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Anti-Mycobacterial Activity of Flavonoid and Pyrimidine Compounds. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196714. [PMID: 36235249 PMCID: PMC9572476 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the anti-mycobacterial effect of a flavonoid 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) 4H-chromen-4-one (1) and two pyrimidines, 4-hydroxy-2-dimethylamino-5-nitroso-6-aminopyrimidine (2) and 2-chloro-5-n-nonylpyrimidine (3) in vitro against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis, H37Ra) and Mycobacterium avium (M. avium), using a Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA). The effects of the compounds 1-3 in combination with first- and second-line anti-TB drugs isoniazid, rifampicin, cycloserine, and clarithromycin on the growth of M. tuberculosis and M. avium were also evaluated in in vitro assays. As a single agent, compounds 1 and 2 exhibited modest activity while compound 3 was the most effective against M. tuberculosis and M. avium. When compounds 1-3 were evaluated at lower than 50% of their inhibitory concentrations in a two-drug combination with isoniazid or rifampicin, they showed additive to synergistic interactions. This inhibitory effect was improved when each of the three compounds was tested together in a three-drug combination with two of the first-line anti-TB drugs. Compounds 1-3 also demonstrated strong synergistic interaction in combination with cycloserine and clarithromycin in inhibiting the growth of M. tuberculosis and M. avium, respectively. This study demonstrated that compounds 1-3 have potential to be developed as effective anti-TB agents with combined use.
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2
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Alexandrova LA, Khandazhinskaya AL, Matyugina ES, Makarov DA, Kochetkov SN. Analogues of Pyrimidine Nucleosides as Mycobacteria Growth Inhibitors. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071299. [PMID: 35889017 PMCID: PMC9322969 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the oldest human infection disease. Mortality from TB significantly decreased in the 20th century, because of vaccination and the widespread use of antibiotics. However, about a third of the world’s population is currently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and the death rate from TB is about 1.4–2 million people per year. In the second half of the 20th century, new extensively multidrug-resistant strains of Mtb were identified, which are steadily increasing among TB patients. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new anti-TB drugs, which remains one of the priorities of pharmacology and medicinal chemistry. The antimycobacterial activity of nucleoside derivatives and analogues was revealed not so long ago, and a lot of studies on their antibacterial properties have been published. Despite the fact that there are no clinically used drugs based on nucleoside analogues, some progress has been made in this area. This review summarizes current research in the field of the design and study of inhibitors of mycobacteria, primarily Mtb.
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3
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Jian Y, Risseeuw MDP, Froeyen M, Song L, Cappoen D, Cos P, Munier-Lehmann H, van Calenbergh S. 1-(Piperidin-3-yl)thymine amides as inhibitors of M. tuberculosis thymidylate kinase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1730-1739. [PMID: 31822127 PMCID: PMC6920704 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1662790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of readily accessible 1-(piperidin-3-yl)thymine amides was designed, synthesised and evaluated as Mycobacterium tuberculosis TMPK (MtbTMPK) inhibitors. In line with the modelling results, most inhibitors showed reasonable MtbTMPK inhibitory activity. Compounds 4b and 4i were slightly more potent than the parent compound 3. Moreover, contrary to the latter, amide analogue 4g was active against the avirulent M. tuberculosis H37Ra strain (MIC50=35 µM). This finding opens avenues for future modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Jian
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martijn D P Risseeuw
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathy Froeyen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lijun Song
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Davie Cappoen
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hélène Munier-Lehmann
- Unit of Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, Paris, France
| | - Serge van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Song L, Risseeuw MDP, Froeyen M, Karalic I, Goeman J, Cappoen D, Van der Eycken J, Cos P, Munier-Lehmann H, Van Calenbergh S. Elaboration of a proprietary thymidylate kinase inhibitor motif towards anti-tuberculosis agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5172-5182. [PMID: 27614917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the design and synthesis of a series of non-nucleoside MtbTMPK inhibitors (1-14) based on the gram-positive bacterial TMPK inhibitor hit compound 1. A practical synthesis was developed to access these analogues. Several compounds show promising MtbTMPK inhibitory potency and allow the establishment of a structure-activity relationship, which is helpful for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Song
