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Wright ML, Klamer BG, Bonachea E, Spencer JD, Slaughter JL, Mohamed TH. Positive fluid balance and diuretic therapy are associated with mechanical ventilation and mortality in preterm neonates in the first fourteen postnatal days. Pediatr Nephrol 2023:10.1007/s00467-022-05861-2. [PMID: 36598600 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05861-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluid overload leads to poor neonatal outcomes. Diuretics may lower the rates of mechanical ventilation (MV) and mortality in neonates with fluid overload. METHODS This is a retrospective study of preterm neonates ≤ 36 weeks of gestational age (GA) in the first 14 postnatal days in a level IV NICU in 2014-2020. We evaluated the epidemiology of fluid balance in the first 14 postnatal days and its association with MV and mortality and studied the association of diuretics with fluid balance, MV, and mortality. RESULTS In 1383 included neonates, the overall median lowest and peak fluid balances were - 7.8% (IQR: - 11.7, - 4.6) and 8% (3, 16) on days 3 (2, 5) and 13 (5, 14), respectively. Fluid balance distribution varied significantly by GA. Peak fluid balance of ≥ 10% was associated with increased odds of MV on days 7 and 14 with highest odds ratios (OR) of MV in neonates with fluid balance ≥ 15%. Peak fluid balance of ≥ 15% was associated with the greatest odds of mortality. Diuretics were used more frequently in neonates with younger GA, smaller birthweight, positive fluid balance, and those on MV. CONCLUSIONS Positive fluid balance negatively impacts pulmonary status. The odds of MV and death increase significantly as peak fluid balance percentage increases in all GA groups. The impact of diuretics on MV and death in preterm neonates needs further evaluation. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah L Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Dr, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brett G Klamer
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bonachea
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Dr, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John D Spencer
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Dr, Columbus, OH, USA.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan L Slaughter
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Dr, Columbus, OH, USA.,The Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tahagod H Mohamed
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Dr, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA. .,The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
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2
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Williams EE, Gunawardana S, Donaldson NK, Dassios T, Greenough A. Postnatal diuretics, weight gain and home oxygen requirement in extremely preterm infants. J Perinat Med 2022; 50:100-107. [PMID: 34265878 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2021-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diuretics are often given to infants with evolving/established bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) with the hope of improving their pulmonary outcomes. We aimed to determine if diuretic use in preterm infants was associated with improved pulmonary outcomes, but poorer weight gain. METHODS An observational study over a 5 year period was undertaken of all infants born at less than 29 weeks of gestation and alive at discharge in all neonatal units in England who received consecutive diuretic use for at least 7 days. Postnatal weight gain and home supplementary oxygen requirement were the outcomes. A literature review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and crossover studies was undertaken to determine if diuretic usage was associated with changes in lung mechanics and oxygenation, duration of supplementary oxygen and requirement for home supplementary oxygen. RESULTS In the observational study, 9,457 infants survived to discharge, 44.6% received diuretics for at least 7 days. Diuretic use was associated with an increased probability of supplementary home oxygen of 0.14 and an increase in weight gain of 2.5 g/week. In the review, seven of the 10 studies reported improvements only in short term lung mechanics. There was conflicting evidence regarding whether diuretics resulted in short term improvements in oxygenation. CONCLUSIONS Diuretic use was not associated with a reduction in requirement for supplemental oxygen on discharge. The literature review highlighted a lack of RCTs assessing meaningful long-term clinical outcomes. Randomised trials are needed to determine the long-term risk benefit ratio of chronic diuretic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Williams
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Shannon Gunawardana
- Neonatal Intensive Care Centre, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Theodore Dassios
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Neonatal Intensive Care Centre, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anne Greenough
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Neonatal Intensive Care Centre, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, King's College London, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
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3
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Sadeghnia A, Beheshti BK, Mohammadizadeh M. The Effect of Inhaled Budesonide on the Prevention of Chronic Lung Disease in Premature Neonates with Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Int J Prev Med 2018; 9:15. [PMID: 29541430 PMCID: PMC5843959 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_336_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering all the latest achievements in neonatal respiratory care, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is still among the most prevalent morbidity causes in premature infants. Involvement in this process results in longer period of hospitalization for the newborn and in the long run makes the living conditions more difficult. Taking the multifactorial pathogenesis into account, approaches to tackle chronic lung disease (CLD) are mainly focused on interventions and prevention procedures. This study tries to investigate the potential capability of inhaled budesonide in the prevention of BPD in newborns with gestational age of <28 weeks with the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). METHODS This study was a randomized clinical trial done on seventy newborns with gestational ages of 23-28 weeks with RDS in Isfahan Shahid Beheshti Educational Hospital from June 2014 to April 2016. