cross-linkable biomaterials. Macroporous hydrogels were based on poly(propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol) and prepared via coupled free radical and pore formation reactions. Cross-linking was initiated by a pair of redox initiators, ammonium persulfate and L-ascorbic acid. Pores were formed by the reaction between L-ascorbic acid and sodium bicarbonate, a basic component, which evolved carbon dioxide. Sol fraction of the hydrogels was varied from 0.06 +/- 0.01 to 0.64 +/- 0.01. A stereological approach was used to analyze the morphological properties of the macroporous hydrogels by relating the morphological properties of thin sections to the original three-dimensional macroporous hydrogel. Prepared macroporous hydrogels had porosities between 0.43 +/- 0.08 and 0.84 +/- 0.02 and surface area densities between 55 +/- 3 and 108 +/- 7 cm(-1). Sodium bicarbonate concentration had the greatest effect on both the porosity and surface area density. The effect of copolymer formulation on the porosity and surface area density was insignificant. From thin sections of the macroporous hydrogels, the profile size distributions were determined as an estimate of the pore size distribution. Two formulations synthesized with varying L-ascorbic acid concentration of 0.05 and 0.1 M had median profile sizes of 50-100 and 150-200 microm, respectively. This novel synthesis method allows for the in situ cross-linking of biodegradable macroporous hydrogels with morpholological properties suitable for consideration as an injectable tissue engineering scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esfandiar Behravesh
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS-142, PO Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, USA
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