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteemweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martijn D P Risseeuw
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteemweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matheus Froeyen
- Medicinal Chemistry (Rega Institute), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU LEUVEN, Minderbroedersstraat 10 blok x-box 1030, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Izet Karalic
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteemweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Goeman
- Laboratory for Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Davie Cappoen
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerpen,. Belgium
| | - Johan Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerpen,. Belgium
| | - Hélène Munier-Lehmann
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR3523, Paris, France
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteemweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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5
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Doharey PK, Suthar MK, Verma A, Kumar V, Yadav S, Balaramnavar VM, Rathaur S, Saxena AK, Siddiqi MI, Saxena JK. Molecular cloning and characterization of Brugia malayi thymidylate kinase. Acta Trop 2014; 133:83-92. [PMID: 24556140 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thymidylate kinase (TMK) is a potential chemotherapeutic target because it is directly involved in the synthesis of deoxythymidine triphosphate, which is an essential component for DNA synthesis. The gene encoding thymidylate kinase of Brugia malayi was amplified by PCR and expressed in Escherichia coli. The native molecular weight of recombinant B. malayi thymidylate kinase (rBmTMK) was estimated to be ∼52kDa by gel filtration chromatography, suggesting a homodimeric structure. rBmTMK activity required divalent cation and Mg(2+) was found to be the most effective cation. The enzyme was sensitive to pH and temperature, it showed maximum activity at pH 7.4 and 37°C. The Km values for dTMP and ATP were 17 and 66μM, respectively. The turnover number kcat was found to be 38.09s(-1), a value indicating the higher catalytic efficiency of the filarial enzyme. The nucleoside analogues 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (5-BrdU), 5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine (5-CldU) and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) showed specific inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity and these effects were in good association with binding interactions and the scoring functions as compared to human TMK. Differences in kinetic properties and structural differences in the substrate binding site of BmTMK model with respect to human TMK can serve as basis for designing specific inhibitors against parasitic enzyme.
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Kögler M, Busson R, De Jonghe S, Rozenski J, Van Belle K, Louat T, Munier-Lehmann H, Herdewijn P. Synthesis and evaluation of 6-aza-2'-deoxyuridine monophosphate analogs as inhibitors of thymidylate synthases, and as substrates or inhibitors of thymidine monophosphate kinase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Biodivers 2012; 9:536-56. [PMID: 22422522 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5-substituted analogs of 6-aza-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate, 6-aza-dUMP, has been synthesized and evaluated as potential inhibitors of the two mycobacterial thymidylate synthases (i.e., a flavin-dependent thymidylate synthase, ThyX, and a classical thymidylate synthase, ThyA). Replacement of C(6) of the natural substrate dUMP by a N-atom in 6-aza-dUMP 1a led to a derivative with weak ThyX inhibitory activity (33% inhibition at 50 μM). Introduction of alkyl and aryl groups at C(5) of 1a resulted in complete loss of inhibitory activity, whereas the attachment of a 3-(octanamido)prop-1-ynyl side chain in derivative 3 retained the weak level of mycobacterial ThyX inhibition (40% inhibition at 50 μM). None of the synthesized derivatives displayed any significant inhibitory activity against mycobacterial ThyA. The compounds have also been evaluated as potential inhibitors of mycobacterial thymidine monophosphate kinase (TMPKmt). None of the derivatives showed any significant TMPKmt inhibition. However, replacement of C(6) of the natural substrate (dTMP) by a N-atom furnished 6-aza-dTMP (1b), which still was recognized as a substrate by TMPKmt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kögler
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven
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7
