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Pandey R, Tiziani S. Advances in Chiral Metabolomic Profiling and Biomarker Discovery. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2855:85-101. [PMID: 39354302 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4116-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
Chiral metabolomics entails the enantioselective measurement of the metabolome present in a biological system. Over recent years, it has garnered significant interest for its potential in discovering disease biomarkers and aiding clinical diagnostics. D-Amino acids and D-hydroxy acids, traditionally overlooked as unnatural, are now emerging as novel signaling molecules and potential biomarkers for a range of metabolic disorders, brain diseases, kidney disease, diabetes, and cancer. Despite their significance, simultaneous measurements of multiple classes of chiral metabolites in a biological system remain challenging. Hence, limited information is available regarding the metabolic pathways responsible for synthesizing D-amino/hydroxy acid and their associated pathophysiological mechanisms in various diseases. Capitalizing on recent advancements in sensitive analytical techniques, researchers have developed various targeted chiral metabolomic methods for the analysis of chiral biomarkers. Here, we highlight the pivotal role of chiral metabolic profiling studies in disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, we describe cutting-edge chromatographic and mass spectrometry methods that enable enantioselective analysis of chiral metabolites. These advanced techniques are instrumental in unraveling the complexities of disease biomarkers, contributing to the ongoing efforts in disease biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Pandey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Stefano Tiziani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School; LIVESTRONG Cancer Institutes, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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2
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Urdiain-Arraiza J, Desguin B. Versatile capillary electrophoresis method for the direct chiral separation of aliphatic and aromatic α-hydroxy acids, β-hydroxy acids and polyhydroxy acids using vancomycin as chiral selector. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1715:464611. [PMID: 38181629 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxy acids (HAs) are ubiquitous in nature and play significant roles in various industrial and biological processes. Most HAs harbor at least one chiral center, therefore the development of efficient chiral analysis techniques for HA stereoisomers is of crucial importance across a wide range of fields. A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed for the chiral analysis and quantification of aliphatic and aromatic α‑hydroxy acid (AHA) enantiomers, aliphatic β‑hydroxy acid (BHA) enantiomers and aliphatic polyhydroxy acid (PHA) stereoisomers. Using a modified partial filling-counter current method with indirect UV detection, high resolution (Rs) was achieved with vancomycin as a chiral selector added to the background electrolyte composed of 10 mM of benzoic acid/L-histidine at pH 5 using a polyacrylamide-coated capillary. This method could be readily applied to the determination of the enantiomers of 12 aliphatic AHAs, 4 aromatic AHAs, 3 aliphatic BHAs, as well as to the determination of the stereoisomers of tartaric acid, 2,3-dihydroxybutanoic acid, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanoic acid, and 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid without the need for sample derivatization. Finally, our study provides a robust and versatile strategy for the chiral and stereoselective analysis of a broad range of hydroxy acid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Urdiain-Arraiza
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Benoît Desguin
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium.
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3
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Stationary phase type and temperature effect on HPLC separation of lactic acid enantiomers. ACTA CHIMICA SLOVACA 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/acs-2021-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Lactic acid is a biologically important organic acid existing in two enantiomeric forms which are differently metabolized in the human body. In this paper, direct chiral separation of lactic acid by high performance liquid chromatography is presented. Five chiral stationary phases based on macrocyclic antibiotics were used for enantioseparation and chromatographic parameters, such as retention factors, resolution and selectivity factors, were determined under different column temperatures ranging from 5 to 45 °C. Optical isomers of lactic acid were efficiently separated using chiral stationary phases based on teicoplanin (R
S = 1.9
) and ristocetin (R
S = 1.7
) in reversed-phase separation mode at the column temperature of 25 °C.
