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Guo K, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Wang L, Song H, Li Z. Odor changes in breast milk during different storage temperatures and times using GC × GC-O-MS. Food Res Int 2023; 168:112792. [PMID: 37120238 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Breastfeeding is generally the preferred way that most mothers will choose. It is common to store expressed breast milk in the refrigerator in many families. However, there is a phenomenon that infants may refuse to consume stored breast milk, presumably due to changes in odor. Thus, the odor changes in breast milk stored at 4 °C for 72 h and at -20 °C for 60 d were studied. Compared with fresh breast milk, 7 and 16 odor compounds were newly detected by SPME and GC × GC-O-MS when breast milk was stored at 4 and -20 °C, respectively. The concentration of (E)-2-decenal, octanal, hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-pentylfuran, lauric acid, decanoic acid and hexanoic acid significantly increased after storage at 4 °C for 36 h and -20 °C for 30 d. In addition, the proportion of acids increased, whereas that of aldehydes decreased during storage. Chemometric analysis with OPLS-DA suggested that breast milk should be stored at 4 °C for less than 36 h and at -20 °C for less than 30 d for maximum preservation of the original odors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlun Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Sensory Science, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Sensory Science, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijin Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Sensory Science, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huanlu Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Sensory Science, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenghong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang H, Zhang Y, Wang L, Song H, Li Z. Detection of odor difference between human milk and infant formula by sensory-directed analysis. Food Chem 2022; 382:132348. [PMID: 35149470 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infants who accustomed to consume human milk can hardly adapt to the odor of infant formula in a short time and prefer the odor of human milk. In this study, the sensory-directed analysis was used to investigate the odor differences between human milk and infant formula. Aroma extraction dilution analysis (AEDA) results showed that carbonyl compounds and alcohols were the most important components with the higher dilution factors (FD) in human milk and infant formula. There were 14 key aroma active compounds (OAV ≥ 1) in human milk, like octanal, linalool, benzaldehyde, and furfural, while 11 in infant formula, like hexanal, 1-octen-3-one, (E)-2-octenal, and octanal. The aroma recombination and omission experiment further revealed that compounds such as (E)-2-decenal, linalool, 2-furanmethanol, 2-pentylfuran, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, nonanal, (E)-2-nonenal, and 1-octen-3-one were the major reason for the odor difference between human milk and infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Beijing Research Center for Food Additive Engineering Technology, Laboratory of Molecular Sensory Science, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Lijin Wang
- Beijing Research Center for Food Additive Engineering Technology, Laboratory of Molecular Sensory Science, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Huanlu Song
- Beijing Research Center for Food Additive Engineering Technology, Laboratory of Molecular Sensory Science, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhenghong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
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Schaal B, Saxton TK, Loos H, Soussignan R, Durand K. Olfaction scaffolds the developing human from neonate to adolescent and beyond. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190261. [PMID: 32306879 PMCID: PMC7209940 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of the olfactory sense is regularly apparent across development. The fetus is bathed in amniotic fluid (AF) that conveys the mother's chemical ecology. Transnatal olfactory continuity between the odours of AF and milk assists in the transition to nursing. At the same time, odours emanating from the mammary areas provoke appetitive responses in newborns. Odours experienced from the mother's diet during breastfeeding, and from practices such as pre-mastication, may assist in the dietary transition at weaning. In parallel, infants are attracted to and recognize their mother's odours; later, children are able to recognize other kin and peers based on their odours. Familiar odours, such as those of the mother, regulate the child's emotions, and scaffold perception and learning through non-olfactory senses. During juvenility and adolescence, individuals become more sensitive to some bodily odours, while the timing of adolescence itself has been speculated to draw from the chemical ecology of the family unit. Odours learnt early in life and within the family niche continue to influence preferences as mate choice becomes relevant. Olfaction thus appears significant in turning on, sustaining and, in cases when mother odour is altered, disturbing adaptive reciprocity between offspring and carer during the multiple transitions of development between birth and adolescence. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Olfactory communication in humans'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoist Schaal
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Laboratory, Centre des Sciences du Goût, UMR 6265 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inra-AgroSup, Dijon, France
