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Horsewill SJ, Cao C, Dabney N, Yang ES, Faulkner S, Scott DJ. Isolation of the elusive [Ru(bipy) 3] +: a key intermediate in photoredox catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37991841 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04375d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has flourished in recent years, but due to its widespread utility applications have grown faster than mechanistic understanding. In this report we help to address this deficit by isolating and characterising one of the intermediates of the iconic photocatalyst [Ru(bipy)3]2+, and testing its initial photoreactivity towards common substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Horsewill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Chengyang Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Noah Dabney
- Department of Chemistry, Guilford College, 5800 W Friendly Ave., Greensboro, NC 27410, USA
| | - Eric S Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Stephen Faulkner
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Daniel J Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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2
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Wang Y, Nisbet ML, Kamp KR, Hiralal E, Gautier R, Halasyamani PS, Poeppelmeier KR. Beyond π-π Stacking: Understanding Inversion Symmetry Breaking in Crystalline Racemates. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37486820 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The design of noncentrosymmetric (NCS) solid state materials, specifically how to break inversion symmetry between enantiomers, has intrigued chemists, physicists, and materials scientists for many years. Because the chemical complexity of molecular racemic building units is so varied, targeting these materials is poorly understood. Previously, three isostructural racemic compounds with a formula of [Cu(H2O)(bpy)2]2[MF6]2·2H2O (bpy = 2,2'=bipyridine; M = Ti, Zr, Hf) were shown to crystallize in the NCS space group Pna21, of polar, achiral crystal class mm2. In this work, we synthesized five new racemic compounds with the formula [Cu(H2O)(dmbpy)2]2[MF6]2·xH2O (dmbpy = 4,4'/5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine; M = Ti, Zr, Hf). Single crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that the five newly synthesized compounds feature equimolar combinations of Δ- and Λ-Cu(dmbpy)2(H2O)2+ complexes that are assembled into packing motifs similar to those found in the reported NCS structure but all crystallize in centrosymmetric (CS) space groups. Seven structural descriptors were created to analyze the intermolecular interactions on the assembly of Cu racemates in the CS and NCS structures. The structural analysis reveals that in the CS structures, the inversion center results from parallel heterochiral π-π stacking interactions between adjacent Cu racemates regardless of cation geometries, hydrogen bonding networks, or interlayer architectures, whereas in the NCS structure, nonparallel heterochiral π-π interactions between the adjacent Cu racemates preclude an inversion center. The parallel heterochiral π-π interactions in the CS structures can be rationalized by the restrained geometries of the methyl-substituted ligands. This work demonstrates that the introduction of nonparallel stacking can suppress the formation of an inversion center for an NCS racemate. A conceptual framework and practical approach linking the absence of inversion symmetry in racemates is presented for all NCS crystal classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew L Nisbet
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kendall R Kamp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emily Hiralal
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Romain Gautier
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS, Nates cedex 3 F-44000, France
| | - P Shiv Halasyamani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Kenneth R Poeppelmeier
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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3
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Crystal Engineering of Conglomerates: Dilution of Racemate-Forming Fe(II) and Ni(II) Congeners into Conglomerate-Forming [Zn(bpy)3](PF6)2. CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry5010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Conglomerate formation, where enantiomers within a racemic mixture self-segregate upon crystallization, is an advantageous property for obtaining chirally pure crystals and allows large-scale chiral resolution. However, the prevalence of conglomerates is low and difficult to predict. In this report, we describe our attempts to engineer conglomerates from racemate-forming compounds by integrating them into a conglomerate-forming matrix. In this regard, we found that Ni(II) and Fe(II) form molecular alloys with Zn(II) in [MxZn(1−x)(bpy)3](PF6)2 (where bpy = 2,2′-bipyridyl). Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) evidenced conglomerate crystallization with Ni(II) concentrations up to about 25%, while it was observed only for much lower concentrations of Fe(II). This can be attributed to the ability of [Ni(bpy)3](PF6)2 to access a metastable conglomerate phase, while no such phase has been detected in [Fe(bpy)3](PF6)2. Furthermore, the chiral phase appears to be favored in fast-growing precipitates, while the racemic phase is favored in slow re-crystallizations for both Ni(II) and Fe(II) molecular alloys. X-ray natural circular dichroism (XNCD) measurements on [Ni0.13Zn0.87(bpy)3](PF6)2 demonstrate the chirality of the nickel molecules within the zinc molecular matrix.