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Smutok O, Karkovska M, Prokopiv T, Kavetskyy T, Sibirnyj W, Gonchar M. D-lactate-selective amperometric biosensor based on the mitochondrial fraction of Ogataea polymorpha recombinant cells. Yeast 2018; 36:341-348. [PMID: 30523645 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the recent decades, a lot of data about the significance of D-lactate determination in food technology and quality control have been accumulated. Nowadays, the development of new methods for the determination of D-lactate is very relevant, especially with regard to biosensors. To construct a D-lactate-selective biosensor, we suggest using the mitochondria of recombinant yeast cells of Ogataea (Hansenula) polymorpha "tr6" (gcr1 catX/Δcyb2, prAOX_DLDH) overproducing D-lactate: cytochrome c-oxidoreductase (DLDH, EC 1.1.2.4) and lacking an L-lactate-specific enzyme (flavocytochrome b2 , E.C. 1.1.2.3). The usage of the pure enzyme is problematic due to the complexity of its isolation and stabilization because of the intramembranous localization of DLDH. The enzyme catalyzes D-lactate oxidation to pyruvate coupled with ferricytochrome c reduction to ferrocytochrome c. The constructed biosensor is characterized by high sensitivity (18.5 А·М-1 ·m-2 ), a low detection limit (3 μM of D-lactate), wide linear ranges, good selectivity, and sufficient stability. The real samples' analysis of D-lactate in dairy products was performed, and high correlation of the obtained results with the reference approach (0.7 < r < 1) and literature data was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleh Smutok
- Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Maria Karkovska
- Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Tetiana Prokopiv
- Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Taras Kavetskyy
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, and Department of Physics of Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Drohobych, Ukraine.,The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wladimir Sibirnyj
- Department of Bioenergy Technologies, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Mykhailo Gonchar
- Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
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Sharaf El-Din MM, Attia KA, Nassar MW, Kaddah MM. Development and validation of a copper ligand-exchange chromatographic method for the estimation of D-lactic acid in Ringer-lactate solution. Talanta 2018; 189:86-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Implementation of a new integrated d-lactic acid biosensor in a semiautomatic FIA system for the simultaneous determination of lactic acid enantiomers. Application to the analysis of beer samples. Talanta 2016; 152:147-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4-(4,6-Dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride as an enantioseparation enhancer for fluorescence chiral derivatization–liquid chromatographic analysis of dl-lactic acid. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1360:188-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Shahangi F, Chermahini AN, Dabbagh HA, Teimouri A, Farrokhpour H. Enantiomeric separation of d- and l-lactic acid enantiomers by use of nanotubular cyclicpeptides: A DFT study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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L(+) and D(-) lactate are increased in plasma and urine samples of type 2 diabetes as measured by a simultaneous quantification of L(+) and D(-) lactate by reversed-phase liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:234812. [PMID: 22474418 PMCID: PMC3310144 DOI: 10.1155/2012/234812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma and urinary levels of D-lactate have been linked to the presence of diabetes. Previously developed techniques have shown several limitations to further evaluate D-lactate as a biomarker for this condition. METHODS D- and L-lactate were quantified using ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with labelled internal standard. Samples were derivatized with diacetyl-L-tartaric anhydride and separated on a C(18)-reversed phase column. D- and L-lactate were analysed in plasma and urine of controls, patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). RESULTS Quantitative analysis of D- and L-lactate was achieved successfully. Calibration curves were linear (r(2) > 0.99) over the physiological and pathophysiological ranges. Recoveries for urine and plasma were between 96% and 113%. Inter- and intra-assay variations were between 2% and 9%. The limits of detection of D-lactate and L-lactate in plasma were 0.7 μmol/L and 0.2 μmol/L, respectively. The limits of detection of D-lactate and L-lactate in urine were 8.1 nmol/mmol creatinine and 4.4 nmol/mmol creatinine, respectively. Plasma and urinary levels of D- and L-lactate were increased in patients with IBD and T2DM as compared with controls. CONCLUSION The presented method proved to be suitable for the quantification of D- and L-lactate and opens the possibility to explore the use of D-lactate as a biomarker.