| | - Tamsin K. Saxton
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hélène Loos
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - Robert Soussignan
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Laboratory, Centre des Sciences du Goût, UMR 6265 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inra-AgroSup, Dijon, France
| | - Karine Durand
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Laboratory, Centre des Sciences du Goût, UMR 6265 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inra-AgroSup, Dijon, France
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Baron D, Holland CM, Carlson K, Wolfrum E, Thompson BL. Adapting social conditioned place preference for use in young children. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 172:107235. [PMID: 32389881 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Social-emotional processing is key to daily interactions and routines, yet a challenging construct to quantify. Measuring social and emotional processing in young children, children with language impairments, or non-verbal children, presents additional challenges. This study addresses a pressing need for tools to probe internal responses such as feelings, drives, and motivations that do not rely on intact language skills. METHODS In this study, we extend our recent success of inducing conditioned place preference (CPP) in children to demonstrate the success of using a social unconditioned stimulus in the CPP paradigm in both typically developing children (n = 36) and in children with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (n = 14). RESULTS This is the first study to demonstrate successful social conditioned place preference in the human population. Both typically developing children and children with autism spectrum disorder demonstrate significant social conditioned place preference by spending significantly more time in the room paired with social interaction following training. CONCLUSIONS Significant heterogeneity of CPP scores in both groups of children indicates that social motivation is expressed along a continuum, and that the CPP paradigm may provide a more comprehensive characterization of social motivation beyond a diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder for each child.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baron
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
| | - Cristin M Holland
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
| | - Kaitlin Carlson
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 15 Michigan St NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, United States.
| | - Emily Wolfrum
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, United States.
| | - Barbara L Thompson
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States; Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 15 Michigan St NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 4651 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States.
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Mura Paroche M, Caton SJ, Vereijken CMJL, Weenen H, Houston-Price C. How Infants and Young Children Learn About Food: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1046. [PMID: 28790935 PMCID: PMC5524770 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early childhood is a critical time for establishing food preferences and dietary habits. In order for appropriate advice to be available to parents and healthcare professionals it is essential for researchers to understand the ways in which children learn about foods. This review summarizes the literature relating to the role played by known developmental learning processes in the establishment of early eating behavior, food preferences and general knowledge about food, and identifies gaps in our knowledge that remain to be explored. A systematic literature search identified 48 papers exploring how young children learn about food from the start of complementary feeding to 36 months of age. The majority of the papers focus on evaluative components of children's learning about food, such as their food preferences, liking and acceptance. A smaller number of papers focus on other aspects of what and how children learn about food, such as a food's origins or appropriate eating contexts. The review identified papers relating to four developmental learning processes: (1) Familiarization to a food through repeated exposure to its taste, texture or appearance. This was found to be an effective technique for learning about foods, especially for children at the younger end of our age range. (2) Observational learning of food choice. Imitation of others' eating behavior was also found to play an important role in the first years of life. (3) Associative learning through flavor-nutrient and flavor-flavor learning (FFL). Although the subject of much investigation, conditioning techniques were not found to play a major role in shaping the food preferences of infants in the post-weaning and toddler periods. (4) Categorization of foods. The direct effects of the ability to categorize foods have been little studied in this age group. However, the literature suggests that what infants are willing to consume depends on their ability to recognize items on their plate as familiar exemplars of that food type.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samantha J Caton
- School of Health and Related Research, Section of Public Health, University of SheffieldSheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hugo Weenen
- Danone Nutricia ResearchUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Carmel Houston-Price
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading MalaysiaIskandar Puteri, Malaysia