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Discovery of novel 5-(ethyl or hydroxymethyl) analogs of 2'-'up' fluoro (or hydroxyl) pyrimidine nucleosides as a new class of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:4088-97. [PMID: 22664188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of novel antimycobacterial compounds that work on distinctive targets and by diverse mechanisms of action is urgently required for the treatment of mycobacterial infections due to the emerging global health threat of tuberculosis. We have identified a new class of 5-ethyl or hydroxy (or methoxy) methyl-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides as potent inhibitors of Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Ra, H37Rv) and Mycobacterium avium. A series of 2'-'up' fluoro (or hydroxy) nucleosides (1, 2, 4-6, 9, 10, 13, 16, 18, 21, 24) was synthesized and evaluated for antimycobacterial activity. Among 2'-fluorinated compounds, 1-(3-bromo-2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-β-d-arabinofuranosyl)-5-ethyluracil (13) exhibited promising activity against M. bovis and Mtb alone, and showed synergism when combined with isoniazid. The most active compound emerging from these studies, 1-(β-d-arabinofuranosyl)-4-thio-5-hydroxymethyluracil (21) inhibited Mtb (H37Ra) (MIC(50)=0.5 μg/mL) and M. bovis (MIC(50)=0.5 μg/mL) at low concentrations, and was ten times more potent against Mtb (H37Ra) than cycloserine (MIC(50)=5.0 μg/mL), a second line drug. It also showed an additive effect when combined with isoniazid. Compound 21 retained sensitivity against a rifampicin-resistant (H37Rv) strain of Mtb (MIC(50)=1 μg/mL) at concentrations similar to that for a rifampicin-sensitive (H37Rv) strain, suggesting that it has no cross-resistance to a first-line anti-TB drug. In addition, the replication of M. avium was also inhibited by 21 (MIC(50)=10 μg/mL). No cellular toxicity of 13 or 21 was observed up to the highest concentration tested (CC(50)>100 μg/mL). These observations offer promise for a new drug treatment regimen to augment and complement the current chemotherapy of TB.
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8
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Labesse G, Benkali K, Salard-Arnaud I, Gilles AM, Munier-Lehmann H. Structural and functional characterization of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis uridine monophosphate kinase: insights into the allosteric regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:3458-72. [PMID: 21149268 PMCID: PMC3082897 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside Monophosphate Kinases (NMPKs) family are key enzymes in nucleotide metabolism. Bacterial UMPKs depart from the main superfamily of NMPKs. Having no eukaryotic counterparts they represent attractive therapeutic targets. They are regulated by GTP and UTP, while showing different mechanisms in Gram(+), Gram(–) and archaeal bacteria. In this work, we have characterized the mycobacterial UMPK (UMPKmt) combining enzymatic and structural investigations with site-directed mutagenesis. UMPKmt exhibits cooperativity toward ATP and an allosteric regulation by GTP and UTP. The crystal structure of the complex of UMPKmt with GTP solved at 2.5 Å, was merely identical to the modelled apo-form, in agreement with SAXS experiments. Only a small stretch of residues was affected upon nucleotide binding, pointing out the role of macromolecular dynamics rather than major structural changes in the allosteric regulation of bacterial UMPKs. We further probe allosteric regulation by site-directed mutagenesis. In particular, a key residue involved in the allosteric regulation of this enzyme was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Labesse
- Atelier de Bio- et Chimie Informatique Structurale, CNRS, UMR5048, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, 29 rue de Navacelles, F-34090 Montpellier, France
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9
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Frecer V, Seneci P, Miertus S. Computer-assisted combinatorial design of bicyclic thymidine analogs as inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis thymidine monophosphate kinase. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2010; 25:31-49. [PMID: 21082329 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-010-9399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine monophosphate kinase (TMPK(mt)) is an essential enzyme for nucleotide metabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and thus an attractive target for novel antituberculosis agents. In this work, we have explored the chemical space around the 2',3'-bicyclic thymidine nucleus by designing and in silico screening of a virtual focused library selected via structure based methods to identify more potent analogs endowed with favorable ADME-related properties. In all the library members we have exchanged the ribose ring of the template with a cyclopentane moiety that is less prone to enzymatic degradation. In addition, we have replaced the six-membered 2',3'-ring by a number of five-membered and six-membered heterocyclic rings containing alternative proton donor and acceptor groups, to exploit the interaction with the carboxylate groups of Asp9 and Asp163 as well as with several cationic residues present in the vicinity of the TMPK(mt) binding site. The three-dimensional structure of the TMPK(mt) complexed with 5-hydroxymethyl-dUMP, an analog of dTMP, was employed to develop a QSAR model, to parameterize a scoring function specific for the TMPK(mt) target and to select analogues which display the highest predicted binding to the target. As a result, we identified a small highly focused combinatorial subset of bicyclic thymidine analogues as virtual hits that are predicted to inhibit the mycobacterial TMPK in the submicromolar concentration range and to display favorable ADME-related properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Frecer