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Guerrero-Almaraz P, Quiroz M, Darensbourg MY. Structural analysis of heteropolymetallic complexes: A chiral pinwheel {Cr[Ni(N2S2)]3}3+ and the {trans-(MeCN)Cr(NO)[Ni(N2S2)]2}2+ basket. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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5
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Nisbet ML, Hiralal E, Poeppelmeier KR. Crystal structures of three copper(II)-2,2'-bi-pyridine (bpy) compounds, [Cu(bpy) 2(H 2O)][SiF 6]·4H 2O, [Cu(bpy) 2(TaF 6) 2] and [Cu(bpy) 3][TaF 6] 2 and a related coordination polymer, [Cu(bpy)(H 2O) 2SnF 6] n. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2021; 77:158-164. [PMID: 33614146 PMCID: PMC7869541 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989021000633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the hydro-thermal syntheses and crystal structures of aqua-bis-(2,2'-bi-pyridine-κ2 N,N')copper(II) hexa-fluorido-silicate tetra-hydrate, [Cu(bpy)2(H2O)][SiF6]·4H2O (bpy is 2,2'-bi-pyridine, C10H8N2), (I), bis-(2,2'-bi-pyridine-3κ2 N,N')-di-μ-fluorido-1:3κ2 F:F;2:3κ2 F:F-deca-fluorido-1κ5 F,2κ5 F-ditantalum(V)copper(II), [Cu(bpy)2(TaF6)2], (II), tris-(2,2'-bi-pyridine-κ2 N,N')copper(II) bis[hexa-fluorido-tantalate(V)], [Cu(bpy)3][TaF6]2, (III), and catena-poly[[di-aqua-(2,2'-bi-pyridine-κ2 N,N')copper(II)]-μ-fluorido-tetra-fluorido-tin-μ-fluorido], [Cu(bpy)(H2O)2SnF6] n , (IV). Compounds (I), (II) and (III) contain locally chiral copper coordination complexes with C 2, D 2, and D 3 symmetry, respectively. The extended structures of (I) and (IV) are consolidated by O-H⋯F and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The structure of (III) was found to be a merohedral (racemic) twin.
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Henke WC, Hopkins JA, Anderson ML, Stiel JP, Day VW, Blakemore JD. 4,5-Diazafluorene and 9,9'-Dimethyl-4,5-Diazafluorene as Ligands Supporting Redox-Active Mn and Ru Complexes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25143189. [PMID: 32668660 PMCID: PMC7396985 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
4,5-diazafluorene (daf) and 9,9’-dimethyl-4,5-diazafluorene (Me2daf) are structurally similar to the important ligand 2,2’-bipyridine (bpy), but significantly less is known about the redox and spectroscopic properties of metal complexes containing Me2daf as a ligand than those containing bpy. New complexes Mn(CO)3Br(daf) (2), Mn(CO)3Br(Me2daf) (3), and [Ru(Me2daf)3](PF6)2 (5) have been prepared and fully characterized to understand the influence of the Me2daf framework on their chemical and electrochemical properties. Structural data for 2, 3, and 5 from single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveal a distinctive widening of the daf and Me2daf chelate angles in comparison to the analogous Mn(CO)3(bpy)Br (1) and [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (4) complexes. Electronic absorption data for these complexes confirm the electronic similarity of daf, Me2daf, and bpy, as spectra are dominated in each case by metal-to-ligand charge transfer bands in the visible region. However, the electrochemical properties of 2, 3, and 5 reveal that the redox-active Me2daf framework in 3 and 5 undergoes reduction at a slightly more negative potential than that of bpy in 1 and 4. Taken together, the results indicate that Me2daf could be useful for preparation of a variety of new redox-active compounds, as it retains the useful redox-active nature of bpy but lacks the acidic, benzylic C–H bonds that can induce secondary reactivity in complexes bearing daf.