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Biagi S, Ghimenti S, Onor M, Bramanti E. Simultaneous determination of lactate and pyruvate in human sweat using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography: a noninvasive approach. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:1408-15. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Biagi
- National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R.; Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici-IPCF- UOS Pisa; Area di Ricerca, Via G. Moruzzi 1; 56124; Pisa; Italy
| | - Silvia Ghimenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; Via Risorgimento 35; 56127; Pisa; Italy
| | - Massimo Onor
- National Research Council of Italy, CNR; Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici-ICCOM- UOS Pisa; Area di Ricerca, Via G. Moruzzi 1; 56124; Pisa; Italy
| | - Emilia Bramanti
- National Research Council of Italy, CNR; Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici-ICCOM- UOS Pisa; Area di Ricerca, Via G. Moruzzi 1; 56124; Pisa; Italy
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11
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Nielsen C, Pedersen LT, Lindholt JS, Mortensen FV, Erlandsen EJ. An automated plasma D-lactate assay with a new sample preparation method to prevent interference from L-lactate and L-lactate dehydrogenase. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2011; 71:507-14. [PMID: 21861600 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2011.590900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish an automated plasma D-lactate assay without interference from L-lactate and L-lactate dehydrogenase (L-LDH). METHODS AND MATERIALS The D-lactate assay was programmed as a 2-point endpoint assay on the Roche Modular P using the D-lactic acid kit from Biocontrol Systems, USA. In the chemical reaction, D-lactate was oxidized to pyruvate by NAD(+) in the presence of D-lactate dehydrogenase. The resultant pyruvate was converted to alanine in the presence of alanine aminotransferase. The amount of NADH formed in the coupled reaction, measured by the change in the absorbance at 340 nm, was proportional to the concentration of D-lactate in the sample. Human serum albumin (HSA) solutions and plasma from pigs with experimentally-induced gut ischemia were used in this study. Blood samples were collected into Venosafe® tubes. RESULTS The D-lactate assay was linear up to 1.000 mmol/L in HSA solutions and plasma. The detection limit was 0.003 mmol/L. Within-run CVs ≤ 2.0% and total CVs ≤ 3.2% were obtained in the control material. Recovery was 87.1 ± 5.2 % (Mean ± SD). The L-LDH activity was completely inactivated in plasma samples by the addition of 20 µL of a 5 mol/L NaOH solution to 500 µL of plasma (pH 11.5). No interference could be detected from concentrations of bilirubin < 450 µmol/L, haemoglobin < 0.2 mmol/L or Intralipid® < 2.5 g/L. CONCLUSIONS The performance of the established D-lactate assay meets the requirements to be implemented into hospital laboratories. The sample preparation method is simple, cheap and requires minimal labour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Nielsen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark.
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12
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Cevasco G, Piątek AM, Scapolla C, Thea S. A simple, sensitive and efficient assay for the determination of d- and l-lactic acid enantiomers in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:787-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jin Q, Jung JY, Kim YJ, Eom HJ, Kim SY, Kim TJ, Han NS. Production of l-lactate in Leuconostoc citreum via heterologous expression of l-lactate dehydrogenase gene. J Biotechnol 2009; 144:160-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Fukushima K, Kimura Y. An efficient solid-state polycondensation method for synthesizing stereocomplexed poly(lactic acid)s with high molecular weight. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Fukushima K, Chang YH, Kimura Y. Enhanced Stereocomplex Formation of Poly(L-lactic acid) and Poly(D-lactic acid) in the Presence of Stereoblock Poly(lactic acid). Macromol Biosci 2007; 7:829-35. [PMID: 17541929 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200700028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Stereoblock poly(lactic acid) (sb-PLA) is incorporated into a 1:1 polymer blend system of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(D-lactic acid) (PDLA) that has a high molecular weight to study its addition effect on the stereocomplex (sc) formation of PLLA and PDLA. The ternary polymer blend films are first prepared by casting polymer solutions of sb-PLA, PLLA, and PDLA with different compositions. Upon increasing the content of sb-PLA in the blend films the sc crystallization is driven to a higher degree, while the formation of homo-chiral (hc) crystals is decreased. Lowering the molecular weight of the incorporated sb-PLA effectively increases the sc formation. Consequently, it is revealed that sb-PLA can work as a compatibilizer to improve the poor sc formation in the polymer blend of PLLA and PDLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Fukushima
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
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16
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Norton D, Crow B, Bishop M, Kovalcik K, George J, Bralley JA. High performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) assay for chiral separation of lactic acid enantiomers in urine using a teicoplanin based stationary phase. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 850:190-8. [PMID: 17127111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the separation and simultaneous determination of urinary D- and L-lactic acid enantiomers by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) is presented. The chiral separation was optimized on a Chirobiotic teicoplanin aglyocone (TAG) column. Most interestingly, the addition of water in small volume fraction to the polar organic mobile phase was found to significantly improve the chromatography. Calibration curves were linear (r2>0.9950) over the range 3-1000 mg/L for L-lactic acid and 0.5-160.8 mg/L for D-lactic acid. The limit of detection (LOD) (S/N=3) and limit of quantification (LOQ) (S/N=10) were determined experimentally (n=3) to be 0.2 and 0.5mg/L for L-lactic acid and 0.4 and 1.3 mg/L for D-lactic acid, respectively. The normal patient range of L-lactic acid was 1-20 microg/mg creatinine with an elevated value of 85 microg/mg creatinine. For D-lactic acid, the range of normal values were between 0 and 5 microg/mg creatinine with an elevated value of 40 microg/mg creatinine. Finally, the validated method allows for rapid analysis with a total run time of 7.5 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Norton
- Analytical Department, Metametrix Clinical Laboratory, 4855 Peachtree Industrial Blvd., Suite 201, Norcross, GA 30092, USA.