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups of intervention with budesonide and control. There were 35 newborns in each group. Upon recording demographic characteristics, the newborns in two groups were compared based on the length of noninvasive ventilation, the need for invasive mechanical ventilation, the number of surfactant administrations, pneumothorax, intraventricular hemorrhage, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), CLD, and death. RESULTS The length of the need for nasal continuous positive airway pressure showed no statistically significant difference between the groups (P = 0.54). The number of newborns who needed invasive mechanical ventilation also revealed no meaningful difference (P = 0.14). Similarly, the number of newborns who were characterized as affected by CLD also showed no significant difference between the groups (P = 0.053). Moreover, the number of newborns who experienced pneumothorax was not significantly different for the groups (P = 0.057). The number of newborns who received three administrations of surfactant had also no statistically meaningful difference between the groups (P = 0.69). However, the number of newborns who received two doses of surfactant was statistically lower in budesonide intervention group than the control (P = 0.041). The prevalence of intraventricular hemorrhage with degrees of I, II, and III also showed no statistically meaningful difference between the groups with P = 0.74, 0.32, and 0.49, respectively. The occurrence of PDA had no meaningful difference between the groups (P = 0.66). Relative death cases also revealed no significant difference between the groups (P = 0.53). CONCLUSIONS The current study revealed a decrease in CLD prevalence for newborns in interventional group; however, this decrease was not statistically meaningful. The newborns, in the intervention group, who had received two doses of surfactant (survanta) showed a significant decrease, which can be the basis for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sadeghnia
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Behzad Koorang Beheshti
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Majid Mohammadizadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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4
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Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is the most common morbidity among surviving premature infants. Injury to the developing lung is the result of the interaction between a susceptible host and a number of contributing factors such as mechanical ventilation and infection. The resulting persistent impairment of pulmonary function and need for ongoing therapy are the underlying characteristics of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Important insights into the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia have led to numerous therapies and preventive approaches. Although significant progress has been made, in order to further affect the incidence and severity of the disease, we need to further study (a) the genetically determined predisposing factors, (b) the relative contribution of the various pathogenetic pathways, and, most important, (c) how to best translate the knowledge gained from these studies into effective clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Christou
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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5
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Tropea K, Christou H. Current pharmacologic approaches for prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Int J Pediatr 2012; 2012:598606. [PMID: 22262977 PMCID: PMC3259479 DOI: 10.1155/2012/598606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a major complication of preterm birth and has serious adverse long-term health consequences. The etiology of BPD is complex, multifactorial, and incompletely understood. Contributing factors include ventilator-induced lung injury, exposure to toxic oxygen levels, and infection. Several preventive and therapeutic strategies have been developed with variable success. These include lung protective ventilator strategies and pharmacological and nutritional interventions. These strategies target different components and stages of the disease process and they are commonly used in combination. The purpose of this review is to discuss the evidence for current pharmacological interventions and identify future therapeutic modalities that appear promising in the prevention and management of BPD. Continued improved understanding of BPD pathogenesis leads to opportunities for newer preventive approaches. These will need to be evaluated in the setting of current clinical practice in order to assess their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Tropea
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Helen Christou
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Balegar V KK, Kluckow M. Furosemide for packed red cell transfusion in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr 2011; 159:913-8.e1. [PMID: 21784442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of furosemide administered with packed red blood cell transfusion on cardiopulmonary variables of hemodynamically stable, electively transfused preterm infants beyond the first week of life. STUDY DESIGN A randomized, stratified, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous furosemide (1 mg/kg) versus placebo (normal saline) just before "top-up" packed red blood cell transfusion (20 mL/kg over 4 hours) in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit. RESULTS The primary outcome was a change in fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO(2)) during the 24 hours posttransfusion compared with the 6-hour pretransfusion period. Secondary outcomes were functional echocardiographic and clinical/biochemical variables. Of 51 consecutive preterm infants with mean (± SD) birth weights of 900 g (± 28); enrollment weights of 1342 g (± 432); birth gestation of 27 weeks (± 1); and postmenstrual age of 32 weeks (± 4), 40 completed the study. Pretransfusion variables were comparable between the furosemide (n = 21) and placebo (n = 19) groups. There was a small but significant increase (P < .05) in posttransfusion FiO(2) in placebo (relative increase of 7%, equivalent to an absolute increase from 0.27 to 0.29) compared with the furosemide group. Other variables were similar. No infant received open-label furosemide. CONCLUSIONS Routine furosemide in electively transfused preterm infants confers minimal clinical benefits. Prevention of a clinically insignificant FiO(2) rise needs to be balanced against potential adverse effects.