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Enamullah M, Vasylyeva V, Quddus MA, Islam MK, Höfert SP, Janiak C. Spontaneous resolution of a Δ/Λ-chiral-at-metal pseudo-tetrahedral Schiff-base zinc complex to a racemic conglomerate with C–H⋯O organized 41- and 43-helices. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00839f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Weak supramolecular interactions can be decisive!
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vera Vasylyeva
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | | | | | - Simon-Patrick Höfert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
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Katari M, Nicol E, Steinmetz V, van der Rest G, Carmichael D, Frison G. Improved Infrared Spectra Prediction by DFT from a New Experimental Database. Chemistry 2017; 23:8414-8423. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edith Nicol
- LCM, CNRS; Ecole Polytechnique; Université Paris-Saclay; 91128 Palaiseau France
| | - Vincent Steinmetz
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique; Université Paris Sud, CNRS; 91405 Orsay France
| | | | - Duncan Carmichael
- LCM, CNRS; Ecole Polytechnique; Université Paris-Saclay; 91128 Palaiseau France
| | - Gilles Frison
- LCM, CNRS; Ecole Polytechnique; Université Paris-Saclay; 91128 Palaiseau France
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9
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do Nascimento Neto JA, da Silva CC, Ribeiro L, Vasconcelos GA, Gontijo Vaz B, Ferreira VS, Queiroz Júnior LHK, Maia LJQ, Sarotti AM, Martins FT. Probing the competition between acetate and 2,2′-bipyridine ligands to bind to d-block group 12 metals. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02393f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular and structural diversity in Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ complexes towards high-efficiency luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leandro Ribeiro
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal de Goiás
- Goiânia
- PO Box 131
- Brazil
| | | | - Boniek Gontijo Vaz
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal de Goiás
- Goiânia
- PO Box 131
- Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ariel M. Sarotti
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR)
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET
- S2002LRK Rosario
- Argentina
| | - Felipe T. Martins
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal de Goiás
- Goiânia
- PO Box 131
- Brazil
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11
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Kunz DA, Leitl MJ, Schade L, Schmid J, Bojer B, Schwarz UT, Ozin GA, Yersin H, Breu J. Quasi-epitaxial growth of [Ru(bpy)3 ](2+) by confinement in clay nanoplatelets yields polarized emission. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:792-796. [PMID: 25315068 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A nano confinement strategy is presented to control the spatial orientation and emission polarization of phosphorescent metal complexes. Through nano-confinement of the phosphorescent metal complex [Ru(bpy)3 ](2+) by attaching it to anionic clay nanoplatelets, it is possible to simultaneously lock the spatial orientation of the complex and fix its emission polarization. This quasi-epitaxial approach may provide a future work strategy directed at light emitting diodes and lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Kunz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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12
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Wang M, England J, Weyhermüller T, Wieghardt K. Electronic Structures of “Low-Valent” Neutral Complexes [NiL2]0(S= 0; L = bpy, phen, tpy) - An Experimental and DFT Computational Study. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201403144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Interaction between chiral ions: synthesis and characterization of tartratovanadates(V) with tris(2,2′-bipyridine) complexes of iron(II) and nickel(II) as cations. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-014-9873-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Coe BJ, Foxon SP, Helliwell M, Rusanova D, Brunschwig BS, Clays K, Depotter G, Nyk M, Samoc M, Wawrzynczyk D, Garín J, Orduna J. Heptametallic, octupolar nonlinear optical chromophores with six ferrocenyl substituents. Chemistry 2013; 19:6613-29. [PMID: 23536376 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
New complexes with six ferrocenyl (Fc) groups connected to Zn(II) or Cd(II) tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) cores are described. A thorough characterisation of their BPh4(-) salts includes two single-crystal X-ray structures, highly unusual for such species with multiple, extended substituents. Intense, visible d(Fe(II))→π* metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) bands accompany the π→π* intraligand charge-transfer absorptions in the near UV region. Each complex shows a single, fully reversible Fe(III/II) wave when probed electrochemically. Molecular quadratic nonlinear optical (NLO) responses are determined by using hyper-Rayleigh scattering and Stark spectroscopy. The latter gives static first hyperpolarisabilities β0 reaching as high as approximately 10(-27) esu and generally increasing with π-conjugation extension. Z-scan cubic NLO measurements reveal high two-photon absorption cross-sections σ2 of up to 5400 GM in one case. DFT calculations reproduce the π-conjugation dependence of β0, and TD-DFT predicts three transitions close in energy contributing to the MLCT bands. The lowest energy transition has octupolar character, whereas the other two are degenerate and dipolar in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Coe