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Hiller LT, Takata S, Thompson BL. Conditioned place preference successfully established in typically developing children. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:187. [PMID: 26257617 PMCID: PMC4507053 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Affective processing, known to influence attention, motivation, and emotional regulation is poorly understood in young children, especially for those with neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by language impairments. Here we faithfully adapt a well-established animal paradigm used for affective processing, conditioned place preference (CPP) for use in typically developing children between the ages of 30–55 months. Children displayed a CPP, with an average 2.4 fold increase in time spent in the preferred room. Importantly, associative learning as assessed with CPP was not correlated with scores on the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL), indicating that CPP can be used with children with a wide range of cognitive skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Ticker Hiller
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandy Takata
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Barbara L Thompson
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Cell and Neurobiology, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Galarce EM, Crombag HS, Holland PC. Reinforcer-specificity of appetitive and consummatory behavior of rats after Pavlovian conditioning with food reinforcers. Physiol Behav 2007; 91:95-105. [PMID: 17346758 PMCID: PMC1904483 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined the reinforcer-specificity of Pavlovian conditioning in the control of appetitive and consummatory behaviors in Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer, cue-potentiated eating, and devaluation procedures. Rats received pairings of one conditioned stimulus with sucrose and another conditioned stimulus with maltodextrin. In Experiment 1, rats were also trained to earn sucrose for one instrumental response and maltodextrin for another. In a transfer test, the Pavlovian cues enhanced the rate of instrumental responding more when the food reinforcer predicted by the instrumental response and the Pavlovian cue were consistent than when they were inconsistent, but both cues enhanced both responses. In Experiment 2, sated rats' consumption of each food was potentiated in the presence of a cue for that food, but not in the presence of a cue for the other food. In Experiment 3, one food was devalued by pairing it with lithium chloride, prior to testing food consumption and food-cup directed behaviors. The food cues selectively controlled food-cup related behaviors, regardless of the presence of the devalued or nondevalued foods in the food cup. Together, these results are consistent with the view that conditioned cues modulate appetitive and consummatory behaviors with increasing levels of specificity. The closer an action comes to ingestion, the more it is controlled by sensory properties conveyed by learned cues. These data are discussed in the context of allostatic regulation of food foraging and intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel M Galarce
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States.
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Petrov ES, Nizhnikov ME, Kozlov AP, Varlinskaya EI, Kramskaya TA, Spear NE. Repetitive exposures to a surrogate nipple providing nutritive and non-nutritive fluids: effects on suckling behavior of the newborn rat. Appetite 2004; 43:185-94. [PMID: 15458805 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2004.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2003] [Revised: 02/10/2004] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Responsiveness to a surrogate nipple providing water, 0.1% saccharin, 10% sucrose, pedialyte, or milk was tested in naïve-to-suckling newborn rats during six 10-min exposures, one every 1.5 h over a 7.5 h period. Across a succession of exposures, newborn rats repeatedly attached to and ingested milk from a surrogate nipple, yielding significant body weight gain and increased concentration of blood plasma glucose. Initially, pups ingested considerable amounts of saccharin and sucrose, but then dramatically decreased their consumption of these fluids across the experimental sessions. Intake of milk was significantly higher than that of all other substances. Blood glucose concentration in pups treated with water, saccharin, sucrose, and pedialyte did not differ significantly from that of non-treated pups. The present data suggest a potential contribution of a fluid's palatability and nutritive value in the persistence and efficacy of diet intake for neonatal rats in the context of suckling behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy S Petrov
- Department of Psychology, Center for Developmental Psychobiology, Binghamton University-SUNY, Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA
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Petrov ES, Varlinskaya EI, Spear NE. The surrogate nipple technique in the rat provides a useful animal model of suckling in bottle-feeding circumstances: reply to Blass (2002). Physiol Behav 2003; 78:813-7. [PMID: 12782239 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(03)00038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nizhnikov ME, Petrov ES, Spear NE. Olfactory aversive conditioning in the newborn (3-hr-old) rat impairs later suckling for water and milk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1037/0097-7403.28.3.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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