- International Centre for Science and High Technology, UNIDO, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34012, Trieste, Italy
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10
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Kumar M, Sharma S, Srinivasan A, Singh TP, Kaur P. Structure-based in-silico rational design of a selective peptide inhibitor for thymidine monophosphate kinase of mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Mol Model 2010; 17:1173-82. [PMID: 20697760 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis still remains one of the most deadly infectious diseases. The emergence of drug resistant strains has fuelled the quest for novel drugs and drug targets for its successful treatment. Thymidine monophosphate kinase (TMPK) lies at the point where the salvage and de novo synthetic pathways meet in nucleotide synthesis. TMPK in M.tb has emerged as an attractive drug target since blocking it will affect both the pathways involved in the thymidine triphosphate synthesis. Moreover, the unique differences at the active site of TMPK enzyme in M.tb and humans can be exploited for the development of ideal drug candidates. Based on a detailed evaluation of known inhibitors and available three-dimensional structures of TMPK, several peptidic inhibitors were designed. In silico docking and selectivity analysis of these inhibitors with TMPK from M.tb and human was carried out to examine their differential binding at the active site. The designed tripeptide, Trp-Pro-Asp, was found to be most selective for M.tb. The ADMET analysis of this peptide indicated that it is likely to be a drug candidate. The tripeptide so designed is a suitable lead molecule for the development of novel TMPK inhibitors as anti-tubercular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029, India
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11
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Familiar O, Munier‐Lehmann H, Negri A, Gago F, Douguet D, Rigouts L, Hernández A, Camarasa M, Pérez‐Pérez M. Exploring Acyclic Nucleoside Analogues as Inhibitors ofMycobacterium tuberculosisThymidylate Kinase. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:1083-93. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Gasse C, Douguet D, Huteau V, Marchal G, Munier-Lehmann H, Pochet S. Substituted benzyl-pyrimidines targeting thymidine monophosphate kinase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Synthesis and in vitro anti-mycobacterial activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6075-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Gasse C, Huteau V, Douguet D, Munier-Lehmann H, Pochet S. A new family of inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis thymidine monophosphate kinase. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2008; 26:1057-61. [PMID: 18058536 DOI: 10.1080/15257770701513349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Gasse
- Unité de Chimie Organique, URA CNRS 2128, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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14
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Janin YL. Antituberculosis drugs: ten years of research. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2479-513. [PMID: 17291770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is today amongst the worldwide health threats. As resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have slowly emerged, treatment failure is too often a fact, especially in countries lacking the necessary health care organisation to provide the long and costly treatment adapted to patients. Because of lack of treatment or lack of adapted treatment, at least two million people will die of tuberculosis this year. Due to this concern, this infectious disease was the focus of renewed scientific interest in the last decade. Regimens were optimized and much was learnt on the mechanisms of action of the antituberculosis drugs used. Moreover, the quest for original drugs overcoming some of the problems of current regimens also became the focus of research programmes and many new series of M. tuberculosis growth inhibitors were reported. This review presents the drugs currently used in antituberculosis treatments and the most advanced compounds undergoing clinical trials. We then provide a description of their mechanism of action along with other series of inhibitors known to act on related biochemical targets. This is followed by other inhibitors of M. tuberculosis growth, including recently reported compounds devoid of a reported mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves L Janin