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Fukushima K, Hirata M, Kimura Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Stereoblock Poly(lactic acid)s with Nonequivalent D/L Sequence Ratios. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma070156k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Fukushima
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hirata
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Kimura
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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Sanaie N, Haynes CA. Interpreting the effects of temperature and solvent composition on separation of amino-acid racemates by chiral ligand-exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1104:164-72. [PMID: 16368103 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Routinely applied at both preparative and analytical scales, chiral ligand-exchange chromatography (CLEC) separates enantiomers capable of chelating a divalent transition-metal-ion through a pair of coordinating electronegative atoms. CLEC separation efficiencies are strongly dependent on column operating conditions, including temperature and mobile-phase solvent composition. Although previous empirical studies provide some useful guidelines for optimizing column operating conditions, the fundamental mechanisms underlying the unusually high sensitivity of CLEC performance to operating temperature and solvent composition remain poorly understood, limiting efforts to develop a comprehensive model for the technology. To address this problem, we report transport and chemical equilibria data for the separation of alpha-amino acids on a Nucleosil chiral-1 column presenting L-hydroxyproline as the immobilized ligand. Solute transport is found to be limited by pore diffusion at all column operating temperatures and solvent compositions, validating the existence of local equilibria throughout the column. Changes in separation performance are found to correlate with changes in chemical equilibria, emphasizing the need to carefully account for all speciation within the column when modeling CLEC and providing important fundamental data to achieve this goal. Each enantiomer participates in a large number of solution-phase complexes. As a result, the thermodynamic driving force for separation is unusually complex, allowing subtle changes in column operating conditions to mediate significant changes in speciation profiles and separation efficiency. A reaction-equilibria model accounting for all speciation within the CLEC column is proposed and used to estimate enantiomer partition coefficients and retention times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshafarin Sanaie
- Michael Smith Laboratories, 2185 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Nanjo Y, Yano T, Hayashi R, Yao T. Optically Specific Detection of D- and L-Lactic Acids by a Flow-Injection Dual Biosensor System with On-line Microdialysis Sampling. ANAL SCI 2006; 22:1135-8. [PMID: 16896257 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.22.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A flow-injection dual biosensor system with microdialysis sampling is proposed for the simultaneous determination of D-lactic and L-lactic acids. The dialysate from the microdialysis tube is delivered to a sample loop of the six-way autoinjector and then automatically injected into the flow-injection line with a dual enzyme electrode arranged in perpendicular to the flow direction. The dual enzyme electrode is constructed by hybridizing a poly(1,2-diaminobenzene) film into two sensing parts which respond selectively to D-lactic and L-lactic acids, respectively, without any cross-reactivity. The proposed flow-injection analysis method can be successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of D,L-lactic acids in alcoholic beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nanjo
- Oji Scientific Instruments, Amagasaki, Hyogo, Japan
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20
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Fukushima K, Sogo K, Miura S, Kimura Y. Production ofD-Lactic Acid by Bacterial Fermentation of Rice Starch. Macromol Biosci 2004; 4:1021-7. [PMID: 15529396 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200400080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
D-Lactic acid was synthesized by the fermentation of rice starch using microorganisms. Two species: Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Sporolactobacillus inulinus were found to be active in producing D-lactic acid of high optical purity after an intensive screening test for D-lactic acid bacteria using glucose as substrate. Rice powder used as the starch source was hydrolyzed with a combination of enzymes: alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, and pullulanase to obtain rice saccharificate consisting of maltose as the main component. Its average gross yield was 82.5%. Of the discovered D-lactic acid bacteria, only Lactobacillus delbrueckii could ferment both maltose and the rice saccharificate. After optimizing the fermentation of the rice saccharificate using this bacterium, pilot scale fermentation was conducted to convert the rice saccharificate into D-lactic acid with a D-content higher than 97.5% in a yield of 70%. With this yield, the total yield of D-lactic acid from brown rice was estimated to be 47%, which is almost equal to the L-lactic acid yield from corn. The efficient synthesis of D-lactic acid can open a way to the large scale application of high-melting poly(lactic acid) that is a stereocomplex of poly(L-lactide) and poly(D-lactide). Schematic representation of the production of D-lactic acid starting from brown rice as described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Fukushima