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Diuretics for very low birth weight infants in the first 28 days: a survey of the U.S. neonatologists. J Perinatol 2011; 31:677-81. [PMID: 21394079 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2011.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to describe factors influencing diuretic use by neonatologists caring for very low birth weight neonates. STUDY DESIGN We surveyed 400 U.S. neonatologists. Respondents made therapeutic decisions in clinical scenarios involving very low birth weight infants at 7, 14 and 28 days of age. RESULT Response rate was 39%. Diuretic therapy was chosen in 31% of scenario decisions, with pro re nata dosing selected early and regular dosing more common at later ages. Diuretic use was strongly associated with method of respiratory support, and was chosen less often by those also choosing fluid restriction and those concerned about patent ductus arteriosus risk. After adjusting for these factors, excessive weight gain, expected improvement in work of breathing and expected decrease in ventilator days were also associated with diuretic use. CONCLUSION The extent of and expectations for diuretic therapy by neonatologists caring for very low birth weight neonates may exceed evidence for efficacy.
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Stewart AL, Brion LP. Routine use of diuretics in very-low birth-weight infants in the absence of supporting evidence. J Perinatol 2011; 31:633-4. [PMID: 21956150 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2011.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stewart A, Brion LP, Ambrosio‐Perez I. Diuretics acting on the distal renal tubule for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 2011:CD001817. [PMID: 21901679 PMCID: PMC7068169 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd001817.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung disease in preterm infants is often complicated with lung edema. OBJECTIVES To assess the risks and benefits of diuretics acting on distal segments of the renal tubule (distal diuretics) in preterm infants with or developing chronic lung disease (CLD). SEARCH STRATEGY The standard method of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group were used. Initially, MEDLINE (1966 to November 2001), EMBASE (1974 to November 2001) and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CENTRAL,The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2001) were searched. In addition, several abstract books of national and international American and European Societies were hand searched. Updated searches in April 2003, April 2007, and December 2010 did not yield any additional trials. SELECTION CRITERIA Included in this analysis are trials in which preterm infants with or developing CLD and at least five days of age were randomly allocated to receive a diuretic acting on the distal renal tubule. Eligible studies needed to assess at least one of the outcome variables defined a priori for this systematic review. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The standard method for the Cochrane Collaboration described in the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook were used. Two investigators extracted, assessed and coded separately all data for each study. Any disagreement was resolved by discussion. Parallel and cross-over trials were combined. Whenever possible, baseline and final outcome data measured on a continuous scale was transformed into change scores using Follmann's formula. MAIN RESULTS Of the six studies fulfilling entry criteria, most focused on pathophysiological parameters and did not assess effects on important clinical outcomes defined in this review, or the potential complications of diuretic therapy.In preterm infants > 3 weeks of age with CLD, a four week treatment with thiazide and spironolactone improved lung compliance and reduced the need for furosemide. A single study showed thiazide and spironolactone decreased the risk of death and tended to decrease the risk for remaining intubated after eight weeks in infants who did not have access to corticosteroids, bronchodilators or aminophylline. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS In preterm infants > 3 weeks of age with CLD, acute and chronic administration of distal diuretics improve pulmonary mechanics. However, positive effects should be interpreted with caution as the numbers of patients studied are small in surprisingly few randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audra Stewart
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at DallasNeonatal‐Perinatal Medicine5323 Harry Hines BoulevardDallasTexasUSA75390‐9063
| | - Luc P Brion
- University of Texas Southwestern at DallasDivision of Neonatal‐Perinatal Medicine5323 Harry Hines BoulevardDallasTexasUSA75390‐9063
| | - Iris Ambrosio‐Perez
- Children's Hospital of Los AngelesDivision of Pediatric Pulmonology4650 Sunset Blvd, MS # 83Los AngelesCAUSA90027
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10
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Stewart A, Brion LP. Intravenous or enteral loop diuretics for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 2011:CD001453. [PMID: 21901676 PMCID: PMC7055198 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd001453.