- URA 2128 CNRS-Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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15
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Hible G, Christova P, Renault L, Seclaman E, Thompson A, Girard E, Munier-Lehmann H, Cherfils J. Unique GMP-binding site in Mycobacterium tuberculosis guanosine monophosphate kinase. Proteins 2006; 62:489-500. [PMID: 16288457 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinases, which convert NMPs to nucleoside diphosphates (NDP), are investigated as potential antibacterial targets against pathogenic bacteria. Herein, we report the biochemical and structural characterization of GMP kinase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (GMPKMt). GMPKMt is a monomer with an unusual specificity for ATP as a phosphate donor, a lower catalytic efficiency compared with eukaryotic GMPKs, and it carries two redox-sensitive cysteines in the central CORE domain. These properties were analyzed in the light of the high-resolution crystal structures of unbound, GMP-bound, and GDP-bound GMPKMt. The latter structure was obtained in both an oxidized form, in which the cysteines form a disulfide bridge, and a reduced form which is expected to correspond to the physiological enzyme. GMPKMt has a modular domain structure as most NMP kinases. However, it departs from eukaryotic GMPKs by the unusual conformation of its CORE domain, and by its partially open LID and GMP-binding domains which are the same in the apo-, GMP-bound, and GDP-bound forms. GMPKMt also features a unique GMP binding site which is less close-packed than that of mammalian GMPKs, and in which the replacement of a critical tyrosine by a serine removes a catalytic interaction. In contrast, the specificity of GMPKMt for ATP may be a general feature of GMPKs because of an invariant structural motif that recognizes the adenine base. Altogether, differences in domain dynamics and GMP binding between GMPKMt and mammalian GMPKs should reveal clues for the design of GMPKMt-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Hible
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS, Gif sur Yvette, France
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16
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Johar M, Manning T, Kunimoto DY, Kumar R. Synthesis and in vitro anti-mycobacterial activity of 5-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:6663-71. [PMID: 16140016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Revised: 07/16/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium infections cause the two most important mycobacterioses, leading to increased mortality in patients with AIDS. Various 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridines, uridines, 2'-O-methyluridine, 2'-ribofluoro-2'-deoxyuridines, 3'-substituted-2',3'-dideoxy uridines, 2',3'-dideoxyuridines, and 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyuridines were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory activity against M. bovis and M. avium. 5-(C-1 Substituted)-2'-deoxyuridine derivatives emerged as potent inhibitors of M. avium (MIC90 = 1-5 microg/mL range). The nature of C-5 substituents in the 2'-deoxyuridine series appeared to be a determinant of anti-mycobacterial activity. This new class of inhibitors could serve as useful compounds for the design and study of new anti-tuberculosis agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Johar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 1-71 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7
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17
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Douguet D, Munier-Lehmann H, Labesse G, Pochet S. LEA3D: a computer-aided ligand design for structure-based drug design. J Med Chem 2005; 48:2457-68. [PMID: 15801836 DOI: 10.1021/jm0492296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present an improved version of the program LEA developed to design organic molecules. Rational drug design involves finding solutions to large combinatorial problems for which an exhaustive search is impractical. Genetic algorithms provide a tool for the investigation of such problems. New software, called LEA3D, is now able to conceive organic molecules by combining 3D fragments. Fragments were extracted from both biological compounds and known drugs. A fitness function guides the search process in optimizing the molecules toward an optimal value of the properties. The fitness function is build up by combining several independent property evaluations, including the score provided by the FlexX docking program. One application in de novo drug design is described. The example makes use of the structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis thymidine monophosphate kinase to generate analogues of one of its natural substrates. Among 22 tested compounds, 17 show inhibitory activity in the micromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Douguet
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CNRS UMR 5048, INSERM UMR U554), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Montpellier I, 15, avenue Charles Flahault, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France.