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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Supramolecular interactions between chiral ions: Synthesis and characterization of [MII(bpy)3][VO(O2)(ox)(bpy)]⋅7H2O (M=Fe and Ni). J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Low KS, Cole JM, Zhou X, Yufa N. Rationalizing the molecular origins of Ru- and Fe-based dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B: STRUCTURAL SCIENCE 2012; 68:137-49. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108768112009263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As part of an effort to design more efficient dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs), structure–property relationships are established in the world's best-performing chemical series of dyes: 2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-carboxylatoruthenium(II) complexes. Statistical analysis, based on crystallographic data from the Cambridge Structural Database, is used to determine common structural features and the effects of structural change to its salient molecular constituents. Also included is the report of two new crystal structures for tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)dichlororuthenium(II)hexahydrate and tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)iron(II)dithiocyanate; these add to this statistical enquiry. Results show that the metal (M) core exhibits a distorted octahedral environment with M—N π-backbonding effects affording the propensity of the metal ion towards oxidation. The same characteristics are observed in iron-based analogues. The role of carboxylic groups in this series of dyes is assessed by comparing complexes which contain or are devoid of COOH groups. Space-group variation and large molecular conformational differences occur when COOH groups are present, while such structural features are very similar in their absence. The nature of the anion is also shown to influence the structure of COOH-containing complexes. These structural findings are corroborated by solution-based UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and DSC device performance tests. The presence of COOH groups in this series of compounds is shown to be mandatory for dye-uptake in TiO2 in the DSC fabrication process. Throughout this study, results are compared with those of the world's most famous DSC dye, N3 (N719 in its fully protonated form): cis-bis(isothiocyanato)bis(2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylato)ruthenium(II). Overall, the molecular origins of charge-transfer in these complexes are ascertained. The findings have important implications to the materials discovery of more efficient dyes for DSC technology.
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Enantioselective assembling into tetra- and octanuclear structures by deprotonation of copper(II) complexes of N-[(5-methylimidazol-4-yl)methylidene]-dl-phenylalanine and its l-form ligand. Polyhedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2011.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Biswas A, Estarellas C, Frontera A, Ballester P, Drew MGB, Gamez P, Ghosh A. Effect of a methyl group on the spontaneous resolution of a square-pyramidal coordination compound: crystal packing and conglomerate formation. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce25497b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Pazderski L, Pawlak T, Sitkowski J, Kozerski L, Szłyk E. (1)H NMR assignment corrections and (1)H, (13)C, (15)N NMR coordination shifts structural correlations in Fe(II), Ru(II) and Os(II) cationic complexes with 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2010; 48:450-457. [PMID: 20474023 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
(1)H, (13)C and (15)N NMR studies of iron(II), ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) tris-chelated cationic complexes with 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline of the general formula [M(LL)(3)](2+) (M = Fe, Ru, Os; LL = bpy, phen) were performed. Inconsistent literature (1)H signal assignments were corrected. Significant shielding of nitrogen-adjacent protons [H(6) in bpy, H(2) in phen] and metal-bonded nitrogens was observed, being enhanced in the series Ru(II) --> Os(II) --> Fe(II) for (1)H, Fe(II) --> Ru(II) --> Os(II) for (15)N and bpy --> phen for both nuclei. The carbons are deshielded, the effect increasing in the order Ru(II) --> Os(II) --> Fe(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Pazderski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicholas Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, PL-87100 Toruń, Poland.