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung disease in preterm infants is often complicated with lung edema. OBJECTIVES To assess the risks and benefits of administration of a diuretic acting on the loop of Henle (loop diuretic) in preterm infants with or developing chronic lung disease (CLD). SEARCH STRATEGY Standard search method of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group was used. Initial search included the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2003), MEDLINE (1966 to April 2003), EMBASE (1974 to 1998). In addition, several abstract books of national and international American and European Societies were hand searched. The MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central searches were updated in March 2007 and December 2010. The EMBASE search was completed in April 2007 and December 2010. Additional searches in CINAHL, clinicaltrials.gov and controlled-trials.com was completed in December 2010. SELECTION CRITERIA Trials in which preterm infants with or developing chronic lung disease and at least five days of age were all randomly allocated to receive a loop diuretic either enterally or intravenously were included in this analysis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The standard method for the Cochrane Collaboration described in the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook were used. Two investigators extracted, assessed and coded separately all data for each study. Parallel and cross-over trials were combined and, whenever possible, transformed baseline and final outcome data measured on a continuous scale into change scores using Follmann's formula. MAIN RESULTS The only loop diuretic used in the six studies that met the selection criteria was furosemide. Most studies focused on pathophysiological parameters and did not assess effects on important clinical outcomes defined in this review, or the potential complications of diuretic therapy. In preterm infants < 3 weeks of age developing CLD, furosemide administration has either inconsistent effects or no detectable effect. In infants > 3 weeks of age with CLD, a single intravenous dose of 1 mg/kg of furosemide improves lung compliance and airway resistance for one hour. Chronic administration of furosemide improves both oxygenation and lung compliance. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS In view of the lack of data from randomized trials concerning effects on important clinical outcomes, routine or sustained use of systemic loop diuretics in infants with (or developing) CLD cannot be recommended based on current evidence. Randomized trials are needed to assess the effects of furosemide administration on survival, duration of ventilatory support and oxygen administration, length of hospital stay, potential complications and long-term outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audra Stewart
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at DallasNeonatal‐Perinatal Medicine5323 Harry Hines BoulevardDallasTexasUSA75390‐9063
| | - Luc P Brion
- University of Texas Southwestern at DallasDivision of Neonatal‐Perinatal Medicine5323 Harry Hines BoulevardDallasTexasUSA75390‐9063
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11
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Han S, Yu Z, Guo X, Dong X, Chen X, Soll R. Intratracheal instillation of corticosteroids using surfactant as a vehicle for the prevention of chronic lung disease in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Han
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology; No. 123 Tian Fei Xiang Mo Chou Road Nanjing China 210004
| | - Zhangbin Yu
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology; No. 123 Tian Fei Xiang Mo Chou Road Nanjing China 210004
| | - Xirong Guo
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology; No. 123 Tian Fei Xiang Mo Chou Road Nanjing China 210004
| | - Xiaoyue Dong
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology; No. 123 Tian Fei Xiang Mo Chou Road Nanjing China 210004
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology; No. 123 Tian Fei Xiang Mo Chou Road Nanjing China 210004
| | - Roger Soll
- University of Vermont; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine; Fletcher Allen Health Care, Smith 552A 111 Colchester Avenue Burlington Vermont USA 05401
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12
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Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is associated with increased mortality and significant long-term cardiorespiratory and neurodevelopmental sequelae. Treatment of evolving BPD in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is challenging due to the complex interplay of contributing risk factors which include preterm birth per se, supplemental oxygen, positive pressure ventilation, patent ductus arterious, and pre- and postnatal infection. Management of evolving BPD requires a multimodal approach including adequate nutrition, careful fluid management, effective and safe pharmacotherapy, and respiratory support aiming at minimal lung injury. Among pharmacological interventions, caffeine has the best risk-benefit profile. Systemic postnatal corticosteroids should be reserved to ventilated infants at highest risk of BPD who cannot be weaned from the ventilator. Several ongoing randomised trials are evaluating optimal oxygen saturation targets in preterm infants. The most beneficial respiratory support strategy to minimise lung injury remains unclear and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven M Schulzke
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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13
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Abstract
Considerable effort has been devoted to the development of strategies to reduce the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), including use of medications, nutritional therapies, and respiratory care practices. Unfortunately, most of these strategies have not been successful. To date, the only two treatments developed specifically to prevent BPD whose efficacy is supported by evidence from randomized, controlled trials are the parenteral administration of vitamin A and corticosteroids. Two other therapies, the use of caffeine for the treatment of apnea of prematurity and aggressive phototherapy for the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia, were evaluated for the improvement of other outcomes and found to reduce BPD. Cohort studies suggest that the use of continuous positive airway pressure as a strategy for avoiding mechanical ventilation might also be beneficial. Other therapies reduce lung injury in animal models but do not appear to reduce BPD in humans. The benefits of the efficacious therapies have been modest, with an absolute risk reduction in the 7-11% range. Further preventive strategies are needed to reduce the burden of this disease. However, each will need to be tested in randomized, controlled trials, and the expectations of new therapies should be modest reductions of the incidence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Laughon