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18
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Vanheusden V, Munier-Lehmann H, Froeyen M, Busson R, Rozenski J, Herdewijn P, Van Calenbergh S. Discovery of Bicyclic Thymidine Analogues as Selective and High-Affinity Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Thymidine Monophosphate Kinase. J Med Chem 2004; 47:6187-94. [PMID: 15566289 DOI: 10.1021/jm040847w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine monophosphate kinase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TMPKmt) represents an attractive target for selectively blocking bacterial DNA synthesis. Hereby, we report on the discovery of a novel class of bicyclic nucleosides (10 and 11) and one dinucleoside (12), belonging to the most selective inhibitors of TMPKmt discovered so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Vanheusden
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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19
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Munier-Lehmann H, Pochet S, Dugue L, Dutruel O, Labesse G, Douget D. Design of Mycobacterium tuberculosis thymidine monophosphate kinase inhibitors. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2003; 22:801-4. [PMID: 14565282 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120022638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Munier-Lehmann
- Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale des Macromolécules, URA CNRS 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex, France.
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20
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Vanheusden V, Van Rompaey P, Munier-Lehmann H, Pochet S, Herdewijn P, Van Calenbergh S. Thymidine and thymidine-5'-O-monophosphate analogues as inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis thymidylate kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:3045-8. [PMID: 12941330 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00643-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The affinity of a series of 2', 3'- and 5-modified thymidine analogues for Mycobacterium tuberculosis thymidine monophosphate kinase (TMPKmt) was evaluated. The affinities of several non-phosphorylated analogues are in the same order of magnitude as those of their phosphorylated congeners. In view of drug delivery problems associated with phosphorylated compounds, these 'free' nucleosides seem more promising leads in the search of TMPKmt inhibitors as novel anti-tuberculosis agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Vanheusden
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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21
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Vanheusden V, Munier-Lehmann H, Froeyen M, Dugué L, Heyerick A, De Keukeleire D, Pochet S, Busson R, Herdewijn P, Van Calenbergh S. 3'-C-branched-chain-substituted nucleosides and nucleotides as potent inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis thymidine monophosphate kinase. J Med Chem 2003; 46:3811-21. [PMID: 12930144 DOI: 10.1021/jm021108n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine monophosphate kinase (TMPK) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TMPKmt) represents an attractive target for blocking the bacterial DNA synthesis. In an attempt to find high-affinity inhibitors of TMPKmt, a cavity in the enzyme at the 3'-position was explored via the introduction of various substituents at the 3'-position of the thymidine monophosphate (dTMP) scaffold. Various 3'-C-branched chain substituted nucleotides in the 2'-deoxyribo (3-6) and ribo series (7, 8) were synthesized from one key intermediate (23). 2'-Deoxy analogues proved to be potent inhibitors of TMPKmt: 3'-CH(2)NH(2) (4), 3'-CH(2)N(3) (3), and 3'-CH(2)F (5) nucleotides exhibit the highest affinities within this series, with K(i) values of 10.5, 12, and 15 microM, respectively. These results show that TMPKmt tolerates the introduction of sterically demanding substituents at the 3'-position. Ribo analogues experience a significant affinity decrease, which is probably due to steric hindrance of Tyr103 in close vicinity of the 2'-position. Although the 5'-O-phosphorylated compounds have somewhat higher affinities for the enzyme, the parent nucleosides generally exhibit affinities for TMPKmt in the same order of magnitude and display a superior selectivity profile versus human TMPK. This series of inhibitors holds promise for the development of a new class of antituberculosis agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Vanheusden
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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