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21
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Knight JC, Alvarez S, Amoroso AJ, Edwards PG, Singh N. A novel bipyridine-based hexadentate tripodal framework with a strong preference for trigonal prismatic co-ordination geometries. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:3870-83. [PMID: 20372711 DOI: 10.1039/b924651g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the novel ligand tris(2,2'-bipyrid-6-yl) methanol (L(1)) is described. Co-ordination of the ligand to the first row transition metals (Mn(2+)-Zn(2+)) as well as Cd(2+) showed that the ligand formed complexes close to trigonal prismatic in geometry in the solid state. Analysis of the geometry of the co-ordination spheres showed varying degrees of trigonal prismatic and octahedral character. For each d-electron configuration, this could be related to the relative differences in ligand field stabilisation energies for the two geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Knight
- Department of Chemistry, Cardiff University, PO Box 912, Cardiff, CF10 3TB
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22
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Iihoshi T, Sato T, Towatari M, Matsumoto N, Kojima M. Enantioselective Assembly Structures of Copper(II) and Zinc(II) Complexes with the 1:1 Condensation Products of Imidazole-4-carbaldehyde Derivatives and DL-Phenylalanine. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2009. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.82.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Mosae Selvakumar P, Suresh E, Subramanian P. Single stranded helical supramolecular architecture with a left handed helical water chain in ternary copper(II) tryptophan/diamine complexes. Polyhedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2008.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Lennartson A, Håkansson M. Total spontaneous resolution of nine-coordinate complexes. CrystEngComm 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b903554k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Subramanian PS, Suresh E, Casella L. Supramolecular Helical Architectures Dictated by Folded and Extended Conformations of the Amino Acid in Ternary CuII/Diamine/Racemic Amino Acid Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200600967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pérez-García L, Amabilino DB. Spontaneous resolution, whence and whither: from enantiomorphic solids to chiral liquid crystals, monolayers and macro- and supra-molecular polymers and assemblies. Chem Soc Rev 2007; 36:941-67. [PMID: 17534480 DOI: 10.1039/b610714a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the great challenges in stereochemistry is the explanation of why some molecules resolve spontaneously while others do not. In this critical review the recent advances in the creation of chiral systems from achiral and racemic compounds in three-, two- and one-dimensional systems are discussed. There are some groups of molecules in some systems that do tend to display conglomerates, which may suggest that there are enantiophobic and enantiophilic molecules whose assembly is guided by the structural and thermodynamic properties of the systems in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluïsa Pérez-García
- Laboratori de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. mlperez@ ub.edu
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27
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Stephenson MD, Hardie MJ. Network structures with 2,2′-bipyridine-3,3′diol: a discrete Co(III) complex that forms a porous 3-D hydrogen bonded network, and Cu(ii) coordination chains. CrystEngComm 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b702509m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Enantioselective self-assembly, crystallographic structure and magnetic properties of the two enantiomers of the optically active canted antiferromagnet [Ru(bpy)3][Mn2(ox)3]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2006.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Murphy B, Aljabri M, Ahmed AM, Murphy G, Hathaway BJ, Light ME, Geilbrich T, Hursthouse MB. Structural systematics of the [Cu(chelate)3][Y]2series. An interesting crystallographic structural insight involving vibronic coupling and the Jahn–Teller effect (JTE). The syntheses and low temperature crystal structures of tris(2,2′bipyridyl)copper(ii) tetraphenylborate and tris(2,2′bipyridyl)zinc(ii) tetraphenylborate. Dalton Trans 2006:357-67. [PMID: 16365650 DOI: 10.1039/b509070a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of [Cu(bipy)(3)][BPh(4)](2), 1, and [Zn(bipy)(3)][BPh(4)](2), have been determined at low temperature. 