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, CB# 7596, 4 Floor, UNC Hospitals, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7596, Phone: (919) 966-5063, Fax: (919) 966-3034
| | - P. Brian Smith
- Duke University, Durham, NC, PO Box 17969, Durham, NC 27715, Phone: (919) 668-8951, Fax: (919) 668-7058
| | - Carl Bose
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, CB# 7596, 4 Floor, UNC Hospitals, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7596, Phone: (919) 966-5063, Fax: (919) 966-3034
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14
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Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), also known as chronic lung disease (CLD), is one of the most challenging complications in premature infants. The incidence of BPD has been increasing over the past two decades in parallel with an improvement in the survival of this population. Furthermore, the clinical characteristics and the natural history of infants affected by BPD have changed considerably, and newer definitions to clarify the term 'BPD' have also evolved since its first description more than four decades ago. Several drug therapies have also evolved, either to manage these infants' respiratory distress syndrome with an aim to prevent BPD or to manage the established condition. Although there is good evidence to support the 'routine' use of some therapies, many other therapies currently used in relation to BPD remain individual- or institution-specific, depending on beliefs and myths that we have adopted. In this article, we discuss the importance of defining BPD more objectively and the support--or lack thereof--for the drug therapies used in relation to BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Tin
- James Cook University Hospital, Marton Road, Middlesbrough, UK
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15
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Abstract
Whereas oxygen, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and mechanical ventilation are the mainstays of treatment of pulmonary conditions in newborns, there are a number of adjunctive therapies that may improve the pulmonary function of these infants. These include the use of bronchodilators and diuretics given either systemically or through the inhaled route, mucolytic agents, and anti-inflammatory agents. This chapter gives an overview of the use of the most-studied agents including aerosolized bronchodilators, systemic and inhaled diuretics, and systemic and inhaled corticosteroids in the treatment and prevention of, where appropriate, respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and meconium aspiration syndrome. Evidence on the use of mucolytic agents including acetylcysteine and deoxyribonuclease, and the anti-inflammatory agents including the macrolide antibiotics, cromolyn, pentoxyfylline, and recombinant human Clara cell protein are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Fai Fok
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Zone, China
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Cerny L, Torday JS, Rehan VK. Prevention and Treatment of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Contemporary Status and Future Outlook. Lung 2008; 186:75-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00408-007-9069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Abstract
Respiratory distress is the most common reason for admission to newborn intensive care units. Over the past two decades, we have witnessed a revolution in the therapies that are used to manage neonates who have pulmonary disorders. Multiple adjunctive agents have also been used in an attempt to mitigate the course of neonatal lung disease. The disorders we discuss include respiratory distress syndrome, chronic lung disease/bronchopulmonary dysplasia, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, meconium aspiration syndrome, and transient tachypnea of the newborn. We review the evidence that either supports or refutes the use of adjunctive therapies for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Wiswell
- Center for Neonatal Care, Florida Hospital Orlando, 2718 North Orange Avenue, Suite B, Orlando, FL 32804, USA.
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Isorna V, Halliday HL. Loop diuretics during blood transfusion for anemia in preterm infants. Hippokratia 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Isorna
- St. Peter's Hospital; Neonatal Unit; Guildford Road Chertsey Surrey UK KT16 0PZ
| | - Henry L Halliday
- Royal-Jubilee Maternity Service; Perinatal Room; Royal Maternity Hospital Grosvenor Road Belfast Northern Ireland UK BT12 6BA
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Abstract
Diuretics are frequently used in preterm infants in various situations such as patent ductus arteriosus, respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia or neonatal renal insufficiency. However, the beneficial effects reported in the literature are usually transient, without any obvious effect on important parameters such as duration of oxygen dependency, ventilator dependency, length of hospital stay, long-term outcome, or mortality. Moreover, these drugs may induce water-electrolyte disorders especially when used for a long-term period. Thus, we recommend a systematic analysis of the beneficial/risk ratio before any use of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Semama
- Service de Pédiatrie 2, CHU, Dijon, France.