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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Kanazawa H, Okada A, Higaki M, Yokota H, Mashige F, Nakahara K. Stereospecific analysis of omeprazole in human plasma as a probe for CYP2C19 phenotype. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 30:1817-24. [PMID: 12485723 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Omeprazole is a class referred to as proton pump inhibitor; it acts to regulate acid production in the stomach and is used to treat various acid-related gastrointestinal disorders. In the liver, it is metabolized to varying degrees by several cytochrome P-450 (CYP) isoenzymes which are further categorized into subfamilies of related polymorphic gene products. The metabolism of omeprazole is to a large extent dependent on CYP3A4 and CYP2C19. Omeprazole is metabolized to two major metabolites, 5-hydroxyomeprazole (CYP2C19) and omeprazole sulfone (CYP3A4). Minor mutations in CYP2C19 affect its activity in the liver and, in turn, the metabolic and pharmacokinetic profiles of omeprazole. The frequency of CYP2C19 poor metabolizers in population of Asian descent has been reported to range from 10 to 20%. Accordingly, results from population studies indicate that omeprazole can be used as a probe drug for phenotyping CYP2C19. The optical isomers of omeprazole show a clear difference in their metabolism by human liver microsomes. This study demonstrates the stereospecific analysis of omeprazole in human plasma as a probe drug of CYP2C19 phenotyping. The chiral separation of omeprazole was achieved on a chiral column with circular dichroism (CD) detection and LC/MS. A good resolution of enantiomers was obtained. The column used for chiral separation was CHIRALPAK AD-RH column (4.6 x 150 mm) using phosphate buffer and (or ammonium acetate) acetonitrile as an eluent. After a single oral dose of omeprazole (20 mg), the plasma concentrations of the separate enantiomers of omeprazole were determined for 3.5 h after drug intake. The present study is useful because of the part polymorphism plays in the therapeutic effectiveness of proton pump inhibitors during the treatment of acid-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideko Kanazawa
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Shibakoen 1-5-30, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan.
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Ewaschuk JB, Zello GA, Naylor JM, Brocks DR. Metabolic acidosis: separation methods and biological relevance of organic acids and lactic acid enantiomers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 781:39-56. [PMID: 12450652 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic acidosis can result from accumulation of organic acids in the blood due to anaerobic metabolism or intestinal bacterial fermentation of undigested substrate under certain conditions. These conditions include short-bowel syndrome, grain overfeeding of ruminants and, as recently reported, severe gastroenteritis. Measuring fermentation products such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and lactic acid in various biological samples is integral to the diagnosis of bacterial overgrowth. Stereospecific measurement of D- and L-lactic acid is necessary for confirmation of the origin and nature of metabolic acidosis. In this paper, methods for the separation of SCFAs and lactic acid are reviewed. Analysis of the organic acids involved in carbohydrate metabolism has been achieved by enzymatic methods, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Sample preparation techniques developed for these analytes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia B Ewaschuk
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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Kanazawa H, Tsubayashi A, Nagata Y, Matsushima Y, Mori C, Kizu J, Higaki M. Stereospecific analysis of loxoprofen in plasma by chiral column liquid chromatography with a circular dichroism-based detector. J Chromatogr A 2002; 948:303-8. [PMID: 12831206 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The chiral separation of loxoprofen was achieved on a chiral column with UV and circular dichroism (CD) detection. The good resolution of four loxoprofen stereoisomers was obtained. The column used for the chiral separation was Chiralcel OJ column (250 x 4.6 mm) using hexane-2-propanol-trifluoroacetic acid (95:5:0.1), as an eluent. The flow-rate was 1.0 ml/min and the detection was at 225 nm. In addition, CD and UV spectra were obtained by stopped flow scanning. The method allows the determination of the stereoisomers of loxoprofen in human plasma after the administration of therapeutic dose of the racemic drug, thus HPLC with CD detector is useful for the stereospecific determination of loxoprofen products in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideko Kanazawa
- Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Shibakoen 1-5-30, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan.
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