1 and 2 are closely related, but are not isostructural. Both contain a two-dimensional supramolecular construct (SC) involving a sandwich structure. 1 has a six-coordinate CuN(6) chromophore with a regular elongated octahedral stereochemistry and rhombic in-plane bond lengths. The associated tetragonality value, T, of 1 is 0.8868. 2 involves a six-coordinate octahedral chromophore. Differences between 1 and 2 relate to the tendency of copper(II) complexes to undergo a Jahn-Teller (JT) distortion. The zinc(II) cation feels solely the host site strain, whereas the copper(II) cation also involves vibronic JT type coupling. The copper polyhedron geometry is characterized by both phenomena, with the vibronic interaction dominating. Scatter plot analysis involving the tris-chelate copper(II) series suggests that neither pure Q(theta) or Q(epsilon) components or the a(2u) mode operate in isolation over the entire series. All three operate in combination with varying quantifiable contributions, leading to distortion from the regular tetragonal octahedral stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain.
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30
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Rybak WK, Skarżyńska A, Szterenberg L, Ciunik Z, Głowiak T. Oxo‐Entity‐Controlled Diastereomer Peculiarity of Rhenium(
V
) Complexes ReOX
2
(P~O)py [X = Cl, Br, I; P~O = (OCMe
2
CMe
2
O)POCMe
2
CMe
2
O(1–); py = pyridine]: Synthesis and Molecular and Crystal Structural Characterization. Eur J Inorg Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200500434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Witold K. Rybak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 50383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Skarżyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 50383 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Zbigniew Ciunik
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 50383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Głowiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 50383 Wrocław, Poland
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31
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Kundu N, Mandal D, Chaudhury M, Tiekink ERT. Luminescence characteristics and X-ray crystal structure of [Cd(bipy)3][PF6]2 (bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine). Appl Organomet Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mamula O, von Zelewsky A, Brodard P, Schläpfer CW, Bernardinelli G, Stoeckli-Evans H. Helicates of Chiragen-Type Ligands and Their Aptitude for Chiral Self-Recognition. Chemistry 2005; 11:3049-57. [PMID: 15770706 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200401109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Two (-)-5,6-pinene-bipyridine moieties connected by a para-xylylene bridge (so-called chiragen-type ligands), (-)-L1, undergo self-assembly upon reaction with equimolar amounts of CuI to form enantiopure circular hexanuclear P-helicates. If both enantiomers of L1 are used, mixtures of P and M hexanuclear helicates are exclusively obtained through a complete chiral recognition; that is, no mixing of the (+) and (-) ligands, respectively, occurs upon complexation. This was proven by a) NMR spectroscopy where identical spectra to those for complexes with the enantiomerically pure ligands were obtained and b) circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The reaction is completely changed by the use of the corresponding meso-L1. Instead of well-defined species, oligomeric mixtures are observed, a result demonstrating the crucial role played by ligand chirality in self-assembly processes. Structural variations on the chiral ligand L1, such as a meta-xylylene bridge instead of a para-xylylene one (in L4) or four pinene groups instead of two (in L5 and L6), favor nondiscrete coordination assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Mamula
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Pérolles, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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33
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Huttner D, Breu J. Chiral Recognition among Tris(diimine)-metal Complexes. 9. Crystal Structure Prediction for the Chiral Molecular Salt [Ru(bpy)3](PF6)2. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200400359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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34