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Prävention und Therapie der bronchopulmonalen Dysplasie. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-005-1259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ambalavanan N, Tyson JE, Kennedy KA, Hansen NI, Vohr BR, Wright LL, Carlo WA. Vitamin A supplementation for extremely low birth weight infants: outcome at 18 to 22 months. Pediatrics 2005; 115:e249-54. [PMID: 15713907 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2004-1812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network randomized trial showed that vitamin A supplementation reduced bronchopulmonary dysplasia (O2 at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age) or death in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) neonates (relative risk [RR]: 0.89). As with postnatal steroids or other interventions, it is important to ensure that there are no longer-term adverse effects that outweigh neonatal benefits. PRIMARY OBJECTIVE To determine if vitamin A supplementation in ELBW infants during the first month after birth affects survival without neurodevelopmental impairment at a corrected age of 18 to 22 months. DESIGN/METHODS Infants enrolled in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development vitamin A trial were evaluated at 18 to 22 months by carefully standardized assessments: Bayley Mental Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Index (PDI), visual and hearing screens, and physical examination for cerebral palsy (CP). The medical history was also obtained. Neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) was predefined as > or =1 of MDI <70, PDI <70, CP, blind in both eyes, or hearing aids in both ears. RESULTS Of 807 enrolled infants, 133 died before and 16 died after discharge. Five hundred seventy-nine (88%) of the 658 remaining infants were followed up. The primary outcome of NDI or death could be determined for 687 of 807 randomized infants (85%). Baseline characteristics and predischarge and postdischarge mortality were comparable in both study groups. NDI or death by 18 to 22 months occurred in 190 of 345 (55%) infants in the vitamin A group and in 204 of 342 (60%) of the control group (RR: 0.94; 95% confidence interval: 0.80-1.07). RRs for low MDI, low PDI, and CP were also <1.0. We found no evidence that neonatal vitamin A supplementation reduces hospitalizations or pulmonary problems after discharge. CONCLUSION Vitamin A supplementation for ELBW infants reduces bronchopulmonary dysplasia without increasing mortality or neurodevelopmental impairment at 18 to 22 months. However, this study was not powered to evaluate small magnitudes of change in long-term outcomes.
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Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has classically been described as including inflammation, architectural disruption, fibrosis, and disordered/delayed development of the infant lung. As infants born at progressively earlier gestations have begun to survive the neonatal period, a 'new' BPD, consisting primarily of disordered/delayed development, has emerged. BPD causes not only significant complications in the newborn period, but is associated with continuing mortality, cardiopulmonary dysfunction, re-hospitalization, growth failure, and poor neurodevelopmental outcome after hospital discharge. Four major risk factors for BPD include premature birth, respiratory failure, oxygen supplementation, and mechanical ventilation, although it is unclear whether any of these factors is absolutely necessary for development of the condition. Genetic susceptibility, infection, and patent ductus arteriosus have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. The strategies with the strongest evidence for effectiveness in preventing or lessening the severity of BPD include prevention of prematurity and closure of a clinically significant patent ductus arteriosus. Some evidence of effectiveness also exists for single-course therapy with antenatal glucocorticoids in women at risk for delivering premature infants, surfactant replacement therapy in intubated infants with respiratory distress syndrome, retinol (vitamin A) therapy, and modes of respiratory support designed to minimize 'volutrauma' and oxygen toxicity. The most effective treatments for ameliorating symptoms or preventing exacerbation in established BPD include oxygen therapy, inhaled glucocorticoid therapy, and vaccination against respiratory pathogens.Many other strategies for the prevention or treatment of BPD have been proposed, but have weaker or conflicting evidence of effectiveness. In addition, many therapies have significant side effects, including the possibility of worsening the disease despite symptom improvement. For instance, supraphysiologic systemic doses of glucocorticoids lessen the incidence of BPD in infants at risk for the disease, and promote weaning of oxygen and mechanical ventilation in infants with established BPD. However, the side effects of systemic glucocorticoid therapy, most notably the recently recognized adverse effects on neurodevelopment, preclude their routine use for the prevention or treatment of BPD. Future research in BPD will most probably focus on continued incremental improvements in outcome, which are likely to be achieved through the combined effects of many therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl T D'Angio
- Strong Children's Research Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA.
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Ambalavanan N, Kennedy K, Tyson J, Carlo WA. Survey of vitamin A supplementation for extremely-low-birth-weight infants: is clinical practice consistent with the evidence? J Pediatr 2004; 145:304-7. [PMID: 15343179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To survey the attitudes and practices among level III neonatal intensive care units in the United States regarding vitamin A supplementation for extremely-low-birth-weight (ELBW; birth weight < or =1000 g) infants. Study design A pretested questionnaire regarding vitamin A supplementation was distributed to all (n=102) neonatal-perinatal training program directors (TPD) and 105 randomly selected directors of level III neonatal intensive care units (nontraining program directors, NTPD). RESULTS Ninety-nine percent of TPD and 94% of NTPD responded. In a minority of programs (20% TPD, 13% NTPD), >90% of eligible extremely-low-birth-weight neonates are supplemented with vitamin A, whereas in most programs (69% TPD, 82% NTPD), routine supplementation is not practiced. Most centers (91% TPD, 81% NTPD) supplementing vitamin A use a dose of 5000 IU IM 3 times per week for 4 weeks. The most common reason that TPD give for not supplementing vitamin A is the perceived small benefit, whereas the most common reason for NTPD is that they consider the intervention unproven. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate inconsistency in practicing evidence-based medicine in neonatal practice, where therapies are often administered on the basis of weaker evidence of safety and benefit than supports vitamin A supplementation. Educational interventions may be required to endorse the benefits and safety of vitamin A supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namasivayam Ambalavanan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 South 20th Street, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Chronic lung disease (CLD) or bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a recognized sequel of preterm birth. With improving survival of infants at lower gestational ages, the incidence is on the rise. Pathological features of CLD include alveolar maldevelopment, with or without areas of pulmonary fibrosis. Assisted ventilation, infection/inflammation, oxygen administration, and fluid overload are the major risk factors in the evolution of CLD.Interventions, including the treatment of maternal infection, administration of prenatal glucocorticoids, and postnatal surfactant replacement therapy, improve the survival of preterm infants; however, their effect on CLD is difficult to determine. Strategies that have been effective in reducing CLD are the administration of retinol (vitamin A), high frequency oscillatory ventilation, and administration of glucocorticoids. Previous concerns regarding neurological problems associated with high frequency ventilation have not been substantiated in recent studies. Current recommendations do not advise the routine use of glucocorticoids due to concerns regarding long-term neurodevelopment. Therapies that were found to be ineffective in reducing the incidence of CLD include prenatal thyrotropin, cromolyn sodium (sodium cromoglycate), alpha-1 antitrypsin, superoxide dismutase, tocopherol (vitamin E), ascorbic acid (vitamin C), allopurinol, ambroxol, inositol, inhaled bronchodilators, and fluid restriction. Strategies that may be effective in reducing lung injury and subsequent CLD include avoiding assisted ventilation, lung protective ventilatory maneuvers, permissive hypercapnia, prevention of infection, early aggressive nutrition, and the treatment of a patent ductus arteriosus. The use of inhaled glucocorticoids improves pulmonary dynamics but long-term effects are unknown. The management of infants with established CLD has not been studied adequately, and the role of various ventilatory strategies for infants with established CLD is not clear. Adequate oxygenation should be maintained to prevent hypoxic episodes. Diuretics are helpful during acute decompensation; however, their long-term impact has not been well studied. Provision of adequate nutrition, immunization (routine and against respiratory syncytial virus), follow-up, and monitoring are the key elements in the long-term management of infants with CLD. Future research priorities should be to identify strategies to prevent/treat inflammation and promote the healing processes in the injured lung. The long-term effects of lung-protective ventilation strategies need to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakesh S Shah
- Department of Paediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systematic reviews seek to describe and summarise the best evidence for a given intervention by pooling data from relevant quality clinical trials. The Cochrane Collaboration has fostered the development and dissemination of systematic reviews throughout the world. We have identified and summarised The Cochrane systematic reviews of relevance to the paediatric pulmonologist. METHODS We performed an expert search of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews using a combination of medical subject headings and free text terms relating to paediatric respiratory disease. RESULTS The search identified 120 systematic reviews with interventions specific to children with some relevance to pulmonary disease, and 327 reviews with interventions relating to pulmonary disease in adults and children. After pragmatic exclusions, 81 reviews were sorted by disease and 59 of these are discussed in detail. CONCLUSIONS There are now many systematic reviews that make a positive contribution to paediatric pulmonology. The majority of reviews (69%) found evidence that either confirmed or refuted an accepted practice. The remaining reviews concluded that the evidence for an accepted practice is poor and sometimes wholly absent. Clinicians must be aware that lack of evidence of effect is not the same as evidence of lack of effect. Caution must be exercised before applying the conclusions of systematic reviews based upon adult data to childhood disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm G Semple
- Institute of Child Health, University of Liverpool, Alder Hey, Eaton Road, L12 2AP, Liverpool, UK