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Reger DL, Gardinier JR, Smith MD. The 4-(dipyridylamino)benzoylpyridine ligand as a supramolecular synthon. Solid state organization of a bis(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) complex. Inorganica Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(03)00135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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Reger DL, Gardinier JR, Smith MD, Pellechia PJ. Supramolecular assembly and solution properties of bis(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) coordination complexes of aryl(2-pyridyl)methanones. Inorg Chem 2003; 42:482-91. [PMID: 12693230 DOI: 10.1021/ic026018n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of mono- and bis(2-pyridyl)-arylmethanone ligands were prepared by utilizing the reaction between either bromobenzonitrile or dicyanobenzene and 2-lithiopyridine in either a 1:1 or a 2:1 mol ratio, respectively. They react with [Ru(bpy)2(EtOH)2][PF6]2 to yield the new complexes [N,O-PhC(O)(2-py)Ru(bpy)2][PF6]2 (6), [p-N,O-BrC6H4C-(O)(2-py)Ru(bpy)2][PF6]2 (7), [m-N,O-BrC6H4C(O)(2-py)Ru(bpy)2][PF6]2 (8), [p-[N,O-C(O)(2-py)2Ru(bpy)2]2(C6H4)]-[PF6]4 (9), and [m-[N,O-C(O)(2-py)2Ru(bpy)2]2(C6H4)][PF6]4 (10). The solid state structures of 6 and 7 show that the octahedral cations are arranged in sinusoidal chains by pi-pi stacking and CH-pi interactions between bipyridyl groups. Substitution of bromine for hydrogen at the para position of the aryl group in 7 causes the aryl group to become involved in pi-pi stacking interactions that organize the chains into a sheet structure. The complicated 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the complexes have been fully assigned using 2D methods. The optical spectra show two absorption maxima near 434 and 564 nm due to MLCT transitions. The compounds were found to be nonluminescent. Electrochemical data acquired for CH3CN solutions of the bimetallic derivatives indicate that there is no electronic communication between metal centers mediated either through space or through ligand orbitals. Crystallographic information: 6.0.5CH3CN is monoclinic, C2/c, a = 24.3474(11) A, b = 13.7721(6) A, c = 21.3184(10) A, beta = 103.9920(10) degrees, Z = 8; 7 is monoclinic, P2(1)/c, a = 10.6639(11) A, b = 23.690(3) A, c = 13.7634(14) A, beta = 91.440(2) degrees, Z = 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Reger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
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36
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Odinets IL, Artyushin OI, Sharova EV, Goryunov EI, Golovanov DG, Lyssenko KA, Petrovskii PV, Mastryukova TA. Generation of an optically active rhodium(III) complex by crystallization-induced spontaneous resolution of a racemic mixture. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2003. [DOI: 10.1070/mc2003v013n03abeh001778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Prabaharan R, Fletcher NC. Stereoselective coordination chemistry of the tetradentate chelating ligand (2R,3R)-bis(2,2′-dipyridyl-5-methoxyl)butane. Dalton Trans 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b303803c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Pérez-García L, Amabilino DB. Spontaneous resolution under supramolecular control. Chem Soc Rev 2002; 31:342-56. [PMID: 12491749 DOI: 10.1039/b201099m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneous resolution of enantiomers is an intriguing and important phenomenon in a number of research areas. Non-covalent interactions can play a key role in the process which can now be observed not only in crystals, but in liquid crystals, self-assembled monolayers, self-assembled fibres, and supramolecules self-assembled in solution. The evidence gathered in all of these areas is important for explaining the transfer of chirality from molecule to bulk, and in particular the spontaneous resolution of enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluïsa Pérez-García
- Laboratori de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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39
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Cai J, Hu X, Bernal I, Ji LN. Nickel(II) complexes of amino acids in comparison with the cobalt(III) analogues: interesting structural aspects relative to intermolecular hydrogen bonds and chiral recognition. Polyhedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0277-5387(02)00856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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40
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Davey RJ, Allen K, Blagden N, Cross WI, Lieberman HF, Quayle MJ, Righini S, Seton L, Tiddy GJT. Crystal engineering – nucleation, the key step. CrystEngComm 2002. [DOI: 10.1039/b203521a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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