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Brion LP, Primhak RA, Ambrosio-Perez I. Diuretics acting on the distal renal tubule for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002:CD001817. [PMID: 11869608 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd001817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this review is to assess the risks and benefits of diuretics acting on distal segments of the renal tubule (distal diuretics) in preterm infants with or developing chronic lung disease (CLD). Primary objectives are to assess changes in need for oxygen or ventilatory support and effects on long-term outcome, and secondary objectives are to assess changes in pulmonary mechanics and potential complications of therapy. SEARCH STRATEGY We used the standard method of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group. We searched MEDLINE (1966-November 2001), EMBASE (1974-November 2001) and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CCTR) (Cochrane Library Issue 4, 2001). In addition, we hand searched several abstract books of national and international American and European Societies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included in this analysis trials in which preterm infants with or developing CLD and at least five days of age were all randomly allocated to receive a distal diuretic (i.e., a diuretic acting on the distal renal tubule). Eligible studies needed to assess at least one of the outcome variables defined a priori for this systematic review. Primary outcome variables included changes in need for respiratory support and oxygen supplementation, mortality, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), death or BPD, chronic lung disease at 36 weeks of postconceptional age (gestational age + postnatal age), length of stay, and number of rehospitalizations during the first year of life. Secondary outcome variables included pulmonary mechanics and potential complications of therapy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used the standard method for the Cochrane Collaboration which is described in the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook. Two investigators extracted, assessed and coded separately all data for each study, using a form that was designed specifically for this review. Any disagreement was resolved by discussion. We combined parallel and cross-over trials and, whenever possible, transformed baseline and final outcome data measured on a continuous scale into change scores using Follmann's formula. MAIN RESULTS Of six studies fulfilling entry criteria, most focused on pathophysiological parameters and did not assess effects on important clinical outcomes defined in this review, or the potential complications of diuretic therapy. In preterm infants > 3 weeks of age with CLD, a four-week treatment with thiazide and spironolactone improved lung compliance and reduced the need for furosemide. Thiazide and spironolactone decreased the risk of death and tended to decrease the risk for lack of extubation after 8 weeks in intubated infants who did not have access to corticosteroids, bronchodilators or aminophylline. However, there is little or no evidence to support any benefit of diuretic administration on need for ventilatory support, length of hospital stay, or long-term outcome in patients receiving current therapy. There is no evidence to support the hypothesis that adding spironolactone to thiazide or that adding metolazone to furosemide improves the outcome of preterm infants with CLD. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS In preterm infants > 3 weeks of age with CLD, acute and chronic administration of distal diuretics improve pulmonary mechanics. Studies are needed to assess (1) whether thiazide administration improves mortality, duration of oxygen dependency, ventilator dependency, length of hospital stay and long-term outcome in patients exposed to corticosteroids and bronchodilators (2) whether adding spironolactone to thiazides or adding metolazone to furosemide has any beneficial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Brion
- Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Weiler Hospital Room 725, 1825 Eastchester Road, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. ,
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Brion LP, Primhak RA. Intravenous or enteral loop diuretics for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002:CD001453. [PMID: 11869600 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd001453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung disease in preterm infants is often complicated with lung edema. OBJECTIVES The aim of this review was to assess the risks and benefits of administration of a diuretic acting on the loop of Henle (loop diuretic) in preterm infants with or developing chronic lung disease (CLD). Primary objectives were to assess changes in need for oxygen or ventilatory support and effects on long-term outcome, and secondary objectives were to assess changes in pulmonary mechanics and potential complications of therapy. SEARCH STRATEGY We used the standard search method of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group. We searched MEDLINE (1966-October 2001), EMBASE (1974-November 2001) and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CCTR) (Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2001). In addition, we hand searched several abstract books of national and international American and European Societies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included in this analysis trials in which preterm infants with or developing chronic lung disease and at least 5 days of age were all randomly allocated to receive a loop diuretic either enterally or intravenously. Eligible studies needed to assess at least one of the outcome variables defined a priori for this systematic review. Primary outcome variables included important clinical outcomes, and secondary outcome variables included toxicity and pulmonary mechanics (e.g., lung compliance and airway resistance). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used the standard method for the Cochrane Collaboration which is described in the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook. Two investigators extracted, assessed and coded separately all data for each study, using a form that was designed specifically for this review. Any disagreement was resolved by discussion. We combined parallel and cross-over trials and, whenever possible, transformed baseline and final outcome data measured on a continuous scale into change scores using Follmann's formula. MAIN RESULTS The only loop diuretic used in the studies which met the selection criteria was furosemide. Most studies focused on pathophysiological parameters and did not assess effects on important clinical outcomes defined in this review, or the potential complications of diuretic therapy. In preterm infants < 3 weeks of age developing CLD, furosemide administration has either inconsistent effects or no detectable effect. In infants > 3 weeks of age with CLD, a single intravenous dose of 1 mg/kg of furosemide improves lung compliance and airway resistance for 1 hour. Chronic administration of furosemide improves both oxygenation and lung compliance. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS In preterm infants > 3 weeks of age with CLD, acute and chronic administration of furosemide improve lung compliance. Chronic administration of intravenous or enteral furosemide improves oxygenation. In view of the lack of data from randomized trials concerning effects on important clinical outcomes, routine or sustained use of systemic loop diuretics in infants with (or developing) CLD cannot be recommended based on current evidence. Randomized trials are needed to assess the effects of furosemide administration on survival, duration of ventilatory support and oxygen administration, length of hospital stay, potential complications and long-term outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Brion
- Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Weiler Hospital Room 725, 1825 Eastchester Road, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. @aecom.yu.edu
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